| Genghis Khan | |
| Khagan of the Mongol Empire (Khan of the Mongols) |
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| Reign | 1206–1227 |
|---|---|
| Coronation | 1206 during khurultai at the Onon River, Mongolia |
| Full name | Genghis Khan (birth name: Temüjin) Mongolian script:  |
| Titles | Khan, Khagan |
| Born | c. 1162 |
| Birthplace | Khentii Mountains, Mongolia |
| Died | 1227 |
| Successor | Ögedei Khan |
| Consort | Börte Ujin Kulan Yisugen Yisui others |
| Issue | Jochi Chagatai Ögedei Tolui others |
| Royal House | Borjigin |
| Father | Yesükhei |
| Mother | Ho'elun |
Genghis Khan (IPA: [ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ]) (Mongolian: Чингис Хаан, Chinggis Khaan, Činggis Qaɣan), c. 1162[1]–1227), born Temüjin (meaning "ironworker"[2]), was the Mongol founder, Khan (ruler) and posthumously declared Khagan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire in history. Kurultai (Құрылтай Qurıltay Qorıltay Qurultay Kurultay is a political and military council of ancient Mongol and Turkic chiefs and khans. The Onon gol (Онон гол Онон is a River in Mongolia and Russia of length 818 km and watershed 94010 km² Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East The name at birth is the name a child is given by his or her Parents according to a generally universal custom, and legal requirement to file a form of Birth The classic vertical Mongolian script (ɣɣul bičig, cyrillic: Монгол бичиг Mongol bichig) was the first of many writing systems created For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title Circa (often abbreviated c, ca, ca or cca and sometimes Italicized to show it is Latin) means "about" The Khentii Mountains (Хэнтий нуруу are a mountain range in the Töv and Khentii Provinces in northern Mongolia. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Ögedei Khan, (Өгэдэй Ögedei; also Ogotai or Oktay, 窩闊臺 c Börte Ujin (born c 1162 was the first wife of Genghis Khan (1162-1227 the founder of the Mongol Empire. Kulan or Khulan, was an Empress of Genghis Khan and head of the second Court of Genghis Khan Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder Jochi (Зүчи Züchi; also spelled Jöchi and Juchi) (c 1180 &ndash 1227 was the eldest of the Mongol chieftain Genghis Khan Chagatai Khan (Цагадай Tsagadai) was the second son of Genghis Khan. Ögedei Khan, (Өгэдэй Ögedei; also Ogotai or Oktay, 窩闊臺 c Tolui, also rendered Toluy or Tolui Khan (Толуй; c 1190 &ndash 1232 was the youngest son of Genghis Khan by Börte. Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Yesugei Baghatur ( Yesügei, Yesükhei) was Genghis Khan 's father Hoelun was the mother of the Mongol Khan Genghis Khan and the grandmother of Ogedei Khan. The Mongolian language (mn [[ImageMonggol kelesvg 17px]] Mongɣol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл Mongol khel) is the best-known member of Circa (often abbreviated c, ca, ca or cca and sometimes Italicized to show it is Latin) means "about" Khan, alternately spelled lowercase as khan, qāān for their chief between 283 - 289 and was used as a state title by the Rouran confederation For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire This article provides a list of the largest Empires in world history.
He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan", he pursued an aggressive foreign policy by starting the Mongol invasions of East and Central Asia. Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P Mongol invasion of East Asia refers to the Mongols 13th and 14th century conquests under Genghis Khan and his descendants of Mongol invasion of China, The Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia lasted from 1219 to 1221. It marked the beginning of the Mongol Conquest of the Islamic States and it also expanded During his life, the Mongol Empire eventually occupied most of Asia.
Genghis Khan died in 1227 after defeating the Tangut. The Tangut ( identified with the state of Western Xia, were a Qiangic - Tibetan people who moved to northwestern China sometime before He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in his native Mongolia. His descendants went on to stretch the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia, conquering all of modern-day China, as well as substantial portions of modern Russia, southern Asia, Eastern Europe and the Middle East
Contents |
Early life
Birth
Because of the lack of contemporary written records, there is very little factual information about the early life of Temüjin. The few sources that provide insight into this period are often conflicting.
Temüjin was born around 1162 in a Mongol tribe near Burkhan Khaldun mountain and the Onon and Kherlen rivers in modern day Mongolia, not far from its current capital Ulaanbaatar. The Burkhan Khaldun (Бурхан Халдун) is a Mountain of the Khentii Mountains in the Khentii aimag of Mongolia. The Onon gol (Онон гол Онон is a River in Mongolia and Russia of length 818 km and watershed 94010 km² The Kherlen or Kerülen (Хэрлэн гол Kherlen gol;) is a river of 1254 km length in Mongolia and China. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Ulan Bator, or Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар is the Capital and largest city of Mongolia. The Secret History of the Mongols purports that Temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist, an indication in the traditional Mongolian folklore that he was destined to become a great leader. The Secret History of the Mongols ( Mongɣol-un niɣuca tobčiyan, Cyrillic script: Монголын нууц товчоо Mongolyn nuuts tovchoo) is He was the third-eldest son of his father Yesükhei, a minor tribal chief of the Kiyad and an ally of Ong Khan of the Kerait tribe,[3] and the eldest son of his mother Hoelun. Yesugei Baghatur ( Yesügei, Yesükhei) was Genghis Khan 's father The qualifier Mongol Tribes was established as an umbrella term in the early 13th century when Temüjin (later Genghis Khan) united the different tribes into the Mongol This article is about Wang Khan Toghrul ruler of the Kereit For the Seljuk leader see Toğrül. The Keraits or Kereits (Кэрэйд Kereid; Керей were a cluster of tribes in central Mongolia before the rise of the Mongol Empire. Hoelun was the mother of the Mongol Khan Genghis Khan and the grandmother of Ogedei Khan. According to the Secret History, Temüjin was named after a Tatar chieftain that his father had just captured. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups The name also suggests that they may have descended from a family of blacksmiths (see section Name and title below). Genghis Khan ( or;, Chinggis Khaan, ʧiŋgɪs χaːŋ Činggis Qaɣan; 1162–1227 born (meaning "ironworker" was the Mongol founder
Yesükhei's clan was called Borjigin (Боржигин), and Hoelun was from the Olkhunut tribe. Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan Olkhunut was the Tribe of Hoelun, the Mother of Temüjin, more widely known as Genghis Khan. Like other tribes, they were nomads. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that Because his father was a chieftain, as were his predecessors, Temüjin was of a noble background. This relatively higher social standing made it easier to solicit help from and eventually consolidate the other Mongol tribes. No accurate portraits of Genghis exist today, and any surviving depictions are considered to be artistic interpretations. Persian historian Rashid al-Din recorded in his "Chronicles" that the legendary "glittering" ancestor of Genghis was tall, long-bearded, red-haired, and green-eyed. Rashid al-Din Tabib ( also Rashid ad-Din Fadhlullah Hamadani (1247–1318 ( was a Persian physician of Jewish origin Polymathic writer and historian Rashid al-Din also described the first meeting of Genghis and Kublai Khan, when Genghis was shocked to find Kublai had not inherited his red hair. Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it [4] Genghis's Borjigid clan, al-Din also revealed, had a legend involving their clan: it began as the result of an affair (technically a virgin birth) between Alan-ko and a stranger to her land, a glittering man who happened to have red hair and bluish-green eyes. Modern historian Paul Ratchnevsky has suggested in his Genghis biography that the "glittering man" may have been from the Kyrgyz people, who historically displayed these same characteristics. The Kyrgyz (also spelled Kirgiz, Kirghiz) are a Turkic Ethnic group found primarily in Kyrgyzstan. Controversies aside, the closest depiction generally accepted by most historians is the portrait currently in the National Palace Museum in Taipei, Taiwan (see above).
Family and lineage
Temüjin was related on his father's side to Qabul Khan, Ambaghai and Qutula Khan who had headed the Mongol confederation. This is part of the family tree of Genghis Khan. The following mythical ancestors are from The Secret History of the Mongols:Borte Chino ("saaral Khabul Khan (or Qabul Qan) was a Mongol Khan and grandfather to Yesugei, and thus great-grandfather to Genghis Khan. Ambaghai Khan was a Mongol ruler the cousin and successor of Qutula Khan. Qutula Khan (or Khutula Khan was a Mongol Khan and the uncle of Yesugei, and thus great-uncle of the legendary Genghis Khan. When the Jin dynasty switched support from the Mongols to the Tatars in 1161 they destroyed Qabul Khan. This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups [5] Genghis' father, Yesükhei (leader of the Borjigin and nephew to Ambaghai and Qutula Khan), emerged as the head of the ruling clan of the Mongols, but this position was contested by the rival Tayichi’ud clan, who descended directly from Ambaghai. Yesugei Baghatur ( Yesügei, Yesükhei) was Genghis Khan 's father Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan The Tayichiud were a Mongolian tribe mostly residing in the centre of Mongolia and southeastern area Ambaghai Khan was a Mongol ruler the cousin and successor of Qutula Khan. When the Tatars grew too powerful after 1161, the Jin moved their support from the Tatars to the Kerait.
Childhood and Family
Temüjin had three brothers named Khasar (or Qasar), Khajiun, and Temüge, and one sister named Temülen (or Temülin), as well as two half-brothers named Bekhter and Belgutei. Jöchi Khasar (or Qasar) was one of Genghis Khan 's three full brothers Temüge (1178-124? was the youngest brother of Genghis Khan. As the youngest sibling Temüge and his mother by Mongol traditions were allotted the most land and people by Belgutei was the son of Yesugei and half-brother to Genghis Khan.
Like many of the nomads of Mongolia, Temüjin's early life was difficult. At nine years old, as part of the marriage arrangement, he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife Börte, who were members of the Onggirat tribe. Börte Ujin (born c 1162 was the first wife of Genghis Khan (1162-1227 the founder of the Mongol Empire. The Onggirat ( Chinese: 弘吉剌 Hongjila, Қоңырат were a central Asian Tribe, one of the major divisions of the Mongols. He was to live there in service to Deisechen, the head of the household, until he reached the marriageable age of 12. Arranged marriage (also called prearranged marriage) is a Marriage arranged by someone other than the persons getting married curtailing or avoiding the process At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Temujin grew up observing the tough political climate of Mongolia, surrounded by tribal warfare, thievery, raids, corruption and continuing acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations, all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the Chinese dynasties to the south.
While heading home, his father was poisoned during a meal with the neighbouring Tatars, who had long been enemies of the Mongols. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups Temüjin had to return home to claim the position of khan. However, his father's tribe refused to be led by a boy so young. They abandoned him and his family, including his mother Hoelun, leaving them without protection. Hoelun was the mother of the Mongol Khan Genghis Khan and the grandmother of Ogedei Khan.
