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The term geological survey can be used to describe both the conduct of a survey for geological purposes and an institution holding geological information. Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space Position of points and the distances and angles between

A geological survey is the systematic investigation of the subsurface of a given piece of ground for the purpose of creating a geological map or model. A geologic map or geological map is a special-purpose Map made to show Geological features Scientific modelling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual, Graphical and or mathematical models. A geological survey employs techniques from the traditional walk-over survey, studying outcrops and landforms, to intrusive methods, such as hand augering and machine driven boreholes, to the use of geophysical techniques and remote sensing methods, such as aerial photography and satellite imagery. Outcrop is a geological term referring to the appearance of Bedrock or Superficial deposits exposed at the surface of the Earth A borehole is the generalised term for any narrow shaft drilled in the ground either vertically or horizontally Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic Remote sensing is the small or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon by the use of either recording or real-time sensing device(s that is not in physical Aerial photography is the taking of Photographs of the ground from an elevated position Satellite imagery consists of photographs of Earth or other planets made by means of Artificial satellites.

A Geological Survey can also be a national or federal institution employed to maintain the geological inventory and advance the knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the wealth and health of the nation. Inventory is a list for goods and Materials, or those goods and materials themselves held available in stock by a Business. Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences) is an all-embracing term for the Sciences related to the planet

Some examples of national geological surveys are listed here:

Individual states or provinces may also have a geological survey. Geoscience Australia is an agency of the Australian federal government. The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC (Commission Géologique du Canada (CGC is part of the Earth Sciences Sector of Natural Resources Canada. Geological Survey of India (GSI established in 1851 is a government organization in India for conducting geological surveys and studies The Saudi Geological Survey (SGS is the national geologic survey of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and was established as an independent entity attached to the Ministry of Petroleum The British Geological Survey (BGS is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its Continental The United States Geological Survey ( USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. Examples include:

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The Alberta Geological Survey is a provincial agency associated with the Government of Alberta. The Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador is part of the Department of Natural Resources of the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador The first Pennsylvania Geological Survey was created in 1836 making it one of the oldest Geological surveys in the United States
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