Serbia is country located in the Balkans (a historical and geographical region of southeastern Europe) and in the Pannonian Plain (a region of central Europe). Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The Pannonian Plain is a large Plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out It shares borders with Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and Romania. Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Republic of Macedonia (Република Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Otherwise, Serbia borders Albania as well. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. It is landlocked, although access to the Adriatic is available through Montenegro, and the Danube River provides shipping access to inland Europe and the Black Sea. A landlocked country is commonly defined as one enclosed or nearly enclosed by land Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey
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General
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Geography
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Serbia covers a total of 88,361 km², which places it at 113th place in the world. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country One of the first Serbian states Raška, was founded in the first half of the 7th century on Byzantine territory by the Unknown This is a history of Vojvodina. Vojvodina (Војводина is the Serbian name for the territory of Northern Serbia, consisting of the southern The Kosovo region in the Balkans in antiquity was known as Dardania, and from the 1st century AD formed part of the Roman province of Moesia Politics of Serbia takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Serbia is This is article about politics of Vojvodina. Vojvodina is an autonomous province in Serbia whose population is composed of 65 Politics of Kosovo take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Kosovo The Government of Serbia (Влада Републике Србије / Vlada Republike Srbije is the main element of the Executive branch of government in Serbia. The unicameral Parliament of Serbia is known as the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian: Народна The President of Serbia is the Head of state of the Republic of Serbia. Boris Tadić (Борис Тадић born January 15, 1958) is a Serbian politician and the current President of Serbia. President of the Government of the Republic of Serbia ( Predsednik Vlade Republike Srbije) is the head of the Government of Serbia. Dr Vojislav Koštunica ( Serbian Cyrillic: Војислав Коштуница) (ˈvɔjislaːv kɔˈʃtunitsa born March 24, 1944, Belgrade The current Constitution of Serbia was approved by a referendum held in 2006 during October 28 and October 29. This article lists political parties in Serbia. Serbia has a Multi-party system with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining Serbia elects on national level a Legislature and a president A referendum on a proposed draft of the new Serbian constitution was held on October 28 and 29 October 2006 and has resulted in the draft constitution Parliamentary elections were held in the Republic of Serbia on December 28, 2003. Parliamentary elections took place in Serbia on 21 January 2007. Serbia held the first round of its 2004 elections for President of Serbia on Sunday 13 June 2004, and the second round on Sunday 27 June A pre-term presidential election was held in Serbia on January 20 and February 3 2008 Due to the Montenegrin independence referendum from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs will be inherited along with all of its holdings The Serbian Armed Forces is the unified armed force that defends the Republic of Serbia and conducts other missions with respect to the constitution and laws of Serbia The territorial organization of the Republic of Serbia is regulated by the Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government adopted in the Assembly of Serbia See also Subdivisions of Serbia Districts (Окрузи Okruzi) are the Administrative units of Serbia, comprising several municipalities See also Subdivisions of Serbia There are 200 municipalities in Serbia: 124 in Central Serbia, 46 in Vojvodina and 30 in Kosovo Serbia has an economy based mostly on various services, Industry and Agriculture. Broadband Internet access See also Broadband Internet access in Serbia Telekom Serbia provides Internet access over Dial-Up, ISDN and ADSL connections Serbia, and in particular the valley of Morava is often described as "the crossroad between the East and the West " which is one of primary reasons National Bank of Serbia (Народна банка Србије or Narodna banka Srbije) is the Central bank of the Republic of Serbia and as such its main Serbian culture refers to the culture of Serbia as well as the culture of Serbs in other parts of the former Yugoslavia and elsewhere in the world Serbia is a multireligious country The dominant religion is Orthodox Christianity (notably the Serbian Orthodox Church) but there are also numerous adherents of The Music of the Serbian people and Serbia presents a mixture of the traditional music which is part of the wider Balkan tradition with its own distinctive Serbia has only one nationwide official language which is Serbian. Demographics of Serbia Serbia is populated mostly by Serbs. Significant minorities include Albanians (who are a majority in Kosovo This is the full list of Mountains in Serbia (plus those in the disputed territory of Kosovo) This is a list of the Rivers of Serbia, either those flowing entirely or partially within Serbia proper or just being a border rivers This is the list of cities and towns in Serbia, according to the criteria used by Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, which classifies the settlements into This is the complete list of settlements in Serbia without Kosovo, as recorded by 2002 census, sorted by municipalities. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. Its total border length amounts to 2,027 km (Albania 115 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 302 km, Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia 241 km, Hungary 151 km, Macedonia 221 km, Montenegro 203 km and Romania 476 km)[1]. It has 6,167 registered settlements, 207 urban and 5960 others (rural). [2]
Arable land covers 19,194 km² [3] , and woods cover 19,499 km² [4] of the territory of Serbia without Kosovo. In Geography, arable land (from Latin arare, to Plough) is an agricultural term meaning land that can be used for Ecologically a woodland is an area covered in trees differentiated from a Forest.