For the next several years, Temüjin and his family lived in poverty, surviving primarily on wild fruits, marmots, and other small game hunted by Temüjin and his brothers. Marmots are members of the Genus Marmota, in the Rodent family Sciuridae (squirrels It was during one of these hunting incidents that 13 year old Temüjin murdered his half-brother, Bekhter, in a dispute over hunting spoils. [6] This incident cemented his position as head of the household.
In another incident in 1182 he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father's former allies, the Ta'yichiut. The Ta'yichiut enslaved Temüjin (reportedly with a cangue), but he escaped with the help of a sympathetic watcher, the father of Chilaun (who would later become general of Genghis Khan), by escaping from the ger and hiding in a river crevice. A cangue is a device that was used for Public humiliation and Corporal punishment in China and some other parts of East Asia and Southeast Chilaun was a General in the Mongol Empire, known as one of Genghis Khan 's four "talented men" A yurt is a portable Felt -covered wood lattice -framed dwelling structure used by Nomads in the Steppes of Central Asia. It was around this time that Jelme and Bo'orchu, two of Genghis Khan's future generals, joined forces with him. Along with his brothers, they provided the manpower needed for early expansion. Temüjin's reputation also became relatively widespread after his escape from the Ta'yichiut.
Relationships
Temüjin's mother Ho'elun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of Mongolia, especially the need for alliances. A military alliance is an agreement between two or more military factions related to Wartime planning commitments or contingencies such agreements can be both As previously arranged by his father, Temüjin married Börte of the Konkirat tribe around when he was 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Börte Ujin (born c 1162 was the first wife of Genghis Khan (1162-1227 the founder of the Mongol Empire. The Onggirat ( Chinese: 弘吉剌 Hongjila, Қоңырат were a central Asian Tribe, one of the major divisions of the Mongols. Börte had four sons, Jochi (1185–1226), Chagatai (1187—1241), Ögedei (1189—1241), and Tolui (1190–1232). Jochi (Зүчи Züchi; also spelled Jöchi and Juchi) (c 1180 &ndash 1227 was the eldest of the Mongol chieftain Genghis Khan Chagatai Khan (Цагадай Tsagadai) was the second son of Genghis Khan. Ögedei Khan, (Өгэдэй Ögedei; also Ogotai or Oktay, 窩闊臺 c Tolui, also rendered Toluy or Tolui Khan (Толуй; c 1190 &ndash 1232 was the youngest son of Genghis Khan by Börte. Genghis Khan also had many other children with his other wives, but they were excluded from the succession, and records of daughters are nonexistent. Soon after Börte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits, and reportedly given away as a wife. The Merkit, Merged, or Mergid ( Merged means "wise ones" "adept ones" "skillful ones" "(skillful archers" Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamuka, and his protector, Ong Khan of the Kerait tribe. This article is about Wang Khan Toghrul ruler of the Kereit For the Seljuk leader see Toğrül. The Keraits or Kereits (Кэрэйд Kereid; Керей were a cluster of tribes in central Mongolia before the rise of the Mongol Empire. She gave birth to a son, Jochi, nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Jochi (Зүчи Züchi; also spelled Jöchi and Juchi) (c 1180 &ndash 1227 was the eldest of the Mongol chieftain Genghis Khan Despite speculation over Jochi, Börte would be his only empress, though Temujin did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives. A morganatic marriage is a type of Marriage which can be contracted in certain countries usually between people of unequal Social rank, which prevents the passage [7]
According to traditional historical accounts, the issue over Jochi's paternity was voiced most strongly by Chagatai. In The Secret History of the Mongols, just before the invasion of the Khwarezmid Empire by Genghis Khan, Chagatai declares before his father and brothers that he would never accept Jochi as Genghis Khan's successor. The Secret History of the Mongols ( Mongɣol-un niɣuca tobčiyan, Cyrillic script: Монголын нууц товчоо Mongolyn nuuts tovchoo) is The Khwarezmian Empire, more commonly known as the empire of the Khwarezm Shahs ( Khwārezmšhāḥīān, "Kings of Khwarezmia " In response to this tension[8] and possibly for other reasons, it was Ögedei who was appointed as successor. He subsequently ruled as Khagan after Genghis Khan's death.
Jochi died in 1226, during his father's lifetime. Some scholars, notably Ratchnevsky, have commented on the possibility that Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers heeded the order, Jochi remained in Khorasan. Juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench. Urgench ( Uzbek: Urganch / Урганч, Persian گرگانج Gorganch is a city (1999 pop Jochi had attempted to protect Urgench from destruction, as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief. He concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by Jochi: "Genghis Khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands. I would be doing a service if I killed my father when he is hunting, made an alliance with Sultan Muhammad, brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the Muslims. " Juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that Genghis Khan ordered his son secretly poisoned; however, as Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223, the accuracy of this story is questionable. [9]
Temüjin put absolute trust in generals, such as Muqali, Jebe and Subutai, and regarded them as brothers, often extending them the same privileges and trust normally reserved for close family members. Subutai ( Subetei, Subetai, Сүбээдэй Sübeedei; Classic Mongolian Sübügätäi or Sübü'ätäi; 1176–1248 was the primary He allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaigns far from the Mongol Empire capital Karakorum. Karakorum (Khalkha Mongolian Khara-khorin, Classical Mongolian Qara Qorum) was the capital of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century Temüjin also became blood brother (anda) with Jamuka, and they vowed to remain eternally faithful. Blood brother can refer to one of two things two males related by birth or two or more men not related by Birth, who swear loyalty to one another
Religion
Genghis Khan's religion is widely speculated to be Shamanism or Tengrism, which was very likely among nomadic Mongol-Turkic tribes of Central Asia. Tengriism ( Tengerism, Tengrianism, Tengrianizm, Tengricilik) was the major belief of the Mongols and Turkic peoples before The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Later, Genghis Khan is said to have developed interest in Buddhist and Taoist teachings from China. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Taoism (pronounced /ˈdaʊɪzəm/ or /ˈtaʊɪzəm/ also spelled '''Daoism''') refers to a variety of related Philosophical and Religious traditions China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National One Taoist monk from the Quanzhen sect, Chang Chun (a. The Quanzhen ( School is a major sect of Taoism that originated in Northern China. Qiu Chuji ( Traditional Chinese: 丘處機 Simplified Chinese: 丘处机 alternately rendered Kiu Chang Chun; Taoist name Chang Chun (長春 or Perpetual k. a. Qiu Chuji), who had rejected invitations from Song and Jin leaders, travelled more than 5000 kilometres to meet Genghis Khan near the Afghanistan border. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Genghis Khan asked if the monk had secret medicine that could make him immortal. The monk's negative answer disheartened Genghis Khan, and he lost interest in the monk thereafter.
Uniting the confederations
The Central Asian plateau (north of China) around the time of Temüjin was divided into several tribes or confederations, among them Naimans, Merkits, Uyghurs, Tatars, Mongols, Keraits that were all prominent in their own right and often unfriendly toward each other as evidenced by random raids, revenges, and plundering. The Naimans, also Naiman Turks or Naiman Mongols, ( Mongolian: naiman, "eight" Найман was a Mongolian name given to a group The Merkit, Merged, or Mergid ( Merged means "wise ones" "adept ones" "skillful ones" "(skillful archers" The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Keraits or Kereits (Кэрэйд Kereid; Керей were a cluster of tribes in central Mongolia before the rise of the Mongol Empire. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National A confederation is a group of empowered states or communities usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution The Naimans, also Naiman Turks or Naiman Mongols, ( Mongolian: naiman, "eight" Найман was a Mongolian name given to a group The Merkit, Merged, or Mergid ( Merged means "wise ones" "adept ones" "skillful ones" "(skillful archers" The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups The Keraits or Kereits (Кэрэйд Kereid; Керей were a cluster of tribes in central Mongolia before the rise of the Mongol Empire.
Temüjin began his slow ascent to power by offering himself as an ally (or, according to others sources, a vassal) to his father's anda (sworn brother or blood brother) Toghrul, who was Khan of the Kerait, and is better known by the Chinese title Ong Khan (or "Wang Khan"), which the Jin Empire granted him in 1197. A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, Blood brother can refer to one of two things two males related by birth or two or more men not related by Birth, who swear loyalty to one another This article is about Wang Khan Toghrul ruler of the Kereit For the Seljuk leader see Toğrül. The Keraits or Kereits (Кэрэйд Kereid; Керей were a cluster of tribes in central Mongolia before the rise of the Mongol Empire. This article is about Wang Khan Toghrul ruler of the Kereit For the Seljuk leader see Toğrül. This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty This relationship was first reinforced when Börte was captured by the Merkits; it was to Toghrul that Temüjin turned for support. In response, Toghrul offered his vassal 20,000 of his Kerait warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend Jamuka, who had himself become Khan (ruler) of his own tribe, the Jadaran. [10] Although the campaign was successful and led to the recapture of Börte and utter defeat of the Merkits, it also paved the way for the split between the childhood friends, Temüjin and Jamuka.
The main opponents of the Mongol confederation (traditionally the "Mongols") around 1200 were the Naimans to the west, the Merkits to the north, Tanguts to the south, the Jin and Tatars to the east. The Naimans, also Naiman Turks or Naiman Mongols, ( Mongolian: naiman, "eight" Найман was a Mongolian name given to a group The Tangut ( identified with the state of Western Xia, were a Qiangic - Tibetan people who moved to northwestern China sometime before Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups By 1190, Temüjin, his followers and advisors united the smaller Mongol confederation only. As an incentive for absolute obedience and following his rule of law, the Yassa code, Temüjin promised civilians and soldiers a wealth from future possible war spoils. Yassa (alternatively Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag, Zasag, Mongolian: Их засаг хууль) was a secret written code
Toghrul's (Wang Khan) son Senggum was jealous of Temüjin's growing power, and his affinity with his father. He allegedly planned to assassinate Temüjin. Toghrul, though allegedly saved on multiple occasions by Temüjin, gave in to his son[11] and became uncooperative with Temüjin. Temüjin learned of Senggum's intentions and eventually defeated him and his loyalists. One of the later ruptures between Toghrul and Temüjin was Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi, the eldest son of Temüjin, a sign of disrespect in the Mongolian culture. Jochi (Зүчи Züchi; also spelled Jöchi and Juchi) (c 1180 &ndash 1227 was the eldest of the Mongol chieftain Genghis Khan This act led to the split between both factions, and was a prelude to war. Toghrul allied himself with Jamuka, who already opposed Temüjin's forces; however the internal dispute between Toghrul and Jamuka, plus the desertion of a number of their allies to Temüjin, led to Toghrul's defeat. Jamuka escaped during the conflict. This defeat was a catalyst for the fall and eventual dissolution of the Kerait tribe. The Keraits or Kereits (Кэрэйд Kereid; Керей were a cluster of tribes in central Mongolia before the rise of the Mongol Empire.
