| Mobile communication standards |
| GSM / UMTS (3GPP) Family |
| GSM (2G) |
| UMTS (3G) |
| UMTS Rev. 8 (Pre-4G) |
|
|
| cdmaOne / CDMA2000 (3GPP2) Family |
| cdmaOne (2G) |
| CDMA2000 (3G) |
| UMB (Pre-4G) |
|
|
| AMPS Family |
| AMPS (1G) |
| D-AMPS (2G) |
|
|
| Other Technologies |
| 0G |
| 1G |
| 2G |
| Pre-4G |
|
|
| Channel Access Methods |
|
|
| Frequency bands |
Unlicensed Mobile Access or UMA, is the commercial name of the 3GPP Generic Access Network, or GAN standard. A list of Mobile phone standards or generations is given in the table below GSM ( Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for Mobile phones in the The 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations to make a globally applicable third generation ( 3G GSM ( Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for Mobile phones in the 2G (or 2-G is short for second-generation Wireless Telephone Technology. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS is a Packet oriented Mobile Data Service available to users of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM and Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution ( EDGE) Enhanced GPRS ( EGPRS) or IMT Single Carrier ( IMT-SC) Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution ( EDGE) Enhanced GPRS ( EGPRS) or IMT Single Carrier ( IMT-SC) Circuit Switched Data ( CSD) is the original form of Data transmission developed for the Time division multiple access (TDMA-based Mobile phone High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD, is an enhancement to Circuit Switched Data, the original data transmission mechanism of the GSM Mobile phone system 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and Technology, superseding 2 High Speed Packet Access (HSPA is a collection of Mobile telephony protocols that extend and improve the performance of existing UMTS protocols High-Speed Downlink Packet Access ( HSDPA) is a 3G (third generation Mobile telephony Communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA is a 3G Mobile telephony protocol in the HSPA family with up-link speeds up to 5 Evolved HSPA (also known as HSPA Evolution, HSPA+, I-HSPA or Internet HSPA) is a wireless broadband standard defined in 3GPP UMTS-TDD is a mobile data network standard built upon the UMTS 3G cellular mobile phone standard using a TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA, or other 3GPP-approved UMTS-TDD is a mobile data network standard built upon the UMTS 3G cellular mobile phone standard using a TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA, or other 3GPP-approved Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access, or TD-SCDMA, is a 3G mobile telecommunications standard being pursued in the People's Republic of China FOMA ( IPA:/'foʊmə/ officially short for Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access, is the brand name for the 3G services being offered by Japanese mobile 4G (also known as Beyond 3G) an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications LTE (Long Term Evolution is the next major step in mobile radio communications and will be introduced in 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP) Release 8 Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access ( E-UTRA) is the air interface of 3GPP 's Long Term Evolution (LTE upgrade path for mobile networks Interim Standard 95 (IS-95, is the first CDMA -based digital cellular standard pioneered by Qualcomm. CDMA2000 is a hybrid 25G / 3G technology of mobile Telecommunications standards that use CDMA, a multiple access scheme for Digital The 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 ( 3GPP2) is a collaboration between telecommunications associations to make a globally applicable third generation ( 3G) Interim Standard 95 (IS-95, is the first CDMA -based digital cellular standard pioneered by Qualcomm. 2G (or 2-G is short for second-generation Wireless Telephone Technology. CDMA2000 is a hybrid 25G / 3G technology of mobile Telecommunications standards that use CDMA, a multiple access scheme for Digital 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and Technology, superseding 2 Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data only, abbreviated as EV-DO or EVDO and often EV, is a Telecommunications standard for the UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband is the brand name for the project within 3GPP2 to improve the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements 4G (also known as Beyond 3G) an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS is the analog Mobile phone system standard developed by Bell Labs, and officially introduced in the Americas Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS is the analog Mobile phone system standard developed by Bell Labs, and officially introduced in the Americas 1G (or 1-G is short for first-generation Wireless Telephone Technology, Cellphones These are the analog cellphone standards that IS-54 and IS-136 are second-generation ( 2G) mobile phone systems known as Digital AMPS (D-AMPS 2G (or 2-G is short for second-generation Wireless Telephone Technology. Push-to-talk ( PTT) also known as Press-to-Transmit, is a method of conversing on half-duplex communication lines including Two-way radio The Mobile Telephone System (MTS was one of the earliest mobile telephone standards The Improved Mobile Telephone Service ( IMTS) is a " 0G " pre-cellular VHF / UHF Radio system that links to the PSTN The Advanced Mobile Telephone System (not to be confused with Advanced Mobile Phone System) was a 0G method of radio communication mainly used in Japanese portable OLT ( Norwegian for Offentlig Landmobil Telefoni, Public Land Mobile Telephony was the first land mobile telephone network in Norway MTD ( Swedish abbreviation for Mobiltelefonisystem D, or Mobile telephony system D) was a manual Mobile phone system for the 450 MHz frequency Autotel (also called PALM, or Public Automated Land Mobile) is a radiotelephone service which was the "missing link" between earlier MTS / For other meanings of the abbreviation see Arp. ARP ( Autoradiopuhelin, "car radio phone" was the first commercially 1G (or 1-G is short for first-generation Wireless Telephone Technology, Cellphones These are the analog cellphone standards that NMT ( Nordisk MobilTelefoni or Nordiska MobilTelefoni-gruppen, Nordic Mobile Telephony in English is the first fully-automatic Cellular phone Hicap is a mobile technology developed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone as a higher capacity alternative to their NTT mobile solution. Cellular Digital Packet Data ( CDPD) uses unused bandwidth normally used by AMPS Mobile phones between 800 and 900 MHz to transfer data Mobitex is an OSI based Open standard, national public access wireless packet-switched data network DataTAC is a wireless data network technology originally developed by Motorola and deployed in the United States as the ARDIS network 2G (or 2-G is short for second-generation Wireless Telephone Technology. For other uses of Iden/IDEN see Iden (disambiguation Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN is a mobile telecommunications technology Personal Digital Cellular ( PDC) is a 2G Mobile phone standard developed and used exclusively in Japan. Circuit Switched Data ( CSD) is the original form of Data transmission developed for the Time division multiple access (TDMA-based Mobile phone The Personal Handy-phone System ( PHS) also marketed as the Personal Access System ( PAS) and commercially branded as Xiaolingtong Wideband Integrated Digital Enhanced Network, or WiDEN is a software upgrade developed by Motorola for its IDEN enhanced specialized mobile radio (or ESMR wireless 4G (also known as Beyond 3G) an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications iBurst (or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access is a wireless broadband technology developed by ArrayComm. HiperMAN stands for High Performance Radio Metropolitan Area Network and is a standard created by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI) Broadband WiMAX, an approximate acronym of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a Telecommunications technology that provides for the wireless transmission WiBro ( Wi reless Bro adband is a Wireless broadband Internet technology being developed by the South Korean telecoms industry In Telecommunications and Computer networks, a channel access method or multiple access method allows several terminals connected to the same Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is an Channel access method that is used by radio systems to share a certain Radio spectrum between multiple Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access ( OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM digital modulation scheme This article is about the medium access technology The name "TDMA" is also commonly used in the United States to refer to D-AMPS, which is a mobile telephone Spread-spectrum techniques are methods by which Energy generated in a particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in the Frequency domain, resulting Code division multiple access ( CDMA) is a Channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies All cellular phone networks worldwide utilize a portion of the radio frequency spectrum designated as Ultra High Frequency, or "UHF" for the transmission All cellular phone networks worldwide utilize a portion of the radio frequency spectrum designated as Ultra High Frequency, or "UHF" for the transmission GSM frequency bands or frequency ranges are the radio spectrum frequencies designated by the ITU for the operation UMTS frequency bands or frequency ranges are the radio spectrum frequencies designated for the operation of the UMTS / HSDPA / HSUPA / HSPA+ Personal Communications Service or PCS is the name for the 1900 MHz radio band used for Digital Mobile phone services in The Specialized Mobile Radio system (SMR is a conventional Two-way radio system or Trunked radio system, operated by a service in the 800 or 900 MHz bands The 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations to make a globally applicable third generation ( 3G GAN is a telecommunication system which extends mobile services voice, data and IP Multimedia Subsystem/Session Initiation Protocol (IMS/SIP) applications over IP access networks. The IP Multimedia Subsystem ( IMS) is an architectural framework for delivering Internet protocol (IP Multimedia to mobile users The Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP) is a signalling protocol widely used for setting up and tearing down Multimedia Communication sessions