- Extreme points
- North: 46°11'N (near Hajdukovo)
- South: 42°14' N (near Miratovac in Preševo)
- East: 23°01'E (Senokos near Dimitrovgrad)
- West: 18°51'E (near Bezdan in Vojvodina)
Terrain
Serbia's terrain ranges from rich, fertile plains of the northern Vojvodina region, limestone ranges and basins in the east, and in the southeast ancient mountains and hills. Hajdukovo ( Serbian: Хајдуково Hajdukovo, Hungarian: Hajdújárás, Croatian: Hajdukovo, Bunjevac: Preševo (Прешево; Preshevë or Presheva) also known as Presevo and Preshevo, is a town and municipality in Pčinja District of Bezdan ( Serbian: Bezdan / Бездан Hungarian: Bezdán, Croatian: Bezdan, German: Besdan) is The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság The north is dominated by the Danube River. A tributary, the Morava River flows through the more mountainous southern regions. The Velika Morava or Great Morava ( Serbian Cyrillic: Велика Морава) is a final section of the Morava (Cyrillic Морава
In Central Serbia, the terrain consists chiefly of hills, low and medium-high mountains, interspersed with numerous rivers and creeks. Political status The region of Central Serbia is not an administrative division of Serbia as such it is under the direct jurisdiction of the republic authorities The main communication and development line stretches southeast of Belgrade, towards Niš and Skopje (in Republic of Macedonia), along the valley of Great and South Morava river. Skopje (Скопје; Shkup or Shkupi is the Capital and largest city in the Republic of Macedonia, with more than a quarter of the population The Republic of Macedonia (Република The Velika Morava or Great Morava ( Serbian Cyrillic: Велика Морава) is a final section of the Morava (Cyrillic Морава Most major cities are located on or around that line, as well as the main railroad and highway. The E75 is part of the International E-road network, which is a series of main roads in Europe. On the East of it, the terrain quickly rises to limestone ranges of Stara Planina and Homolje, relatively sparsely populated. The Balkan Mountain range ( Bulgarian and Стара планина Stara planina, "Old Mountain" Homolje is a small region in East Serbia at the North corner just below the Danube river. On the West, height of mountains slowly rises towards southwest, but they do not form real ridges. A ridge is a geological feature that features a continuous elevational crest for some distance The highest mountains of that area are Zlatibor and Kopaonik. For other meanings see Zlatibor (disambiguation. Zlatibor ( Serbian Cyrillic: Златибoр is a mountain region situated in Kopaonik ( Albanian and Kopaonik; Cyrillic: Копаоник is one of the biggest mountain ranges of Kosovo and Serbia.