The next direct threat to Temüjin was the Naimans (Naiman Mongols), with whom Jamuka and his followers took refuge. The Naimans, also Naiman Turks or Naiman Mongols, ( Mongolian: naiman, "eight" Найман was a Mongolian name given to a group The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Temüjin. In 1201, a kurultai elected Jamuka as Gur Khan, universal ruler, a title used by the rulers of the Kara-Khitan Khanate. Kurultai (Құрылтай Qurıltay Qorıltay Qurultay Kurultay is a political and military council of ancient Mongol and Turkic chiefs and khans. This article refers to the Khitan Khanate. For the Turkic state see Kara-Khanid Khanate. Jamuka's assumption of this title was the final breach with Temüjin, and Jamuka formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him. Before the conflict, however, several generals abandoned Jamuka, including Subutai, Jelme's well-known younger brother. Subutai ( Subetei, Subetai, Сүбээдэй Sübeedei; Classic Mongolian Sübügätäi or Sübü'ätäi; 1176–1248 was the primary After several battles, Jamuka was finally turned over to Temüjin by his own men in 1206.
According to the Secret History, Temüjin again offered his friendship to Jamuka, asking him to return to his side. Temüjin had killed the men who betrayed Jamuka, stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army. Jamuka refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one Sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death. The custom is to die without spilling blood, which is granted by breaking the back. Jamuka requested this form of death, despite the fact that in the past Jamuka had been infamously known to have boiled his opponent's generals alive. The rest of the Merkit clan that sided with the Naimans were defeated by Subutai, a member of Temüjin's personal guard who would later become one of the successful commanders of Genghis Khan. The Merkit, Merged, or Mergid ( Merged means "wise ones" "adept ones" "skillful ones" "(skillful archers" The Naimans, also Naiman Turks or Naiman Mongols, ( Mongolian: naiman, "eight" Найман was a Mongolian name given to a group Subutai ( Subetei, Subetai, Сүбээдэй Sübeedei; Classic Mongolian Sübügätäi or Sübü'ätäi; 1176–1248 was the primary Commander is a Military rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service The Naimans' defeat left Genghis Khan as the sole ruler of the Mongol plains, which means all the prominent confederations fell and/or united under Temüjin's Mongol confederation. Accounts of Genghis Khan's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamuka (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important Shaman who was allegedly trying break him up with brother Qasar who was serving Genghis Khan loyally. Many modern scholars doubt that all of the conspiracies existed and suggest that Genghis Khan was probably inclined towards paranoia as a result of his experiences. Paranoia is a disturbed thought process characterized by excessive Anxiety or Fear, often to the point of Irrationality and Delusion.
His military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals as exemplified by his extensive spy network and Yam route systems. Military strategy is a National defence policy implemented by Military organisations to pursue desired strategic goals Derived from the Greek Intelligence (abbreviated int or intel) is not Information, but the product of evaluated information valued for its currency and relevance rather than Motivation is the reason or reasons for engaging in a particular behavior especially Human behavior as studied in Philosophy, Conflict, Economics Yam (Өртөө Örtöö) is a Supply point route messenger system employed and extensively used and expanded by Genghis Khan and used by subsequent He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered, such as siege warfare from the Chinese. The recorded military history of China extends from about 1500 BC to the present day Many legends claim that Genghis Khan always was in the front in battles, but these may not be historically accurate. A legend ( Latin, legenda, "things to be read" is a Narrative of human actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to
As a result by 1206 Temüjin had managed to unite the Merkits, Naimans, Mongols, Uyghurs, Keraits, Tatars and disparate other smaller tribes under his rule. The Merkit, Merged, or Mergid ( Merged means "wise ones" "adept ones" "skillful ones" "(skillful archers" The Naimans, also Naiman Turks or Naiman Mongols, ( Mongolian: naiman, "eight" Найман was a Mongolian name given to a group The Uyghur (also spelled Uygur, Uighur, Uigur, Uyghur: ئۇيغۇر) are a Turkic people of Central Asia. The Keraits or Kereits (Кэрэйд Kereid; Керей were a cluster of tribes in central Mongolia before the rise of the Mongol Empire. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups It was a monumental feat for the "Mongols" (as they became known collectively). At a Kurultai, a council of Mongol chiefs, he was acknowledged as "Khan" of the consolidated tribes and took the new title "Genghis Khan". Kurultai (Құрылтай Qurıltay Qorıltay Qurultay Kurultay is a political and military council of ancient Mongol and Turkic chiefs and khans. The title Khagan was not conferred on Genghis until after his death, when his son and successor, Ögedei took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father (as he was also to be posthumously declared the founder of the Yuan Dynasty). For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title This unification of all confederations by Genghis Khan established peace between previously warring tribes and a single political and military force under Genghis Khan.
- See also: Mongols before Genghis Khan and Mongols
Expansion and military campaigns
- See also: Mongol invasions
Conquest of the Western Xia Dynasty
During the 1206 political rise for Genghis Khan, the Mongol nation or Mongol Empire created by Genghis Khan and his allies was neighboured to the west by the Tanguts' Western Xia Dynasty. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The Tangut ( identified with the state of Western Xia, were a Qiangic - Tibetan people who moved to northwestern China sometime before Xi Xia redirects here For a Chinese general whose name may be transliterated as Xi Xia see Xi Qia The Western Xia Dynasty ( or To its east and south was the Jin Dynasty, founded by the Manchurian Jurchens, who ruled northern China as well as being the traditional overlord of the Mongolian tribes for centuries. This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty The Manchu people ( Manchu: Manju;, Mongolian: Манж Russian: Маньчжуры are a Tungusic people who originated in The Jurchens ( were a Tungus people who inhabited the region of Manchuria ( Northeast China) until the 17th century when they adopted the name Manchu China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National
Temüjin organized his people, army, and his state to first prepare for war with Western Xia, or Xi Xia, which was closer to the Mongolian lands. He correctly believed that the more powerful Jin Dynasty's young ruler would not come to the aid of Xi Xia. When the Tanguts requested help from the Jin Dynasty, they were flatly refused. [11] Despite initial difficulties in capturing its well-defended cities, Genghis Khan forced the surrender of Western Xia by 1209.
Conquest of the Jin Dynasty
In 1211, after the conquest of Western Xia, Genghis Khan planned again to conquer the Jin Dynasty. This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty The commander of the Jin Dynasty army made a tactical mistake in not attacking the Mongols at the first opportunity. Instead, the Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming-Tan, to the Mongol side, who promptly defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass. At this engagement fought at Badger Pass the Mongols massacred thousands of Jin troops. In 1215 Genghis besieged, captured, and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing (later known as Beijing). This forced the Emperor Xuanzong to move his capital south to Kaifeng, abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the Mongols. Emperor Xuanzong of Jin (r 1213-1223 was emperor of the Jin Dynasty which ruled most of northern China in the 12th and 13th centuries Kaifeng ( formerly known as Bianliang ( Bianjing ( Daliang ( or simply Liang ( is a Prefecture-level city in eastern
Defeat of the Kara-Khitan Khanate
Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation that Temüjin defeated and folded into the Mongol nation, fled west usurped the khanate of Kara-Khitan (also known as Kara Kitay). This article refers to the Khitan Khanate. For the Turkic state see Kara-Khanid Khanate. Kuchlug (also spelled Küchlüg was a member of the Naiman tribe of western Mongolia. The Naimans, also Naiman Turks or Naiman Mongols, ( Mongolian: naiman, "eight" Найман was a Mongolian name given to a group A confederation is a group of empowered states or communities usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution Khanate or Chanat is a Turkic origined word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan. This article refers to the Khitan Khanate. For the Turkic state see Kara-Khanid Khanate. Genghis Khan decided to conquer the Kara-Khitan khanate and defeat Kuchlug possibly to take him out of power. Kuchlug (also spelled Küchlüg was a member of the Naiman tribe of western Mongolia. By this time the Mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in China against the Western Xia and Jin Dynasty. Xi Xia redirects here For a Chinese general whose name may be transliterated as Xi Xia see Xi Qia The Western Xia Dynasty ( or This is an article for the Jurchen Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 For other Chinese dynasties whose names are also rendered "Jin" in Pinyin, see Jin Dynasty Therefore, Genghis sent only two tumen (20,000 soldiers) against Kuchlug, under his younger general, Jebe, known as "The Arrow". Tumen or Tümen ("unit of ten thousand" from Turkic: tümen; Түмэн Tümen) was a part of the decimal system used by Turkic Jebe or Jebei Noyan (Зэв Zev; d 1225 was one of the greatest Generals of Genghis Khan.
With such a small force, the invading Mongols were forced to change strategies and resort to inciting internal revolt among Kuchlug's supporters, leaving the Khara-Khitan khanate more vulnerable to Mongol conquest. As a result, Kuchlug's army was defeated west of Kashgar. Kashgar or Kashi (officially transliterated as Kaxgar in Uyghur; قەشقەر/K̡ǝxk̡ǝr, is an Oasis Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed. By 1218, as a result of defeat of Kara-Khitan khanate, the Mongol Empire and its control extended as far west as Lake Balkhash, which bordered the Khwarezmia (Khwarezmid Empire), a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south. Lake Balqash ( Kazakh: kk Балқаш Көлі, also Balkhash from the Russian ru Озеро Балхаш) is a Lake in southeastern Khwarezm were a series of States centered on the Amu Darya River delta of the For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. The Persian Gulf, in the Southwest Asian region is an extension of the The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated:
Destruction of the Khwarezmid Empire
At this time the Khwarezmian Dynasty was governed by Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad. The Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia lasted from 1219 to 1221. It marked the beginning of the Mongol Conquest of the Islamic States and it also expanded The Khwarezmian Empire, more commonly known as the empire of the Khwarezm Shahs ( Khwārezmšhāḥīān, "Kings of Khwarezmia " The Khwarezmian Empire, more commonly known as the empire of the Khwarezm Shahs ( Khwārezmšhāḥīān, "Kings of Khwarezmia " Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages Ala ad-Din Muhammad II (علاءالدين محمد ʿAlā al-Dīn Muḥammad was the ruler of the Khwarezmid Empire from 1200 to 1220 Genghis Khan saw the potential advantage in Khwarezmia as a commercial trading partner, and, instead of sending an invasion force, he initially sent a 500-man caravan to establish trade ties with the empire. A camel train is a series of Camels carrying goods or passengers in a group as part of a regular or semi-regular service between two points However, Inalchuq, the governor of the Khwarezmian city of Otrar, attacked the caravan that came from Mongolia, claiming that the caravan was a conspiracy against Khwarezmia. Otrar or Utrar (also called Farab) is a Central Asian Ghost town that was a city located along the Silk Road near the current town of Karatau The situation became more complicated as the governor later refused to make repayments for the looting of the caravan and murder of its members. Genghis Khan then sent again a second group of ambassadors to meet the Shah himself. The Shah had all the men shaved and all but one beheaded. Decapitation (from Latin, caput, capitis, meaning head or beheading, is the cutting off of the head of a person or animal This was seen as an affront and insult to Genghis Khan. Outraged, Genghis Khan planned one of his largest invasion campaigns by organizing together around 200,000 soldiers (20 tumens), his most capable generals and some of his sons. Tumen or Tümen ("unit of ten thousand" from Turkic: tümen; Түмэн Tümen) was a part of the decimal system used by Turkic
The Mongol army under personal command of Genghis Khan, generals and son(s) crossed the Tien Shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the Khwarezmid Empire. The Tian Shan (天山 Pinyin: Tiān Shān "celestial mountains" also commonly spelled Tien Shan, is a Mountain range located in Central The Khwarezmian Empire, more commonly known as the empire of the Khwarezm Shahs ( Khwārezmšhāḥīān, "Kings of Khwarezmia " After compiling intelligence from many sources Genghis Khan carefully prepared his army, which was divided into three groups. His son Jochi led the first division into the northeast of Khwarezmia. Jochi (Зүчи Züchi; also spelled Jöchi and Juchi) (c 1180 &ndash 1227 was the eldest of the Mongol chieftain Genghis Khan The second division under Jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of Khwarzemia to form, with the first division, a pincer attack on Samarkand. Jebe or Jebei Noyan (Зэв Zev; d 1225 was one of the greatest Generals of Genghis Khan. The pincer movement or double envelopment is a basic element of Military strategy which has been used to some extent in many Wars and is considered Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of The third division under Genghis Khan and Tolui marched to the northwest and attacked Khwarzemia from that direction. Tolui, also rendered Toluy or Tolui Khan (Толуй; c 1190 &ndash 1232 was the youngest son of Genghis Khan by Börte.
