Genistein
IUPAC name	5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one
Other names	4',5,7-Trihydroxyisoflavone
Identifiers
CAS number	[446-72-0]
PubChem	5280961
SMILES	C1=CC(=CC=C1C2=COC3=CC(=CC(=C3C2=O)O)O)O
Properties
Molecular formula	C15H10O5
Molar mass	270. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 24 g mol-1
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references

Genistein is one of several known isoflavones. In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Isoflavones, such as genistein and daidzein, are found in a number of plants, with soybeans and soy products like tofu and textured vegetable protein being the primary food source. Daidzein is one of several known Isoflavones Isoflavones compounds such as daidzein and Genistein, are found in a number of Plants but Soybeans Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Tofu, also (the Japanese Romaji spelling doufu (the Chinese Pinyin spelling often used in Chinese recipes or bean curd (the literal Textured or texturized vegetable protein ( TVP) also known as textured soy protein ( TSP) is a Meat substitute made Soy isoflavones are a group of compounds found in and isolated from the soybean. Besides functioning as antioxidants, many isoflavones have been shown to interact with animal and human estrogen receptors, causing effects in the body similar to those caused by the hormone estrogen. An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus The estrogen receptor (ER is a member of the nuclear hormone family of Intracellular receptors which is activated by the Hormone 17β-estradiol Soy isoflavones also produce non-hormonal effects.

Contents 1 Biological effects 1.1 Antioxidant 1.2 Atherosclerosis 1.3 Cancer links 1.4 Effects in males 2 Molecular function 3 Sources 4 References

Biological effects

Antioxidant

Some isoflavones act as antioxidants to counteract damaging effects of free radicals in tissues. Genistein has a converse effect in this area compared to other isoflavones; It stimulates a step in nitrate synthesis, which is oxidation. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state ^[1]

Atherosclerosis

^[2]

Cancer links

Some isoflavones have been found to have antiangiogenic effects (blocking formation of new blood vessels), and may block the uncontrolled cell growth associated with cancer, most likely by inhibiting the activity of substances in the body that regulate cell division and cell survival (growth factors). Atherosclerosis is a Disease affecting arterial Blood vessels It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries in large part due to the accumulation If Genistein has this effect, then it still has the net effect of promoting cancer in one study. ^[3]

Studies show that gastrointestinal cancer occurs less frequently among North Americans who do not learn to eat meat. North Americans who go to other continents without learning to eat vegetables show more digestive tract cancer than neighbours. ^[4] Timing of phytoestrogen use is important. ^[5] Genistein makes some cells more sensitive to radio-therapy. ^[6]

Though research is still ongoing, some recent studies have indicated that soy's phytoestrogens could be contributive factors in some forms of breast cancer, penile birth defects, and infantile leukemia. ^[7]Some studies have raised the concern that genistein might increase the risk of leukemia, because it inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase which results in double strand DNA breaks, which are, in turn, mutagenic. Leukemia or leukaemia (Greek leukos λευκός, "white" aima αίμα, "blood" is a Cancer of the Blood Topoisomerases (type I, type II) are Isomerase Enzymes that act on the topology of DNA. Some cancer patients whose chemotherapy drugs inhibited topoisomerase later developed leukemia. NCI researchers have completed animal studies on genistein with no adverse effects being seen. ^[8]Clinical trials with humans are in progress.

Regardless, soy's phytoestrogens, or isoflavones, have been definitely shown to depress thyroid function and to cause infertility in every animal species studied so far. ^{[9] [10]}

Genistein's chief method of activity is as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Tyrosine kinases are less widespread than their ser/thr counterparts but implicated in almost all cell growth and proliferation signal cascades. Genistein has been used to selectively target pre B-cells via conjugation with an antibody. This highly successful study in mice has promising benefits for future chemotherapy

Effects in males

Isoflavones can act like estrogen, stimulating development and maintenance of female characteristics or they can block cells from using cousins of estrogen. Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, In vitro studies have proven genistein to induce apoptosis of testicular cells at certain levels, thus raising concerns about effects it could have on male fertility. ^[11]

Molecular function

Genistein influences several targets in living cells. One important function is the inhibition of several tyrosine kinases. A tyrosine kinase is an Enzyme that can transfer a Phosphate group from ATP to a Tyrosine residue in a Protein. Genistein also inhibits the mammalian hexose transporter GLUT1 and contraction of several types of smooth muscles. In Organic chemistry, a hexose is a Monosaccharide with six Carbon atoms having the Chemical formula C6H12O6 GLUT1 was the first Glucose transporter to be characterized It is widely distributed in fetal tissues Smooth muscle is a type of non- Striated muscle, found within the Tunica media layer of large and small Arteries and Veins, the bladder Genistein can bind to CFTR receptors. This binding causes the channel to become permanently open causing "free-flow" of chloride ions through the channel.

Sources

Concentrations of genistein in Pueraria mirifica (White Kawo Krua) are so close to zero that experimental estimates of error equalled concentration measured. Pueraria mirifica (also known as Kwao Krua) is a root found in northern and north eastern Thailand and Myanmar. ^[12]

References

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