Mountains
- See also: List of mountains in Serbia
Mountains cover the largest parts of Central Serbia and Kosovo. This is the full list of Mountains in Serbia (plus those in the disputed territory of Kosovo) Four mountain systems meet in Serbia: Dinaric Alps in the west cover the greatest territory, and stretch from northwest to southeast. The Dinaric Alps or Dinarides ( Croatian and Bosnian: Dinarsko gorje or Dinaridi, Alpet Dinaride Carpathian Mountains and Balkan Mountains stretch in north-south direction in the eastern Serbia, west of the Morava valley. The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати The Balkan Mountain range ( Bulgarian and Стара планина Stara planina, "Old Mountain" Ancient mountains along the South Morava belong to Rilo-Rhodope Mountain system. South Morava (Јужна Морава/ Južna Morava) is a River in the Republic of Macedonia and Serbia which represents the shorter headwater The Rhodopes (Родопи Rodopi, usually used with a definite article Родопите Rodopite, sometimes also called Родопа Rodopa or Родопа
The most significant mountains in Serbia are:
The highest peak in Serbia is Midžor on Stara Planina (2,169 m), while Vršački breg (641 m) tops Vojvodina. Accommodations Pepa Hotel 200 beds Divčibare Hotel 250 beds Maljen Hotel 60 beds Five children's holiday camps 800 beds Tara Mountain, part of the Outer Dinaric Alps, is located in western Serbia and stands at 1000-1500 meters above sea level For other meanings see Zlatibor (disambiguation. Zlatibor ( Serbian Cyrillic: Златибoр is a mountain region situated in Kopaonik ( Albanian and Kopaonik; Cyrillic: Копаоник is one of the biggest mountain ranges of Kosovo and Serbia. Fruška Gora ( Serbian: Фрушка гора Fruška gora, Croatian: Fruška gora, Hungarian: Tarcal, Latin Midzhur (Миджур or Midžor (Миџор is a peak in the Balkan Mountains, situated on the border between Bulgaria and Serbia. The Balkan Mountain range ( Bulgarian and Стара планина Stara planina, "Old Mountain" Vršac ( Вршац) is a town and municipality located in Serbia. The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság
Hydrology
Practically the entire territory (92%) of Serbia belongs to the Danube (Black Sea) drainage basin, an area in Kosovo (5%) belongs to the Adriatic drainage basin, chiefly through the White Drin river, and the rest (3%) in Kosovo and southern Serbia belongs to Aegean basin, chiefly via the Vardar river. This is a list of the Rivers of Serbia, either those flowing entirely or partially within Serbia proper or just being a border rivers This is the list of lakes of Serbia. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey A drainage basin is an extent of Land where Water from Rain or Snow melt drains downhill into a body of water such as a River, The White Drin (Drini i Bardhë Бели Дрим is a river in Kosovo and northern Albania, a -long headstream of the Drin. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The Vardar or Axios ( Αξιός Axiós or Βαρδάρης Vardárīs; Latin: Axius) is the longest and major River in the
Apart from the Danube, which flows 588 km through Serbia or as a border river (with Croatia on its northwestern flow and Romania on southeast), the chief rivers are its tributaries Sava (incoming from West), Tisa (incoming from North), Drina (incoming from South, forming a natural border with Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Morava; only the latter flowing (almost) entirely through Serbia. Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Sava ( Bosnian, Croatian, Slovene: Sava; Serbian: Сава, Sava) is a river in "Tisa" redirects here For other uses see Tisa (disambiguation and Tisza (disambiguation. The Drina ( Serbian and Bosnian: Дрина or Drina) is a river in the Balkan Peninsula. A natural border is a Border between States which is composed of natural formations such as Rivers Mountain ranges or Deserts Having Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The Velika Morava or Great Morava ( Serbian Cyrillic: Велика Морава) is a final section of the Morava (Cyrillic Морава Their tributaries form a dense network of smaller rivers and creeks, covering most of the Central Serbia and Kosovo.
