Genroku (元禄?) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō,?, lit. The Japanese era calendar scheme is a common Calendar scheme used in Japan, which identifies a year by the combination of the and the year number within the era "year name") after Jōkyō and before Hōei. A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun was a after Tenna and before Genroku. This period spanned the years from 1684 through 1688. was a after Genroku and before Shōtoku. This period spanned the years from 1704 through 1711. This period spanned the years from 1688 through 1704. Year 1704 ( MDCCIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The reigning emperor was Higashiyama-tennō (東山天皇?). Higashiyama also refers to a ward of Kyoto City Emperor Higashiyama (東山天皇 Higashiyama-tennō) ( October 21 Higashiyama also refers to a ward of Kyoto City Emperor Higashiyama (東山天皇 Higashiyama-tennō) ( October 21 [1]
The years of Genroku are generally considered to be the Golden Age of the Edo Period. The, also referred to as the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai) is a division of Japanese history running from 1603 to 1868 The previous hundred years of peace and seclusion in Japan had created relative economic stability. The arts and architecture flourished. There were unanticipated consequences when the shogunate debased the quality of coins as a strategy for financing the appearance of continuing Genroku affluence. is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" This strategic miscalculation caused abrupt inflation. Then, in an effort to solve the ensuing crisis, the bakufu introduced what were called the Kyōhō Reforms. is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" The were a set of reforms instigated by the eighth Shogun of Japan, Tokugawa Yoshimune, that lasted from the beginning of his reign in 1716 until
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Change of era
- Genroku gannen (元禄元年?); 1688: The new era name was created to mark the beginning of the reign of Higashiyama. Higashiyama also refers to a ward of Kyoto City Emperor Higashiyama (東山天皇 Higashiyama-tennō) ( October 21 The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Jōkyō 5, on the 30th day of the 9th month.
A sense of optimism is suggested in the era name choice of Genroku (meaning "Original happiness").
Events of the Genroku era
- Genroku gannen or Genroku 1 (1688):
- G1, 1st month: Ihara Saikaku publishes Japan's Eternal Treasury. Ihara Saikaku ( Japanese: 井原 西鶴 1642 – September 9, 1693) was a Japanese Poet and creator of the " floating
- G1, 11th month: Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu assumes the office of Soba Yōnin. (1658 &ndash 1714 was a Japanese Daimyo of the Edo period, who served as an official in the Tokugawa shogunate.
- Opening up of new territory on Dōjima in Ōsaka becomes possible. is a city in Japan, located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay, in the Kansai region of the main island of Honshū
- Genroku 1 (1688): The Tokugawa shogunate revised the code of conduct for funerals (Fuku-kiju-ryō), which incorporated a code of conduct for mourning as well. The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the, and the, was a feudal regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the Shoguns of [2]
- Genroku 2 (1689):
- G2, 4th month: Foreign settlements in Nagasaki become possible. ( is the Capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan.
- G2 (September 16, 1689): German physician Engelbert Kaempfer arrives at Dejima for the first time. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Engelbert Kaempfer ( September 16, 1651 &ndash November 2, 1716) was a German naturalist traveller and Physician. was a fan-shaped Artificial island in the bay of Nagasaki that was a Dutch Trading port during Japan 's self-imposed isolation ( Sakoku Bakufu policy in this era was designed to marginalize the influence of foreigners in Genroku Japan; and Kaempfer had to present himself as "Dutch" in dealings with the Japanese. Regardless of this minor subterfuge, an unintended and opposite consequence of sakoku was to enhance the value and significance of a very small number of thoughtful observers like Kaempfer, whose writings document what he learned or discovered first-hand. Sakoku ( Japanese: 鎖国 literally "country in chains" or "lock up of country" was the Foreign relations policy of Japan under which Kaempfer's published accounts and unpublished writings provided a unique and useful perspective for Orientalists and Japanologists in the 19th century; and his work continues to be rigorously examined by modern researchers today. Orientalism refers to the imitation or depiction of aspects of Eastern cultures in the West by writers designers and artists and can also refer to a sympathetic stance Japanese Studies (aka Japanology) is the study of Japan. Japanology and Japanese studies are terms generally used in Europe to describe the historical [3]
- Genroku 3 (1690):
- G3, 10th month: The Abandoned Child Ban was officially proclaimed.