The most common application of GAN is in a dual-mode handset service where subscribers can seamlessly roam and handover between local area networks and wide area networks using a GSM/Wi-Fi dual-mode mobile phone. Roaming is a general term in Wireless Telecommunications that refers to the extending of connectivity service in a location that is different from the home location In cellular Telecommunications, the term handoff refers to the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one channel connected to the Wide Area Network ( WAN) is a Computer network that covers a broad area (i GAN enables the convergence of mobile, fixed and Internet telephony, sometimes called Fixed Mobile Convergence. Technological convergence is the tendency for different technological systems to evolve towards performing similar Tasks Convergence can refer to previously
The local network may be based on private unlicensed spectrum technologies like 802.11, while the wide network is alternatively GSM/GPRS or UMTS mobile services. IEEE 80211 is a set of standards for wireless local area network (WLAN computer communication developed by the IEEE LAN/MAN Standards Committee ( IEEE 802 GSM ( Global System for Mobile communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for Mobile phones in the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS is a Packet oriented Mobile Data Service available to users of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM and On the cellular network, the mobile handset communicates over the air with a base station, through a base station controller, to servers in the core network of the carrier. The term base station can be used in the context of Land surveying, Wireless computer networking, and Wireless communications. Under the GAN system, when the handset detects a LAN, it establishes a secure IP connection through a gateway to a server called a GAN Controller (GANC) on the carrier's network. The GANC translates the signals coming from the handset to make it appear to be coming from another base station. Thus, when a mobile moves from a GSM to an 802. 11 network, it appears to the core network as if it is simply on a different base station.
The system was initially called UMA and then renamed to GAN. It was developed by a group of operator and vendor companies. The initial specifications were published on 2nd September 2004. The companies then contributed the specifications to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) as part of 3GPP work item "Generic Access to A/Gb interfaces". The 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations to make a globally applicable third generation ( 3G On 8th April 2005, 3GPP approved specifications for Generic Access to A/Gb interfaces for 3GPP Release 6. TS 43.318 and TS 44.318, and renamed the system to GAN. But the term GAN is little known outside the 3GPP community, and the term UMA is more common in marketing.
Contents |
Modes of operation
The original Release 6 GAN specification supported a 2G (A/Gb) connection from the GANC into the mobile core network (MSC/GSN). Today all commercial GAN dual-mode handset deployments are based on a 2G connection and all GAN enabled device are dual-mode 2G/Wi-Fi.
However, the specification defined support for multimode handset operation. Therefore 2G/3G/Wi-Fi are supported in the standard. The second half of 2008 will bring the first of these devices to market.
A typical UMA/GAN handset will have four modes of operation:
- GERAN-only: uses only cellular networks
- GERAN-preferred: uses cellular networks if available, otherwise the 802. GERAN is an abbreviation for GSM EDGE Radio Access Network The standards for GERAN are maintained by the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project 11 radio
- GAN-preferred: uses a 802. 11 connection if an access point is in range, otherwise the cellular network
- GAN-only: uses only the 802. 11 connection
In all cases, the handset scans for GSM cells when it first turns on, to determine its location area. This allows the carrier to route the call to the nearest GANC, set the correct rate plan, and comply with existing roaming agreements.
At the end of 2007, the GAN specification was enhanced to support 3G (Iu) interfaces from the GANC to the mobile core network (MSC/GSN). This native 3G interface can be used for dual-mode handset as well as 3G femtocell service delivery. The new capabilities are documented in the GAN release 8 documents.
Advantages
For carriers:
- Instead of erecting expensive base stations to cover every nook and cranny of a neighbourhood, GAN allows carriers to add coverage using low cost 802. 11 access points. When at home, subscribers have very good coverage.