Due to the configuraton of the terrain, natural lakes are sparse and small; most of them are located in Vojvodina, like the glacial lake Palić or numerous oxbow lakes along river flows. A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian: Аутономна Покрајина Војводина or Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina; Hungarian: Vajdaság A glacial lake is a Lake with origins in a melted Glacier. Glacial lakes can be green as a result of pulverized minerals ( Rock flour) that support The Palić lake (Serbian Palićko jezero Палићко језеро is a Lake situated 8 km from Subotica, near the town of Palić, in Serbia An oxbow lake is a U-shaped lake water body formed when a wide Meander from the mainstem of a River is cut off to create a lake However, there are numerous artificial lakes, mostly due to hydroelectric dams, the biggest being Đerdap on the Danube, Perućac on the Drina and Vlasina Lake. A reservoir is most broadly a place or hollow vessel where Fluid is kept in Reserve, for later use Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by Hydropower, ie the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling water For the Iron Gates built by Alexander the Great in the Alexander Romance, see Gates of Alexander. Perućac ( Cyrillic Перућац is a village in western Serbia in the immediate proximity of the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Vlasina Lake (Власинско језеро Vlasinsko jezero) is a semi-artificial Lake in Southeast Serbia.
Abundance of relatively unpolluted surface waters and numerous underground natural and mineral water sources of high water quality presents a chance for export and economy improvement; however, more extensive exploitation and production of bottled water has began only recently. Water quality is the physical chemical and biological characteristics of Water in relationship to a set of standards Despite this, many Serbian cities still suffer from water supply problems, due to mismanagement and low investments in the past, as well as water pollution (like the pollution of the Ibar River from the Trepča zinc-lead combinate, affecting the city of Kraljevo, or the presence of natural arsenic in underground waters in Zrenjanin). The Ibar ( Serbian Cyrillic: Ибар Albanian: Lumi i Ibrit) is a River in Serbia and Montenegro, with Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Kraljevo ( Serbian Cyrillic: Краљево) is a city and municipality located in Serbia at, built beside the Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 Zrenjanin ( Serbian Cyrillic: Зрењанин is a city and a municipality located in Serbia.
The hydroenergetic potential of Serbia is around 17,000 GWh, of which around 10,000 GWh (60%) is utilized in power plants, chiefly big ones. The remaining unused potential can be realized using small and medium power plants (<25 MW), whose building by the private sector is seen as a chance for improvement of Serbia's economy and energy reliability. [5]
Serbia also has a huge geothermal potential, which is only partially and sporadically utilized. In Geology, geothermal refers to heat sources within the planet The use of geothermal waters is chiefly for balneological purposes: there are around 60 spas, which are seen as a great chance for improvement of the tourism sector. Balneotherapy (from Latin balneum "bath" the treatment of Disease by Bathing. The term spa is associated with water treatment which is also known as Balneotherapy, Spa towns or Spa resorts offering such treatment or the medication Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel [6]
Climate
Climate of Serbia is moderate continental with a diversity on local level, caused by geographic location, relief, terrain exposition, presence of river and lake systems, vegetation, urbanization etc. Continental climate is a Climate that is characterized by Winter Temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of Snow cover each Year Proximity of the mountain ranges of Alpes, Carpathians, Rhodopes, as well as Adriatic Sea and Pannonian plain affect the climate. Alpes may refer to Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (formerly Basses-Alpes a French department in the south of France Hautes-Alpes, a department The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати The Rhodopes (Родопи Rodopi, usually used with a definite article Родопите Rodopite, sometimes also called Родопа Rodopa or Родопа The Pannonian Plain is a large Plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out Location of river ravines and plains in the northern area of the country enable occasional deep southward protrusion of polar air masses on winters, while hot Saharan air often intrudes over the Mediterranean Sea on summers. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest
Average annual air temperature for the period 1961-1990 for the area with the altitude of up to 300 m amounts to 10. 9 °C. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. The areas with the altitudes of 300 to 500 m have average annual temperature of around 10. 0 °C, and over 1000 m of altitude around 6. 0 °C.
Annual precipitation, generally, rises with altitude. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric Altitude is the Elevation of a point or object from a known level or datum (plural data In lower regions, it ranges in the interval from 540 to 820 mm, areas on altitude over 1000 m receive in average 700 to 1000 mm, and some mountainous summits in southwestern Serbia up to 1500 mm. Major part of Serbia has continental precipitation regimen, with peak in the summer period, except for southwest, which receives highest precipitation autumn. June is the rainiest month, with the average of 12 to 13% of total annual amount. February and October have the least precipitation. Snow cover can occurs from November to March, and majority of days with snow cover is in January.