The Shah's army was split by diverse internal disquisitions and by the Shah's decision to divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities This fragmentation was decisive in Khwarezmia's defeats, as it allowed the Mongols, although exhausted from the long journey, to immediately set about defeating small fractions of the Khwarzemi forces instead of facing a unified defense. The Mongol army quickly seized the town of Otrar, relying on superior strategy and tactics. Otrar or Utrar (also called Farab) is a Central Asian Ghost town that was a city located along the Silk Road near the current town of Karatau Genghis Khan ordered the execution of many of the inhabitants and executed Inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes, as retribution for his actions. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Near the end of the battle the Shah fled rather than surrender. Genghis Khan charged Subutai and Jebe with hunting him down, giving them two years and 20,000 men. Subutai ( Subetei, Subetai, Сүбээдэй Sübeedei; Classic Mongolian Sübügätäi or Sübü'ätäi; 1176–1248 was the primary The Shah died under mysterious circumstances on a small island within his empire.
The Mongols' conquest, even by their own standards, was relatively brutal. After the capital Samarkand fell, the capital was moved to Bukhara by the remaining men, and Genghis Khan dedicated two of his generals and their forces to completely destroying the remnants of the Khwarezmid Empire, including not only royal buildings, but entire towns and even vast swaths of farmland. Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Bukhara (Buxoro Бухоро بُخارا Бухара also spelled as Bukhoro and Bokhara, from the Soghdian βuxārak ("lucky According to stories, Genghis Khan even went so far as to divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace, erasing it from the map.
The heir Shah Jalal Al-Din, who was supported by a nearby town, battled the Mongols several times with his father's armies. "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance. However, internal disputes once again split his forces apart, and they were forced to flee Bukhara after yet another devastating defeat, effectively bringing the Khwarezmid Empire to an end.
In the meantime, Genghis Khan selected his third son Ögedei as his successor before his army set out, and specified that subsequent Khans should be his direct descendants. Ögedei Khan, (Өгэдэй Ögedei; also Ogotai or Oktay, 窩闊臺 c Genghis Khan also left Muqali, one of his most trusted generals, as the supreme commander of all Mongol forces in Jin China while he was out battling the Khwarezmid Empire to the west. Muqali was one of the greatest generals under Genghis Khan. The fact that his father died trying to save Genghis Khan during a battle coupled with his own skills in battle leading
Attacks on Georgia and Volga Bulgaria
After the complete defeat of the Khwarezmid Empire in 1220, the Mongol army was split into two component forces. The medieval kingdom of Georgia first clashed with the advancing Mongol armies in 1220. The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236 Genghis Khan led a division on a raid through Afghanistan and northern India, while another contingent marched through the Caucasus and into Russia. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending As Genghis Khan gathered his forces in Persia and Armenia to return to the Mongolian steppes, the second force of 20,000 troops (two tumen), commanded by generals Jebe and Subutai, pushed deep into Armenia and Azerbaijan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Jebe or Jebei Noyan (Зэв Zev; d 1225 was one of the greatest Generals of Genghis Khan. Subutai ( Subetei, Subetai, Сүбээдэй Sübeedei; Classic Mongolian Sübügätäi or Sübü'ätäi; 1176–1248 was the primary Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South The Mongols destroyed Georgia, sacked the Genoese trade-fortress of Caffa in Crimea, and overwintered near the Black Sea. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between The Most Serene Republic of Genoa (Repubblica di Genova was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from the 11th century Feodosiya ( Ukrainian Феодосія Crimean Tatar Kefe Russian Феодосия is a Port and Resort city in Crimea Crimea (kraɪˈmiːə or the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Крим Автономна Республіка Крим Avtonomna Respublika Krym; Крым The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Heading home, Subutai's forces attacked the Kipchaks and were intercepted by the allied but poorly coordinated troops of Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III of Kiev, along with about 80,000 Kievan Rus' to stop their actions. Mstislav Mstislavich the Bold (Мстисла́в Мстисла́вич Удало́й was one of the most popular and active princes of Kievan Rus' in the Halych (Галич Гáлич Halicz Halyčas is a historic city on the Dniester River in western Ukraine. Mstislav Romanovich the Old (Мстислав Романович Старый in Russian) (? - 1223 Prince of Pskov (1179 - ? Smolensk (1197 Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan Subutai sent emissaries to the Slavic princes calling for a separate peace, but the emissaries were executed. Subutai ( Subetei, Subetai, Сүбээдэй Sübeedei; Classic Mongolian Sübügätäi or Sübü'ätäi; 1176–1248 was the primary Prince, from the Latin root Princeps, is a general term for a Monarch, for a member of a monarch's or former monarch's family and is a At the Battle of Kalka River in 1223, Subutai's forces defeated the larger Kievan force, while losing the battle of Samara Bend against the neighboring Volga Bulgars. The Battle of the Kalka River (Битва на реке Калке took place on May 31 1223 between the Mongol Empire The Battle of Samara Bend or the Battle of Kernek was the first battle between Volga Bulgaria and the Mongols, probably one of the first [12]
The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Russian princes then sued for peace. Subutai agreed but was in no mood to pardon the princes. Subutai ( Subetei, Subetai, Сүбээдэй Sübeedei; Classic Mongolian Sübügätäi or Sübü'ätäi; 1176–1248 was the primary As was customary in Mongol society for nobility, the Russian princes were given a bloodless death. Subutai had a large wooden platform constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other generals. Six Russian princes, including Mstislav III of Kiev, were put under this platform and crushed to death. Mstislav Romanovich the Old (Мстислав Романович Старый in Russian) (? - 1223 Prince of Pskov (1179 - ? Smolensk (1197
Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand. Subutai and Jebe's famous cavalry expedition, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path, except for that of the Volga Bulgars, remains unparalleled to this day, and word of the Mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations, particularly Europe.
These two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. These invasions ultimately added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way. Transoxiana (sometimes spelled Transoxania "河中“Chinese / Ma Wara'un-Nahr ( Arabic: ما وراء النهر / Farārood (فرارود For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.
Under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to definitively conquer Volga Bulgaria and the Kievan Rus in 1237, concluding the campaign in 1240. This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band.
Second war with the Western Xia and Jin Dynasty coalition
The vassal emperor of the Tanguts (Western Xia) had refused to take part in the war against the Khwarezmid Empire. A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, Xi Xia redirects here For a Chinese general whose name may be transliterated as Xi Xia see Xi Qia The Western Xia Dynasty ( or The Khwarezmian Empire, more commonly known as the empire of the Khwarezm Shahs ( Khwārezmšhāḥīān, "Kings of Khwarezmia " While most of the Mongol forces under Genghis Khan and his generals were out on campaign against the Khwarezmid Empire, the Western Xia and defeated Jin Dynasty formed a coalition to resist the Mongols, counting on the campaign against the Khwarezmids to drain the Mongols' ability to respond effectively. Their cause was further emboldened by the Khan's expeditions further west, which had drawn the bulk of his army off into prolonged campaigns in Persia and Eastern Europe.
In 1226, immediately after returning from the east, Genghis Khan began a retaliatory attack on the Tanguts. The Tangut ( identified with the state of Western Xia, were a Qiangic - Tibetan people who moved to northwestern China sometime before His armies quickly took Heisui, Ganzhou and Suzhou (not the Suzhou in Jiangsu province), and in the autumn he took Xiliang-fu. History In 201 Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty established a county in the territory of modern Ganzhou This article refers to the Han-founded kingdom in what is now Gansu, whose sovereigns were ancestors of the eventual Tang Dynasty emperors One of the Tangut generals challenged the Mongols to a battle near Helanshan, but was soundly defeated. The Helan Shan ( Alaša aɣula frequently called Alashan Mountains in older sources is a mountain range forming the border of Inner Mongolia 's Alxa League and In November, Genghis laid siege to the Tangut city Lingzhou, and crossed the Yellow River, defeating the Tangut relief army. The Yellow River or Huang He / Hwang Ho ( Hatan Gol Queen river) is the second-longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the According to legend, it was here that Genghis Khan reportedly saw a line of five stars arranged in the sky, and interpreted it as an omen of his victory.
In 1227, Genghis Khan's army attacked and destroyed the Tangut capital of Ning Hia, and continued to advance, seizing Lintiao-fu, Xining province, Xindu-fu, and Deshun province in quick succession in the Spring. Xining ( Simplified Chinese: 西宁 Traditional Chinese: 西寧 Tibetan: ཟི་ནིང་ Pinyin: Xīníng Wylie: Zi-ning Xindu District ( Chinese:新都区 is a District of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, China. At Deshun, the Tangut general Ma Jianlong put up a fierce resistance for several days and personally led charges against the invaders outside the city gate. Ma Jianlong later died from wounds received from arrows in battle. Genghis Khan, after conquering Deshun, went to Liupanshan (Qingshui County, Gansu Province) to escape the severe summer. ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. The new Tangut emperor quickly surrendered to the Mongols, and the rest of the Tanguts officially surrendered soon after. Not happy with their betrayal and resistance, Genghis Khan ordered the entire imperial family to be executed, effectively ending the Tangut lineage.