- Genroku 5 (1692):
- Building of temples in Edo banned. literally bay - Door, " Estuary " edo once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the
- Genroku 6 (1693):
- G6, 12th month: Arai Hakuseki becomes tutor to the daimyō of Kōfu-han, the future Shōgun Tokugawa Ienobu. was a Confucianist, Scholar, Academic, Administrator, Writer and Politician in Japan during the middle of Edo Period, The ( were powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast hereditary land holdings The, or domains, were the Fiefs of Feudal Lords of Japan that were created by Toyotomi Hideyoshi and existed until their is a military rank and historical title in Japan. The Japanese word for "general" it is made up of two Kanji words sho, meaning "commander" ( June 11, 1662 - November 12, 1712) was the sixth Shogun of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan.
- Genroku 6 (1693): The code of conduct for funerals is revised again. [4]
- Genroku 8 (1695):
- G8, 2nd month: Land survey performed of territory under the direct control of the bakufu in Kantō. The is a Geographical area of Honshū, the largest Island of Japan.
- G8, 8th month: Minting begun of Genroku coinage. The shogunate placed the Japanese character gen (元) on the obverse of copper coins, the same character used today in China for the yuan. There is no connection between those uses, however. [1]
- G8, 11th month: First kennel is established for stray dogs in Edo. literally bay - Door, " Estuary " edo once also spelled Yedo or Yeddo, is the In this context, Tokugawa Tsunayoshi comes to be nicknamed "the Dog Shogun" (いぬくぼう 犬公方, "Inu-kubō').
- G10 (1697): The fourth official map of Japan was made in this year, but it was considered to be inferior to the previous one -- which had been ordered in Shōhō 1 (1605 and completed in Kan'ei 16 (1639}. was a after Kan'ei and before Keian. This period spanned the years from 1644 through 1648. This Genroku map was corrected in Kyōhō 4 (1719) by the mathematician Tatebe Katahiro (1644-1739), using high mountain peaks as points of reference, and was drawn to a scale of 1:21,600. was a after Shōtoku and before Gembun. This period spanned the years from 1716 through 1736. Year 1719 ( MDCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a [5]
- G10 (1697): Great fire in Edo. [1] Five-storied Pagoda
- G11 (1698): Another great fire in Edo. A new hall is constructed inside the enclosure of the Edo temple of Kan'ei-ji (which is also known as Tōeizan Kan’ei-ji or "Hiei-san of the east" after the principal temple of the Tendai Buddhist sect -- that is to say, after the temple of Enryaku-ji at Mount Hiei near to Heian-kyo). is a Tendai Buddhist temple in Tokyo, Japan. It was founded in 1625 by Tenkai. is a Tendai Buddhist temple in Tokyo, Japan. It was founded in 1625 by Tenkai. History The Tiantai teaching was first brought to Japan by the Chinese monk Jianzhen (鑑眞 Jp Ganjin in the middle of the 8th century, but Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Not to be confused with Engaku-ji in Kamakura., a Monastery on Mount Hiei overlooking Kyoto, was founded is a mountain to the northeast of Kyoto city lying on the border between the Kyoto and Shiga prefectures Japan. [1]
- Genroku 13 (1700):
- Genroku 16 (1703):
- G16, 3rd month: Ōishi Yoshio commits seppuku. Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year was the karō of the Akō han in Harima Province (now Hyōgo Prefecture) Japan (1679 - 1701 is a form of Japanese ritual suicide by Disembowelment. Seppuku was originally reserved only for Samurai.