Annual sums of solar radiation are in the interval from 1500 to 2200 hours annually.
Surface air circulation is largely influenced by orographic lift. Orographic lift occurs when an Air mass is forced from a low Elevation to a higher elevation as it moves over rising terrain In warmer part of the year, winds from northwest and west prevail. In Vojvodina and Northern Serbia, east-southeast wind, Košava, dominates over autumn and winter. Košava is a cold very Squally southeastern Wind found in Serbia. Southwestern winds prevail in mountainous part of southwestern Serbia. [7]
Nature preservation
Serbia has four national parks and many national nature reserves. Nature conservation areas cover around 5% of the territory of Serbia A national park is a reserve of land usually declared and owned by a national Government, protected from most Human development and pollution
National parks:
- Fruška Gora (250 km²)
- Kopaonik (120 km²)
- Tara (220 km²)
- Đerdap (Iron Gate) (640 km²)
Nature parks:
- Prokletije (1000 km²)
- Gornje Podunavlje (100 km²)
- Stara Planina (1420 km²)
- Golija (750 km²)
- Kučajske planine (1150 km²)
Special nature reservations:
- Deliblato Sands (300 km²)
- Ludaš Lake (5. Fruška Gora ( Serbian: Фрушка гора Fruška gora, Croatian: Fruška gora, Hungarian: Tarcal, Latin Kopaonik ( Albanian and Kopaonik; Cyrillic: Копаоник is one of the biggest mountain ranges of Kosovo and Serbia. Tara Mountain, part of the Outer Dinaric Alps, is located in western Serbia and stands at 1000-1500 meters above sea level For the Iron Gates built by Alexander the Great in the Alexander Romance, see Gates of Alexander. For the Iron Gates built by Alexander the Great in the Alexander Romance, see Gates of Alexander. Golija ( Cyrillic: Голија is a Mountain in southwestern Serbia, located at, between towns of Ivanjica and Novi Pazar. Deliblatska Peščara (Делиблатска Пешчара or Deliblato Sand is a large Sand area situated in the Vojvodina province Serbia Ludaš or Ludoš Lake ( Serbian: Ludaško/Ludoško jezero Hungarian: Ludas is a shallow lake in the province of Vojvodina in northern 93 km²)
- Obedska Pond (175. Obedska bara (Obedska pond or Obedska bog Serbian Cyrillic: Обедска бара is a large Swamp - Forest area and Natural reserve stretching 01 km²)
- Stari Begej – Carska Bara (17. Carska Bara ( Serbian Cyrillic: Царска бара) is the largest individual Bog and one of the major Nature reserves in Serbia 67 km²)
Nature monuments:
- Đavolja Varoš (0. Đavolja Varoš ( Serbian Cyrillic: Ђавоља Варош meaning "Devil's Town" is a geographical region of south Serbia, by the Radan mountains 64 km²)
See also
References
- ^ CIA World Factbook:Serbia
- ^ (Serbian) Republički zavod za statistiku Srbije, Administrativna i teritorijalna podela Republike Srbije
- ^ Republic Statistical Office of Serbia, Annual book, Chapter 13-Agriculture
- ^ (Serbian)Republički zavod za statistiku Srbije, Prikaz stanja šuma po površini
- ^ Energetski potencijali Srbije, Elektroprivreda Srbije (Serbian)
- ^ Utilization of Geothermal Hydrology in Serbia", M. Europe is traditionally reckoned as one of seven Continents Geology justifies this tradition as reasonable because of the difference between the cultures of the traditional Vojvodina is an autonomous region within Serbia located in the Pannonian plain, a region of central Europe The regions of Serbia include geographical and to the lessre extent traditional and historical areas Milivojević and M. Martinović, International Geothermal Conference, Reykjavik 2003.
- ^ Hydrometeorologic Service of Serbia
External links
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