Death and burial
In 1227, after defeating the Tangut people, Genghis Khan died (according to The Secret History of the Mongols). The location of the tomb of Genghis Khan (died 1227) has been the object of much speculation and research The reason for his death is uncertain and speculations abound. Some histories maintain that he fell off his horse due to old age and physical fatigue, ultimately dying of his injuries. [13] Others contend that he was felled by a protracted illness such as pneumonia. The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle alleges he was killed by the Tanguts in battle. The Galician-Volhynian Chronicle is a historical record covering 1201 – 1291 in the history of the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia (in modern Ukraine The Tangut ( identified with the state of Western Xia, were a Qiangic - Tibetan people who moved to northwestern China sometime before Later Mongol chronicles connect Genghis' death with a Tangut princess taken as war booty.
Genghis Khan asked to be buried without markings, according the customs of his tribe. After he died, his body was returned to Mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in Khentii Aimag, where many assume he is buried somewhere close to the Onon River and the Burkhan Khaldun mountain (part of the Kentii mountain range). Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Khentii (Хэнтий is one of the 21 aimags (provinces of Mongolia, located in the east of the country The Onon gol (Онон гол Онон is a River in Mongolia and Russia of length 818 km and watershed 94010 km² The Burkhan Khaldun (Бурхан Халдун) is a Mountain of the Khentii Mountains in the Khentii aimag of Mongolia. According to legend, the funeral escort killed anyone and anything across their path to conceal where he was finally buried. The Genghis Khan Mausoleum, constructed many years after his death, is his memorial, but not his burial site. The Mausoleum of Genghis Khan (成吉思汗陵 is located along a river in Kandehuo Enclosure Xinjie Town Ejen Khoruu Banner, Ordos Prefecture-Level City (formerly
On October 6, 2004, a joint Japanese-Mongolian archaeological dig uncovered what is believed to be Genghis Khan's palace in rural Mongolia, which raises the possibility of actually locating the ruler's long-lost burial site. Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " [14] Folklore says that a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find (the same manner of burial of Sumerian King Gilgamesh of Uruk. Gilgamesh was the son of Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk (Early Dynastic II first dynasty of Uruk ruling circa 2600 BC according to the Sumerian king ) Other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many horses, over which trees were then planted, and the permafrost also did its bit in hiding the burial site.
Genghis Khan left behind an army of more than 129,000 men; 28,000 were given to his various brothers and his sons. Tolui, his youngest son, inherited more than 100,000 men. This force contained the bulk of the elite Mongolian cavalry. The Cavalry (from French cavalerie) is the second oldest of the Combat Arms, and as Soldiers or Warriors who fought mounted on By tradition, the youngest son inherits his father's property. Jochi, Chagatai, Ögedei Khan, and Kulan's son Gelejian received armies of 4,000 men each. Jochi (Зүчи Züchi; also spelled Jöchi and Juchi) (c 1180 &ndash 1227 was the eldest of the Mongol chieftain Genghis Khan Chagatai Khan (Цагадай Tsagadai) was the second son of Genghis Khan. Ögedei Khan, (Өгэдэй Ögedei; also Ogotai or Oktay, 窩闊臺 c His mother and the descendants of his three brothers received 3,000 men each.
Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan
Politics and economics
The Mongol Empire was governed by a civilian and military code, called the Yassa, created by Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire Politics Pax Mongolica See also Pax Mongolica Loyalty In the face of the ethnic religious and tribal diversity of the civilians and soldiers The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking In Communications a code is a rule for converting a piece of Information (for example a letter, Word, Phrase, or Yassa (alternatively Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag, Zasag, Mongolian: Их засаг хууль) was a secret written code The Mongol Empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm, instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets Meritocracy is a system of a government or another organization wherein Appointments are made and responsibilities are given based on demonstrated talent and Ability The exception was the role of Genghis Khan and his family. The Mongol Empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history, as befitted its size. Many of the empire's nomadic inhabitants considered themselves Mongols in military and civilian life, including Turks, Mongols, and others and included many diverse Khans of various ethnicities as part of the Mongol Empire such as Muhammad Khan. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family Muhammad Khan (d July 1338 was a claimant to the throne of the Ilkhanate.
There were tax exemptions for religious figures and, to some extent, teachers and doctors. A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health The Mongol Empire practiced religious tolerance to a large degree because Mongol tradition had long held that religion was a very personal concept, and not subject to law or interference. Religious toleration is the condition of accepting or permitting others' religious beliefs and practices which disagree with one's own Sometime before the rise of Genghis Khan, Ong Khan, his mentor and eventual rival, had converted to Nestorian Christianity. Various Mongol tribes were Buddhist, Muslim, shamanist or Christian. Religious tolerance was a well established concept on the Asian steppe.
Modern Mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life, Genghis Khan attempted to create a civil state under the Great Yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals, including women. A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces. [15] However, there is no contemporary evidence of this, or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese. Women played a relatively important role in Mongol Empire and in family, for example Torogene Khatun was briefly in charge of the Mongol Empire when next male Khagan was being chosen. For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title Modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace). The Pax Mongolica or " Mongol Peace " is a phrase coined by Western scholars to describe the alleged stabilizing effects of the conquest of the Mongol
Genghis Khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him. He also realised that such administrators could not be found among his Mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities. For this purpose Genghis Khan invited a Khitan prince, Chu'Tsai, who worked for the Jin and had been captured by Mongol army after the Jin Dynasty were defeated. The Khitan (or Khitai,) were a Nomadic people, located in Mongolia and modern Manchuria (Northeast China from the 4th century dominating much of it Yelü Chucai ( Mongolian: Urtu Saqal 吾图撒合里 "long beard" also Yeh-Lu Ch'u-Ts'ai) (1189 &ndash 1243 was a Mandarin statesman of Jin had captured power by displacing Khitan. Genghis told Chu'Tsai, who was a lineal descendant of Khitan rulers, that he had avenged Chu'Tsai's forefathers. Chu'Tsai responded that his father served the Jin Dynasty honestly and so did he; he did not consider his own father his enemy, so the question of revenge did not apply. Genghis Khan was very impressed by this reply. Chu'Tsai administered parts of the Mongol Empire and became a confidant of the successive Mongol Khans.
Genghis Khan expected unwavering loyalty from his generals, and granted them a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions. Muqali, a trusted general, was given command of the Mongol forces against the Jin Dynasty while Genghis Khan was fighting in Central Asia, and Subutai and Jebe were allowed to pursue the Great Raid into the Caucausus and Kievan Rus, an idea they had presented to the Khagan on their own initiative. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Subutai ( Subetei, Subetai, Сүбээдэй Sübeedei; Classic Mongolian Sübügätäi or Sübü'ätäi; 1176–1248 was the primary Jebe or Jebei Noyan (Зэв Zev; d 1225 was one of the greatest Generals of Genghis Khan. Kievan Rus′ (Ки́евская Русь romanised: Kievskaya Rus', rusʲ also written as Kyivan Rus′ (Ки́ївська Русь or Kievan The Mongol military also was successful in siege warfare, cutting off resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army, and adopting new ideas, techniques and tools from the people they conquered, particularly in employing Muslim and Chinese siege engines and engineers to aid the Mongol cavalry in capturing cities. Also one of the standard tactics of the Mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack. For other meanings see Withdrawal (disambiguation. A withdrawal is a type of Military operation, generally meaning retreating An ambush is a long-established military tactic, in which the aggressors (the ambushing force use Concealment to attack a passing enemy A counterattack
Another important aspect of the military organization of Genghis Khan was the communications and supply route or Yam, adapted from previous Chinese models. An organization (or organisation &mdash see spelling differences) is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals which controls its own performance and Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another Yam (Өртөө Örtöö) is a Supply point route messenger system employed and extensively used and expanded by Genghis Khan and used by subsequent Genghis Khan dedicated special attention to this in order to speed up the gathering of military intelligence and official communications. Military intelligence (abbreviated MI int Commonwealth, or intel To this end, Yam waystations were established all over the empire.
Division of the Empire into Khanates
Before his death, Genghis Khan divided his empire among his sons Ögedei, Chagatai, Tolui, and Jochi (Jochi's death several months before Genghis Khan meant that his lands were instead split between his sons, Batu and Orda) into several Khanates designed as sub-territories: their Khans were expected to follow the Great Khan, who was, initially, Ögedei. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire Ögedei Khan, (Өгэдэй Ögedei; also Ogotai or Oktay, 窩闊臺 c Chagatai Khan (Цагадай Tsagadai) was the second son of Genghis Khan. Tolui, also rendered Toluy or Tolui Khan (Толуй; c 1190 &ndash 1232 was the youngest son of Genghis Khan by Börte. Jochi (Зүчи Züchi; also spelled Jöchi and Juchi) (c 1180 &ndash 1227 was the eldest of the Mongol chieftain Genghis Khan Batu Khan (Бат Хаан Баты́й (c 1205–1255 was a Mongol ruler and the founder of the Blue Horde. ORDA is also the acronym of the Olympic Regional Development Authority in New York State USA For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title
Following are the Khanates in the way in which Genghis Khan assigned after his death:
- Empire of the Great Khan: Ögedei Khan, as Great Khan, took most of Eastern Asia, including China; this territory later to comprise the Yuan Dynasty under Kubilai Khan. Karakorum (Khalkha Mongolian Khara-khorin, Classical Mongolian Qara Qorum) was the capital of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century Khanate or Chanat is a Turkic origined word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan. The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Ögedei Khan, (Өгэдэй Ögedei; also Ogotai or Oktay, 窩闊臺 c China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it
- Mongol homeland (present day Mongolia, including Karakorum): Tolui Khan, being the youngest son, received a small territory near the Mongol homeland, following Mongol custom. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Karakorum (Khalkha Mongolian Khara-khorin, Classical Mongolian Qara Qorum) was the capital of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century Tolui, also rendered Toluy or Tolui Khan (Толуй; c 1190 &ndash 1232 was the youngest son of Genghis Khan by Börte.
- Chagatai Khanate: Chagatai Khan, Genghis Khan's second son, was given Central Asia and northern Iran. Chagatai Khan (Цагадай Tsagadai) was the second son of Genghis Khan. Chagatai Khan (Цагадай Tsagadai) was the second son of Genghis Khan. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.