- In addition, GAN relieves congestion on the GSM or UMTS spectrum by removing common types of calls and routing them to the operator via the relatively low cost Internet
- GAN makes sense for network operators that also offer internet services. Operators can leverage sales of one to promote the other, and can bill both to each customer.
- Some other operators also run networks of 802. 11 hotspots, such as T-Mobile. T-Mobile is a Mobile network operator headquartered in Bonn, Germany. They will be able to leverage these hotspots to create more capacity and better coverage in many populous areas.
- Subscribers, not the network, pay directly for much of the costs associated with the service. They pay for a connection to the Internet, effectively paying the expensive part of the cost of routing calls from their location.
For subscribers:
- Subscribers do not rely on their operator's ability to roll out towers and coverage, allowing them to fix some types of coverage blackspot themselves (such as in the home or office. )
- The cheaper rates for 802. 11 use, coupled with better coverage at home, make it more affordable and practical to use cellphones instead of land lines.
- GAN is currently the only commercial technology available that combines GSM and 802. 11 into a service that uses a single number, a single handset, single set of services and a single phone directory for all calls.
Disadvantages
- Handsets must support 802. 11 network access which requires additional space, power and complexity and may affect the size, weight and battery performance of the phone.
- Increasingly, consumers take advantage of unlimited or otherwise high-volume data tariffs to make VoIP calls via SIP, as with Skype. Skype (skaɪp is Software that allows users to make telephone calls over the Internet. GAN will mean that this type of usage is more likely to be charged on a per-minute or unit basis as with voice calls, which may increase the cost of mobile calls made over IP.
Service deployments
The first service launch was BT with BT Fusion in the autumn of 2005. The service is based on technology which is pre-3GPP GAN standard. Initially, BT Fusion used UMA over Bluetooth with phones from Motorola; since Jan 2007, it uses UMA over 802. Motorola Inc ( is an American, multinational Fortune 100, Telecommunications company based in Schaumburg Illinois. 11 with phones from Nokia, Motorola and Samsung and is branded as a "Wi-Fi mobile service".
On August 28, 2006, TeliaSonera was the first to launch a 802. 11 based UMA service called “Home Free”. The service started in Denmark and has expanded to Sweden and Norway.
On September 25, 2006 Orange announced its “unik” service ( “unique ” in the UK). The announcement, the largest to date, covers more than 60m of Orange’s mobile subscribers in the UK, France, Poland, Spain and the Netherlands. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands
On June 6th 2007 Finnish virtual operator Saunalahti announced plans to publish UMA services on week 24 with the Nokia 6136 UMA phone. Announcement in finnish
The first UMA deployment in the United States was announced by Cincinnati Bell on June 18, 2007. Cincinnati Bell is the dominant Telephone company for Cincinnati Ohio and its nearby suburbs in Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky. The service called CB Home Run allows users to seamlessly transfer from the Cincinnati Bell cellular network to a home wireless network or Cincinnati Bell's WiFi HotSpots.
This was followed shortly by T-Mobile on June 27, 2007. T-Mobile is a Mobile network operator headquartered in Bonn, Germany. T-Mobile's service, called T-Mobile HotSpot@Home, allows users to seamlessly transfer from the T-Mobile cellular network to a home wireless network or T-Mobile HotSpot.
In the middle of 2007, Spanish operator Ono launched a UMA service called Oi.
In Canada, both Fido and Rogers Wireless have launched UMA plans under the names UNO and Rogers Home Calling Zone, respectively. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Rogers Wireless, formerly known as Rogers AT&T Wireless is a Wholly owned subsidiary of Rogers Communications. Current devices are the Nokia 6301 from Fido and the Nokia 6086 from Rogers Wireless. Nokia Corporation (pronunciation /'nɔkiɑ/),,) is a Finnish multinational Communications Corporation, headquartered Rogers Wireless, formerly known as Rogers AT&T Wireless is a Wholly owned subsidiary of Rogers Communications. This service was announced on May 6, 2008.