- G16, 5th month: First performance of Chikamatsu Monzaemon's play Double Suicide of Sonezaki. Chikamatsu Monzaemon ( Japanese: 近松門左衛門 real name Sugimori Nobumori, 杉森信盛 1653 – 6 January 1725) was a Japanese
- G16, on the 28th day of the 11th month (1703): The Great Genroku Earthquake shook Edo[6] and parts of the shogun's castle collapsed. Year 1703 ( MDCCIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year [7] The following day, a vast fire spread throughout the city[1]. Parts of Honshu's coast were battered by tsunami, and 200,000 people were either killed or injured. [7]
Prominent figures of the Genroku era
- Chikamatsu Monzaemon - jōruri playwright
- Ichikawa Danjūrō I, Sakata Tōjūrō I, Yoshizawa Ayame I - kabuki actors
- Ihara Saikaku - novelist
- Arai Hakuseki - Confucian scholar and shogunal advisor
- The Forty-seven Ronin
- Ogata Korin and Ogata Kenzan - Rinpa school artists
- Torii Kiyonobu, Hishikawa Moronobu, Miyagawa Chōshun - ukiyo-e artists
Notes
- ^ a b c d e Titsingh, Isaac. Chikamatsu Monzaemon ( Japanese: 近松門左衛門 real name Sugimori Nobumori, 杉森信盛 1653 – 6 January 1725) was a Japanese also known as Ningyō jōruri (ja 人形浄瑠璃 is a form of traditional Japanese Puppet theater founded in Osaka in 1684 Ichikawa Danjūrō I (初代市川段十郎 shodai Ichikawa Danjūrō) (1660-1704 was an early Kabuki actor in Japan. (1646-1 November 1709 was an early Kabuki actor of the Genroku period in Japan, a pioneer of the Wagoto style and of Yoshizawa Ayame I (初代 吉沢 菖蒲( 1673 - 15 July 1729) was an early Kabuki actor and the most celebrated Onnagata Ihara Saikaku ( Japanese: 井原 西鶴 1642 – September 9, 1693) was a Japanese Poet and creator of the " floating was a Confucianist, Scholar, Academic, Administrator, Writer and Politician in Japan during the middle of Edo Period, The revenge of the, also known as the Forty-seven Samurai, the Akō vendetta, or the took place in Japan at the start of the eighteenth century 1658 - June 2, 1716) was a Japanese painter and Lacquerer. He was born in Kyoto, to a wealthy merchant who had a taste originally, and also known by the Pseudonym Shisui was a Japanese potter and painter, a younger brother of Ogata Korin. Rimpa (琳派 also romanized as Rinpa, is one of the major historical schools of Japanese decorative Painting. Torii Kiyonobu I (鳥居清信 (c 1664 - August 22, 1729) was a Japanese painter and printmaker in the Ukiyo-e style who is renowned Hishikawa Moronobu (菱川師宣 Hishikawa Moronobu) (1618 – July 25, 1694) was a Japanese painter and Printmaker known for his Miyagawa Chōshun (宮川長春 (1683-1753 was a Japanese painter in the Ukiyo-e style "pictures of the floating world" is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints (or Woodcuts) and Paintings produced between the 17th (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 415.
- ^ Smith, Robert et al. (2004). Japanese Culture: Its Development And Characteristics, p. 28.
- ^ Screech, T. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822, p. 73.
- ^ Smith, p. 28.
- ^ Traganeou, Jilly. (2004). The Tokaido Road: Traveling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan, p. 230.
- ^ Japanese Wikipedia: ja:元禄大地震
- ^ a b Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II, p. 63.
References
- Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II. New York: Simon & Schuster. Simon & Schuster Inc, a division of CBS Corporation, is a Publisher founded in New York in 1924 by Richard L 10-ISBN 0-743-26465-7; 13-ISBN 978-0-743-26465-5 (cloth)
- Screech, Timon. Timon Screech is a Professor in the History of Art at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS University of London. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals ISBN 0-700-71720-X
- Smith, Robert John and Richard K. Beardsley. (2004). Japanese Culture: Its Development And Characteristics. London: Routledge. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals ISBN 0-4153-3039-4
- Titsingh, Isaac. Isaac Titsingh ( 10 January 1745 in Amsterdam – 2 February 1812 in Paris) was a Dutch surgeon scholar merchant-trader (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652], Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. Hayashi Gahō (林鵞峰 (1618 &ndash 1688 also known as Hayashi Shunsai, was a Japanese Neo-Confucian scholar teacher and administrator in the system of is a 17th century chronicle of the serial reigns of Japanese emperors with brief notes about some of the noteworthy events or other happenings during each period par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re. , complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth. Julius Heinrich Klaproth (1783-1835 German Orientalist and traveller Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. The Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (RAS was according to its Royal Charter of August 11, 1824 ... Click link for copy of this book digitized from University of Michigan (in French)
- Traganeou, Jilly. (2004). The Tokaido Road: Traveling and Representation in Edo and Meiji Japan. The was the most important of the Five Routes of the Edo period, connecting Edo (modern-day Tokyo) to Kyoto in Japan. London: RoutledgeCurzon. Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals ISBN 0-4153-1091-1
See also
- 1703 Genroku earthquake
- An'ei -- Carl Peter Thunberg, Isaac Titsingh
- Bunsei -- Philipp Franz von Siebold
External links
- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
External links
| Genroku | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | 11th | 12th | 13th | 14th | 15th | 16th | 17th |
| Gregorian | 1688 | 1689 | 1690 | 1691 | 1692 | 1693 | 1694 | 1695 | 1696 | 1697 | 1698 | 1699 | 1700 | 1701 | 1702 | 1703 | 1704 |
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Preceded by: |
Era or nengō: |
Succeeded by: |
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