- Blue Horde to Batu Khan, and White Horde to Orda Khan, both were later combined into the Kipchak Khanate, or Khanate of the Golden Horde, under Toqtamysh. The Blue Horde (Көк Орда/Kök Orda Күк Урда/Kük Urda, Turkish: Gök Ordu/Orda) was one of the uluses within the Mongol Empire Batu Khan (Бат Хаан Баты́й (c 1205–1255 was a Mongol ruler and the founder of the Blue Horde. The White Horde (Ақ Орда/Aq Orda Ак Урда/Aq Urda) was one of the uluses within the Mongol Empire formed around 1226, after the death of ORDA is also the acronym of the Olympic Regional Development Authority in New York State USA This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Tokhtamysh (d ca 1406 was the last khan of the White Horde, who unified the White Horde and Blue Horde subdivisions of the Golden Horde into Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi, had received most of the distant Russia and Ruthenia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ruthenia is a geographic and culturo-ethnic name applied to the parts of Eastern Europe populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to the past various Because Jochi died before Genghis Khan, his territory was further split up between his sons. Batu Khan launched an invasion of Russia, and later Hungary and Poland, and crushed several armies before being summoned back by the news of Ögedei's death. Batu Khan (Бат Хаан Баты́й (c 1205–1255 was a Mongol ruler and the founder of the Blue Horde. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland
- See also: List of Mongol Khans
After Genghis Khan
Contrary to popular belief, Genghis Khan did not conquer all of the areas of Mongol Empire. At the time of his death, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. The Sea of Japan is a Marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean, bordered by Japan, Korea, North Korea and Russia The empire's expansion continued for a generation or more after Genghis's death in 1227. Under Genghis's successor Ögedei Khan the speed of expansion reached its peak. Ögedei Khan, (Өгэдэй Ögedei; also Ogotai or Oktay, 窩闊臺 c Mongol armies pushed into Persia, finished off the Xi Xia and the remnants of the Khwarezmids, and came into conflict with the imperial Song Dynasty of China, starting a war that would last until 1279 and that would conclude with the Mongols gaining control of all of China. The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
Perceptions and legacy
Like other notable conquerors, Genghis Khan is portrayed differently by those he conquered and those who conquered with him.
Positive perception of Genghis Khan
Negative views of Genghis Khan are very persistent within histories written by many different cultures, from various different geographical regions. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the The tenge (теңге is the currency of Kazakhstan. It is divided into 100 tiyn (тиын also transliterated as tiyin or tijn) They often cite the cruelties and destructions brought upon by Mongol armies. However, other authors cite positive aspects of Genghis Khan's conquests. Genghis Khan is credited with bringing the Silk Road under one cohesive political environment. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the This allowed increased communication and trade between the West, Middle East and Asia, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The horizon ( Ancient Greek ὁ ὁρίζων, /ho horídzôn/ from ὁρίζειν, "to limit" is the apparent line that separates Some historians have noted that Genghis Khan instituted certain levels of meritocracy in his rule, and was tolerant of different religions. Meritocracy is a system of a government or another organization wherein Appointments are made and responsibilities are given based on demonstrated talent and Ability In much of modern-day Turkey, Genghis Khan is looked on as a great military leader, and it is popular for male children to carry his title as name. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches [16]
Genghis Khan as an icon in Mongolia
Traditionally Genghis Khan had been revered for centuries among the Mongols, and also among other ethnic groups like the Turks, largely because of his association with Mongol statehood, political and military organization, and his historic victories in war. The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language He eventually evolved into a larger-than-life figure chiefly among the Mongols.
During the communist period, Genghis Khan was often described as reactionary, and positive statements about him were generally avoided. [17] In 1962, the erection of a monument at his birthplace and a conference held in commemoration of his 800th birthday led to criticism from the Soviet Union, and resulted in the dismissal of Tömör-Ochir, a secretary of the ruling Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Central Committee. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (Монгол Ардын Хувьсгалт Нам Mongol Ardyn Khuvisgalt Nam) is an ex-communist Political party in Central Committee most commonly refers to the central executive unit of a Leninist (commonly also Trotskyist) or Communist party, whether ruling or In the early 1990s, when democracy was established in Mongolia, the memory of Genghis Khan with the Mongolian traditional national identity has had a powerful revival. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Genghis Khan became the central figure of the national identity. He is now a source of pride for Mongolians with ties to their historic roots. For example, it is not uncommon for Mongolians to refer to Mongolia as "Genghis Khan's Mongolia," to themselves as "Genghis Khan's children," and to Genghis Khan as the "father of the Mongols" especially among the younger generation. His name and likeness are endorsed on products, streets, buildings, and other places. His face can be found on everyday commodities, from liquors to the largest denominations of 500, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 Mongolian tögrög (₮). The tögrög (төгрөг (MNT Tugrik, ₮ is the official currency of Mongolia. Mongolia's main international airport has been renamed Chinggis Khaan International Airport, and major Genghis Khan statues have been erected before the parliament[18] and near Ulaanbaatar. An international airport is an Airport typically equipped with Customs and Immigration facilities to handle international flights to and from other Chinggis Khaan International Airport is the International airport serving Ulan Bator, Mongolia. There have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image to avoid trivialization. [19] In summary, Mongolians see him as the fundamental figure in the founding of the Mongol Empire, and therefore the basis for Mongolia as a country. The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity
Genghis Khan is now widely regarded as one of Mongolia's greatest and most legendary leaders. The tögrög (төгрөг (MNT Tugrik, ₮ is the official currency of Mongolia. Naadam (Наадам Classical Mongolian: Naɤadum games) is a traditional type of festival in Mongolia. [20] He is responsible for the emergence of the Mongols as a political and ethnic identity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during a time of great uncertainty, due to both internal and external factors. He is also given credit for the introduction of the traditional Mongolian script and the creation of the Ikh Zasag, the first written Mongolian law. The classic vertical Mongolian script (ɣɣul bičig, cyrillic: Монгол бичиг Mongol bichig) was the first of many writing systems created Yassa (alternatively Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag, Zasag, Mongolian: Их засаг хууль) was a secret written code There is a chasm in the perception of his brutality - Mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-Mongolians are unfairly biased against Genghis Khan; and that his butchery is exaggerated, while his positive role is underrated. [21]
In China
The People's Republic of China considers Genghis Khan to be an ethnic minority hero. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES The rationale for this claim is the fact that there are more ethnic Mongols living inside the PRC than outside, including Mongolia. While Genghis Khan never conquered all of China, his grandson Kublai Khan completed that conquest,[22] and established the Yuan Dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting China. Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai There has also been much artwork and literature praising Genghis as a great military leader and political genius. The years of the Mongol-established Yuan Dynasty left an indelible imprint on Chinese political and social structures for subsequent generations. However, the legacy of Genghis Khan and his successors, who completed the conquest of China after 65 years of struggle, remains a mixed topic, even to this day.
Recognitions in publications
Genghis Khan is recognized in number of large and popular publications and by other authors, which include the following:
- Genghis Khan is ranked #29 on Michael H. Hart's list of the most influential people in history. Michael H Hart (born April 28, 1932 in New York City) is an Astrophysicist who has also written three books on History and controversial The 100 A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History is a 1978 book by Michael H
- An article that appeared in the Washington Post on December 31, 1995 selected Genghis Khan as "Man of the Millennium". The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995
- Genghis Khan was nominated for the "Top 10 Cultural Legends of the Millennium" in 1998 by Dr G. Ab Arwel, voted by the five Judges, Prof. D Owain, Mr. G. Parry, OBE, Dr. The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is a British Order of chivalry established on 4 June 1917 by King George V. C Campbell of Oxford University, and Mr S Evans and Sir B. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Parry of the International Museum of Culture, Luxembourg.
- National Geographic's 50 Most Important Political Leaders of All Time. Overview The NGS's historical mission is "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge while promoting the conservation of the world's cultural historical and natural
Negative perceptions of Genghis Khan
In Iraq and Iran, he is looked on as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous damage and destruction. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Genocide is the deliberate and systematic destruction in whole or in part of an ethnic racial religious or national group [23] Similarly, in Afghanistan (along with other non-Turkic Muslim countries) he is generally viewed unfavorably though some groups display ambivalency as it is believed that the Hazara of Afghanistan are descendants of a large Mongol garrison stationed therein. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The Hazāra ( are a Persian-speaking people residing in the central region of Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. [24][25] The invasions of Baghdad and Samarkand caused mass murders, such as when portions of southern Khuzestan were completely destroyed. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous Samarkand (Samarqand Самарқанд سمرقند UniPers: "Samarqand" is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan and the capital of Khūzestān (خوزستان is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. His descendant Hulagu Khan destroyed much of Iran's northern part. This article is about the founder of the Ilkhanate For the head of the Chagatai khanate please see Qara Hülëgü Hulagu Khan, also known as For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Among the Iranian peoples he is regarded as one of the most despised conquerors of Iran, along with Alexander and Tamerlane. The Iranian people are a collection of Ethnic groups defined along linguistic lines as speaking Iranian languages. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among [26][27] In much of Russia, Ukraine, Poland and Hungary, Genghis Khan and his regime are credited with considerable damage and destruction. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The word regime (occasionally spelled " régime " particularly in older texts refers to a set of conditions most often of a Political nature Presently Genghis Khan, his descendants, his generals, and the Mongol people are remembered for their ferocious and destructive conquests by the region's history books.
Genghis Khan Effect
Zerjal et al [2003][28] identified a Y-chromosomal lineage present in about 8% of the men in a large region of Asia (about 0. Descent from Genghis Khan ( Mongolian: Алтан ураг meaning 'Golden lineage' is traceable primarily in Central Asia. 5% of the men in the world). The paper suggests that the pattern of variation within the lineage is consistent with a hypothesis that it originated in Mongolia about 1,000 years ago. Such a spread would be too rapid to have occurred by genetic drift, and must therefore be the result of natural selection. In Population genetics, genetic drift is the accumulation of random events that change the makeup of a gene pool slightly but often compound over time Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of The authors propose that the lineage is carried by likely male-line descendants of Genghis Khan, and that it has spread through social selection.
Descendants of Genghis Khan
- Further information: Descent from Genghis Khan and Hazaras
In addition to the Khanates and other descendants, the Mughal emperor Babur's mother was a descendant. Descent from Genghis Khan ( Mongolian: Алтан ураг meaning 'Golden lineage' is traceable primarily in Central Asia. The Hazāra ( are a Persian-speaking people residing in the central region of Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. Khanate or Chanat is a Turkic origined word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan. Babur ( February 14 1483 - December 26 1530) was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who following a series of setbacks Timur (also known as Tamerlane), the 14th century military leader, claimed descent from Genghis Khan. Timur also written Emir Timur or Amir Temur ( Chagatai: تیمور - Tēmōr " Iron " (1336 – 19 February 1405 among
Genghis Khan in Films and television
There are several films about the Mongolian ruler:
- Genghis Khan, released in 1965 and starring Omar Sharif. Genghis Khan is among the most famous film versions depicting the life and conquests of the Mongol emperor Genghis Khan. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Omar Sharif ( عمر الشريف; born April 10, 1932) is a two-time Academy Award -nominated and Golden Globe -winning Egyptian
- Genghis Khan, an European TV movie released in 2005 and starring Orgil Makhaan. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- Genghis Khan, a Chinese film released in 1998. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar)
- Cheng Sing Gong (a. k. a. Genghis Khan), a Hong Kong TV series released in 1987. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar)
- Genghis Khan, released in 1950 from Philippines. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP
- Potomok Chingis-Khana (in English, The Heir to Genghis Khan) a Russian film released in 1928 about a supposed descendant of Genghis Khan. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- Aoki Ôkami: chi hate umi tsukiru made (in English, Genghis Khan: To the Ends of the Earth and Sea) a Mongolian film released in 2007 about the life of Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan To the Ends of Earth and Sea ( Aoki Ôkami chi hate umi tsukiru made or The Blue Wolf To the Ends of the Earth and Sea) is a 2007 Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- Dschingis Khan - Der apokalyptische Reiter (in English, Genghis Khan: Rider of the Apocalypse) a documentary from Austria released in 2004. Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- The Golden Horde, released in 1951, it tells the story of a small country being invaded by the armies of Genghis Khan (portrayed by Marvin Miller). This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Year 1951 ( MCMLI) was a Common year starting on Monday. Events of 1951 January Marvin Julian Miller (born April 14 1917) is the former executive director of the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA from 1966
- King of the Mongols, a Japanese film released in 1959 about the Mongol invasion of Japan. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.
- Chingis khaan, Inner Mongolian tv series, released in 2006.
- In the special miniseries from the animated show G.I.Joe, the character Serpentor was genetically created using the DNA from several of the most effective military leaders in history, including Genghis Khan. GI Joe A Real American Hero is a half-hour American animated television series based on the successful toyline from Hasbro and the comic book series Serpentor is a fictional character from GI Joe A Real American Hero, a line of Military -themed toys created by Hasbro. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known
- Mongol, an Academy Award nominee by Sergei Bodrov released in 2007. Mongol (Монгол is a 2007 semi-historical film directed by Sergei Bodrov about the young Genghis Khan. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Sergei Bodrov ( Сергей Бодрóв; sɪrˈgjeɪ bəˈdrɔf born June 28, 1948) is an Academy Award nominated Russian Filmmaker Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
Name and title
There are many theories about the origins of Temüjin's title. Since people of the Mongol nation later associated the name with ching (Mongolian for strength), such confusion is obvious, though it does not follow etymology. The Mongolian language (mn [[ImageMonggol kelesvg 17px]] Mongɣol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл Mongol khel) is the best-known member of
One theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the Mongolian and Turkic word tenggiz, meaning "ocean", "oceanic" or "wide-spreading". The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the (Lake Baikal and ocean were called tenggiz by the Mongols. Lake Baikal (о́зеро Байка́л Ozero Baykal, ˈozʲɪrə bʌjˈkɑl Байгал нуур Baygal nuur) is in Southern Siberia in Russia An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. However, it seems that if they had meant to call Genghis tenggiz they could have said (and written) "Tenggiz Khan", which they did not. Zhèng (Chinese: 正) meaning "right", "just", or "true", would have received the Mongolian adjectival modifier -s, creating "Jenggis", which in medieval romanization would be written "Genghis". It is likely that the 13th century Mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched "Chinggis". See Lister and Ratchnevsky, referenced below, for further reading.
The English spelling "Genghis" is of unclear origin. Weatherford claims it to derive from a spelling used in original Persian reports. However, review of historical Persian sources does not confirm this. [29]
According to the Secret History, Temüjin was named after a powerful warrior of a rival tribe that his father Yesükhei had taken prisoner. The name "Temüjin" is believed to derive from the Turkic word temur, meaning iron (modern Mongolian: төмөр, tömör, modern Turkish: demir ). The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the This name would imply skill as a blacksmith.
More likely, as no evidence has survived to indicate that Genghis Khan had any exceptional training or reputation as a blacksmith, the name indicated an implied lineage in a family once known as blacksmiths. The latter interpretation is supported by the names of Genghis Khan's siblings, Temülin and Temüge, which are derived from the same root word.
Name and spelling variations
Genghis Khan's name is spelled in variety of ways in different languages such as Chinese: 成吉思汗; pinyin: Chéngjísī Hán, Turkic: Cengiz Han, Chengez Khan, Chinggis Khan, Chinggis Xaan, Chingis Khan, Jenghis Khan, Chinggis Qan, Djingis Kahn etc. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Temüjin is written in Chinese as simplified Chinese: 铁木真; traditional Chinese: 鐵木眞; pinyin: Tiěmùzhēn. Pinyin, more formally Hanyu pinyin, is the most common Standard Mandarin Romanization system in use
Short timeline
- c. 1155–1167: Temüjin born in Hentiy, Mongolia. Circa (often abbreviated c, ca, ca or cca and sometimes Italicized to show it is Latin) means "about" Khentii (Хэнтий is one of the 21 aimags (provinces of Mongolia, located in the east of the country
- At the age of nine—Temüjin's father Yesükhei poisoned by the Tatars, leaving him and his family destitute
- c. Yesugei Baghatur ( Yesügei, Yesükhei) was Genghis Khan 's father In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups 1184: Temüjin's wife Börte kidnapped by Merkits; calls on blood brother Jamuka and Wang Khan (Ong Khan) for aid, and they rescued her. Börte Ujin (born c 1162 was the first wife of Genghis Khan (1162-1227 the founder of the Mongol Empire. The Merkit, Merged, or Mergid ( Merged means "wise ones" "adept ones" "skillful ones" "(skillful archers" This article is about Wang Khan Toghrul ruler of the Kereit For the Seljuk leader see Toğrül.
- c. 1185: First son Jochi born, leading to doubt about his paternity later among Genghis' children, because he was born shortly after Börte's rescue from the Merkits. Jochi (Зүчи Züchi; also spelled Jöchi and Juchi) (c 1180 &ndash 1227 was the eldest of the Mongol chieftain Genghis Khan Börte Ujin (born c 1162 was the first wife of Genghis Khan (1162-1227 the founder of the Mongol Empire. The Merkit, Merged, or Mergid ( Merged means "wise ones" "adept ones" "skillful ones" "(skillful archers"
- 1190: Temüjin unites the Mongol tribes, becomes leader, and devises code of law Yassa. Yassa (alternatively Yasa, Yasaq, Jazag, Zasag, Mongolian: Их засаг хууль) was a secret written code
- 1201: Wins victory over Jamuka's Jadarans.
- 1202: Adopted as Ong Khan's heir after successful campaigns against Tatars. This article is about Wang Khan Toghrul ruler of the Kereit For the Seljuk leader see Toğrül. "Heir" and "Heiress" redirect here For the men and women fragrances endorsed by Paris Hilton see Heiress (fragrance. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups
- 1203: Wins victory over Ong Khan's Keraits. This article is about Wang Khan Toghrul ruler of the Kereit For the Seljuk leader see Toğrül. The Keraits or Kereits (Кэрэйд Kereid; Керей were a cluster of tribes in central Mongolia before the rise of the Mongol Empire. Ong Khan himself is killed by accident by allied Naimans.
- 1204: Wins victory over Naimans (all these confederations are united and become the Mongols). The Naimans, also Naiman Turks or Naiman Mongols, ( Mongolian: naiman, "eight" Найман was a Mongolian name given to a group
- 1206: Jamuka is killed. Temüjin given the title Genghis Khan by his followers in Kurultai (around 40 years of age). Kurultai (Құрылтай Qurıltay Qorıltay Qurultay Kurultay is a political and military council of ancient Mongol and Turkic chiefs and khans.
- 1207–1210: Genghis leads operations against the Western Xia, which comprises much of northwestern China and parts of Tibet. Western Xia ruler submits to Genghis Khan. During this period, the Uyghurs also submit peacefully to the Mongols and became valued administrators throughout the empire.
- 1211: After kurultai, Genghis leads his armies against the Jin Dynasty that ruled northern China.
- 1215: Beijing falls, Genghis Khan turns to west and the Khara-Kitan Khanate.
- 1219–1222: Conquers Khwarezmid Empire. The Khwarezmian Empire, more commonly known as the empire of the Khwarezm Shahs ( Khwārezmšhāḥīān, "Kings of Khwarezmia "
- 1226: Starts the campaign against the Western Xia for forming coalition against the Mongols, being the second battle with the Western Xia.
- 1227: Genghis Khan dies after conquering the Tangut people. How he died is uncertain, although legend states that he was thrown off his horse in the battle, and contracted a deadly fever soon after.
Notes
- ^ Rashid al-Din asserts that Genghis Khan lived to the age of 72, placing his year of birth at 1155. The Yuanshi (元史, History of the Yuan dynasty, not to be confused with the era name of the Han Dynasty), records his year of birth as 1165. The Yuan Dynasty ( Pinyin: Yuáncháo Dai Ön Ulus (Дай Юан Улс was a ruling Dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. According to Ratchnevsky, accepting a birth in 1155 would render Genghis Khan a father at the age of 30 and would imply that he personally commanded the expedition against the Tanguts at the age of 72. Also, according to the Altan Tobci, Genghis Khan's sister, Temülin, was nine years younger than he; but the Secret History relates that Temülin was an infant during the attack by the Merkits, during which Genghis Khan would have been 18, had he been born in 1155. The Altan Tobchi (Алтан товч Golden History) is a national chronicle and set of Mongolian judicial Laws over historical content in the 17th century Zhao Hong reports in his travelogue that the Mongols he questioned did not know and had never known their ages.
- ^ Bourgoin, Stella (2002). The Life and Legacy of Chingis Khan. University of California, Berkeley. The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley Retrieved on 2008-04-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans.
- ^ Morgan, David (1990). The Mongols (Peoples of Europe), 58.
- ^ THE MONGOLS - PART I. Republican China. Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy. Blackwell Publishing, 9–10. Blackwell Publishing Ltd was a Learned society publishing company based in Oxford, England. ISBN 0-631-16785-4.
- ^ The Emperors of Emperors. California State University, Chico. California State University Chico is the second-oldest campus in the California State University system Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Genghis Khan Biography (1162/7–1227). The Biography Channel. The Biography Channel (or simply bio) is an American Digital cable Television channel owned by A&E and based on the television Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Ratchnevsky 1991, p. 126
- ^ Ratchnevsky 1991, pp. 136–7
- ^ Grousset, Rene (1944). Conqueror of the World: The Life of Chingis-khan. New York: Viking Press. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Viking Press is an American Publishing company currently owned by Penguin Books. ISBN 670-00343-3.
- ^ a b Man, John (2004). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection. London; New York: Bantam Press. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Bantam Press is an Imprint of Transworld Publishers which is a British publishing division of Random House. ISBN 0-593-05044-4.
- ^ De Hartog, Leo (1988). Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World. London, UK: I.B. Tauris, 122–123. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located I B Tauris (usually typeset as IBTauris) is the name of an independent publishing house with offices in London and New York.
- ^ Haenisch, Erich (1948). Die Geheime Geschichte der Mongolen, 133, 136.
- ^ Palace of Genghis Khan unearthed. BBC (2004-10-07). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Pocha, Jehangir S. (2005-05-10). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Mongolia sees Genghis Khan's good side. International Herald Tribune. The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international Newspaper Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Ismi Didikle (Turkish). Turkish ( tr Türkçe IPA) is a language spoken by over 63 million people worldwide making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Ismi Didikle. Retrieved on 2008-05-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John
- ^ Christopher Kaplonski: The case of the disappearing Chinggis Khaan
- ^ Once Shunned, Genghis Khan Conquers Mongolia Again
- ^ BBC NEWS | Business | Genghis Khan may get protection
- ^ BBC News | ASIA-PACIFIC | Mongolia glorifies Genghis Khan
- ^ BBC NEWS | Asia-Pacific | Post-communist Mongolia's struggle
- ^ Inner Mongolia Travel Guide
- ^ "The Legacy of Genghis Khan" at Los Angeles County Museum of Art--again
- ^ Zerjal, et el. (2003). "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols". The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (3): 717–721. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Genetics: Analysis Of Genes And Genomes By Daniel L. Hartl, Elizabeth W. Jones, pg. 309.
- ^ Phoenix From the Ashes: A Tale of the Book in Iran
- ^ Civilizations: How we see others, how others see us
- ^ Zerjal, et el. (2003). "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols". The American Journal of Human Genetics 72 (3): 717–721. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
- ^ Timothy May. Book Review. North Georgia College and State University. Retrieved on 2008-02-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1472 - Orkney and Shetland are left by Norway to Scotland, due to a Dowry payment
References
- Ratchnevsky, Paul (1992, c1991). Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy [Čingis-Khan: sein Leben und Wirken], tr. & ed. Thomas Nivison Haining, Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Mass. , USA: B. Blackwell. ISBN ISBN 0-631-16785-4.
Further reading
- Brent, Peter (1976). The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan: His Triumph and His Legacy. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson. ISBN 029777137X.
- Bretschneider, Emilii (1888, repr. 2001). Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources; Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography & History of Central & Western Asia, Trübner's Oriental Series. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co (repr. Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd). ISBN 81-215-1003-1.
- Cable, Mildred; Francesca French (1943). The Gobi Desert. London: Landsborough Publications.
- Charney, Israel W. (ed. ) (1994). Genocide: A Critical Bibliographic Review. New York: Facts on File Publications.
- De Hartog, Leo (1988). Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World. London: I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. .
- (French) Farale, Dominique (2002). De Gengis Khan à Qoubilaï Khan : la grande chevauchée mongole, Campagnes & stratégies. Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it Paris: Economica. ISBN 2-7178-4537-2.
- (French) Farale, Dominique (2007). La Russie et les Turco-Mongols : 15 siècles de guerre. Paris: Economica. ISBN 978-2-7178-5429-9.
- "Genghis Khan". Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. (2005). World Almanac Education Group. Retrieved on 2008-05-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Via the Internet Archive's copy of the History Channel Web site. The Internet Archive ( IA) is a Nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line Library and archive of Web and History, formerly known as The History Channel, is a Satellite and Cable TV channel, with shows on historical events and persons&mdashoften
- Smitha, Frank E. Genghis Khan and the Mongols. Macrohistory and World Report. Retrieved on 2005-06-30. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper
- Kahn, Paul (adaptor) (1998). Secret History of the Mongols: The Origin of Chingis Khan (expanded edition): An Adaptation of the Yüan chʾao pi shih, Based Primarily on the English Translation by Francis Woodman Cleaves, Asian Culture Series. Boston: Cheng & Tsui Co. . ISBN 0-88727-299-1.
- Kennedy, Hugh (2002). Mongols, Huns & Vikings. London: Cassell. ISBN ISBN 0-304-35292-6.
- Kradin, Nikolay; Tatiana Skrynnikova (2006). Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin (born in Onokhoy Buryatia USSR on April 17 1962 is a Russian Anthropologist and Archaeologist. Imperiia Chingis-khana (Chinggis Khan Empire). Moscow: Vostochnaia literatura. ISBN 5-02-018521-3. (Russian) (summary in English)
- Kradin, Nikolay; Tatiana Skrynnikova (2006). Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin (born in Onokhoy Buryatia USSR on April 17 1962 is a Russian Anthropologist and Archaeologist. "Why do we call Chinggis Khan's Polity 'an Empire'". Ab Imperio 7 (1): 89–118. 5-89423-110-8.
- Lamb, Harold (1927). Harold Albert Lamb ( 1892 - April 9 1962) was an American Historian, Screenwriter, Short story writer Genghis Khan: The Emperor of All Men. New York: R. M. McBride & company.
- Lister, R. P. (2000 [c1969]). Genghis Khan. Lanham, Maryland: Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1052-2.
- Man, John (2004). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection. London; New York: Bantam Press. ISBN ISBN 0-593-05044-4.
- Man, John (1997, 1998, 1999). Gobi: Tracking the Desert. London; New Haven, Conn: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Yale University Press. ISBN 0-7538-0161-2.
- Martin, Henry Desmond (1950). The Rise of Chingis Khan and his Conquest of North China. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
- May, Timothy (2001). Mongol Arms. Explorations in Empire: Pre-Modern Imperialism Tutorial: The Mongols. San Antonio College History Department. Retrieved on 2008-05-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
- Morgan, David (1986). David Morgan is a professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The Mongols, The Peoples of Europe. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-17563-6.
- Saunders, J. J. (1972, repr. 2001). History of the Mongol Conquests. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812217667.
- Stevens, Keith. "Heirs to Discord: The Supratribal Aspirations of Jamuka, Toghrul, and Temüjin"PDF (72. 1 KiB) Retrieved 22 May 2008. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- Stewart, Stanley (2001). In the Empire of Genghis Khan: A Journey among Nomads. London: Harper Collins. ISBN ISBN 0-00-653027-3.
- Valentino, Benjamin A. (2004). Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century. Ithaca, N. Y. : Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801439655.
- Weatherford, Jack (2004). Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. New York: Crown. ISBN 0-609-61062-7.
- Zerjal, Xue, Bertorelle, Wells, Bao, Zhu, Qamar, Ayub, Mohyuddin, Fu, Li, Yuldasheva, Ruzibakiev, Xu, Shu, Du, Yang, Hurles, Robinson, Gerelsaikhan, Dashnyam, Mehdi, Tyler-Smith (2003). "The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols". The American Journal of Human Genetics (72): 717–721;. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
Primary sources
- Juvaynī, Alā al-Dīn Atā Malik, 1226–1283 (1997). Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conqueror [Tarīkh-i jahāngushā], tr. John Andrew Boyle, Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97654-3.
- Rashid al-Din Tabib (1995). Rashid al-Din Tabib ( also Rashid ad-Din Fadhlullah Hamadani (1247–1318 ( was a Persian physician of Jewish origin Polymathic writer and historian A Compendium of Chronicles: Rashid al-Din's Illustrated History of the World Jami' al-Tawarikh, Sheila S. The Jami al-tawarikh ( "Compendium of Chronicles") or Universal History is an Iranian work of literature and history written by Blair (ed. ), The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, Vol. XXVII, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-727627-X.
- Rashid al-Din Tabib (1971). Rashid al-Din Tabib ( also Rashid ad-Din Fadhlullah Hamadani (1247–1318 ( was a Persian physician of Jewish origin Polymathic writer and historian The Successors of Genghis Khan (extracts from Jami’ Al-Tawarikh), tr. from the Persian by John Andrew Boyle, UNESCO collection of representative works: Persian heritage series, New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-03351-6.
- (2004) The Secret History of the Mongols: A Mongolian Epic Chronicle of the Thirteenth Century [Yuan chao bi shi], tr. Igor De Rachewiltz, Brill's Inner Asian Library vol. 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13159-0.
External links
- Book Review of Genghis Khan by Leo De Hartog
- Genghis Khan and the Mongols
- Welcome to The Realm of the Mongols
- Parts of this biography were taken from the Area Handbook series at the Library of Congress
- Coverage of Temüjin's Earlier Years
- Estimates of Mongol warfare casualties
- Genghis Khan on the Web (directory of some 250 resources)
- Mongol Arms
- LeaderValues
- ‘Ala’ al-Din ‘Ata Malik Juvayni (A History of the World-Conqueror Ghengis Genghis Khan, Ata al-Mulk Juvayni and Rashid al-Din Hamadani)
- BBC Radio 4 programme In Our Time, topic was "Genghis Khan", 1 February 2007. Ala'iddin Ata-Malik Juvayni (1226 &ndash 1283 (Persian علاءالدين عطا ملك جويني was a Persian historian who wrote an account of the Mongol Empire Rashid al-Din Tabib ( also Rashid ad-Din Fadhlullah Hamadani (1247–1318 ( was a Persian physician of Jewish origin Polymathic writer and historian In Our Time is a discussion programme hosted by Melvyn Bragg on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. With Peter Jackson, Professor of Medieval History at Keele University, Naomi Standen, Lecturer in Chinese History at Newcastle University, and George Lane, Lecturer in History at the School of Oriental and African Studies and presented by Melvyn Bragg. Keele University is a research-intensive Campus university located near Newcastle-under-Lyme in Staffordshire, England. Newcastle University is a leading research intensive University located in Newcastle upon Tyne in the north-east of England. The School of Oriental and African Studies (commonly abbreviated to " SOAS " pronounced (so as or (so az is a constituent college of the University of Melvyn Baron Bragg, FRSL, FRTS (born 6 October 1939) is a British author and broadcaster
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Genghis Khan
House of Borjigin (1206–1402)
Born: 1162 Died: 1227 |
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| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Position Established |
Khagan of Mongol Empire 1206–1227 |
Succeeded by The Ögedei Khan |
| edit | Khagans of Mongol Empire | |
|---|---|---|
| Genghis Khan (1215–1227) | Tolui Khan (regent) (1227–1229) | Ögedei Khan (1229–1241) | Töregene Khatun (regent) (1241–1245) | Güyük Khan (1246–1248) | Möngke Khan (1251–1259) | Khublai Khan (1260–1294)
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Genghis Khan |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Temüjin |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Founder of the Mongol Empire |
| DATE OF BIRTH | c. Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин Borjigin;; Manchu:) were the imperial Clan For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire Ögedei Khan, (Өгэдэй Ögedei; also Ogotai or Oktay, 窩闊臺 c For other titles related to and uses of Khan, see that article Origin The title The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire Tolui, also rendered Toluy or Tolui Khan (Толуй; c 1190 &ndash 1232 was the youngest son of Genghis Khan by Börte. Ögedei Khan, (Өгэдэй Ögedei; also Ogotai or Oktay, 窩闊臺 c Töregene Khatun ( ?–1265) was a very high ranking Khatun and ruled as Regent of the Mongol Empire from the death of her husband Ögedei Güyük ( cyrillic:Гүюг хаан c. 1206–1248 was the third Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. Möngke Khan (Мөнх хаан also transliterated as Mongke Mongka Möngka Mangu or Mangku ( c Early years Kublai Khan studied Chinese culture and became enamoured of it The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire 1162 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | in Khentii Province in Mongolia |
| DATE OF DEATH | 1227 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Western Xia |
Khentii (Хэнтий is one of the 21 aimags (provinces of Mongolia, located in the east of the country Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Xi Xia redirects here For a Chinese general whose name may be transliterated as Xi Xia see Xi Qia The Western Xia Dynasty ( or
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