UMA/GAN Beyond Dual-mode
While UMA is nearly always associated with dual-mode GSM/Wi-Fi services, it is actually a ‘generic’ access network technology. It provides a generic method for extending the services and applications in an operator’s mobile core (voice, data, IMS) over IP and the public internet.
GAN defines a secure, managed connection from the mobile core (GANC) to different devices/access points over IP.
Femtocells - The GAN standard is currently used to provide a secure, managed, standardized interface from a femtocell to the mobile core network. Recently Kineto, NEC and Motorola issued a joint proposal to the 3GPP work group studying femtocells (also known as ‘home node b’s or HNB) to propose GAN as the basis for that standard.
Analog Terminal Adaptor – Recently T-Mobile announced a commercial trial of a fixed line VoIP service. Similar to Vonage, consumers can port their fixed phone number to T-Mobile, then T-Mobile associates that number with an ATA (analog terminal adaptor). The consumer plugs the ATA into their home broadband network and begins receiving calls to the fixed number over the IP access network.
Linksys developed a UMA-enabled ATA specifically for this application. For T-Mobile, this is a way to offer fixed line services from their mobile core network.
For consumers, the price of the service is $10/month for subscribers with a T-Mobile plan of $40 or more. Note this is completely independent of T-Mobile's dual-mode service. It is available to any T-Mobile subscriber in the US.
Softmobile - Consumers have started to use telephony interfaces on their PCs. Applications like Skype offer a low cost, convenient way to access telephony services while traveling. Now mobile operators can offer a similar service with a UMA-enabled softmobile client. Developed by Vitendo, the client provides a mirror interface to a subscriber’s existing mobile service. For the mobile operator, services can now be extended to a PC/laptop, and they can give consumers another way to use their mobile service.
Similar technologies
GAN/UMA is not the first system to allow the use of unlicensed spectrum to connect handsets to a GSM network. The GIP/IWP standard for DECT provides similar functionality, but requires a more direct connection to the GSM network from the base station. The GSM Interworking Profile usually abbreviated to GIP and sometimes to IWP is a profile for DECT that allows a DECT base station to form part of a GSM network given suitable handsets DECT or Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (formerly Digital European Cordless Telephone is an ETSI standard for digital Portable phones While dual-mode DECT/GSM phones have appeared, these have generally been functionally cordless phones with a GSM handset built-in (or vice versa, depending on your point of view), rather than phones implementing DECT/GIP, due to the lack of suitable infrastructure to hook DECT base-stations supporting GIP to GSM networks on an ad-hoc basis. [1]
GAN/UMA's ability to use the Internet to provide the "last mile" connection to the GSM network solves the major issue that DECT/GIP has faced. Had GIP emerged as a practical standard, the low power usage of DECT technology when idle would have been an advantage compared to GAN.
There is nothing preventing an operator from deploying micro- and pico-cells that use towers that connect with the home network over the Internet. Several companies have developed so-called Femtocell systems that do precisely that, broadcasting a "real" GSM or UMTS signal, bypassing the need for special handsets that require 802. In Telecommunications, a femtocell &mdashoriginally known as an Access Point Base Station &mdashis a small cellular Base station, typically designed for 11 technology. In theory, such systems are more universal, and again require lower power than 802. 11, but their legality will vary depending on the jurisdiction, and will require the cooperation of the operator.
Devices
- BenQ - BenQ E72[2]
- LG - KE 520[3]
- Motorola - A910, Z6w
- Nokia - 6136, 6086, 6301[4]
- Samsung - Samsung P200, Samsung T709, Samsung T409[5], Samsung SGH-P260[6], Samsung SGH-P520[7], Samsung T739 (Katalyst)[8]
- Sagem - my419X
- BlackBerry - 8820, 8320 (Curve)[9], 8120 (Pearl)[10]
- HP - HP iPAQ 510[11]
References
- ^ DECT Web DECT/GSM DUAL MODE and the advent of the ONEPHONE SERVICE
- ^ BenQ Global - Communications
- ^ Boutique mobile
- ^ [1]
- ^ Samsung t409 phone details from T-Mobile
- ^ UMA Today : Products : UMA Devices : Dual-Mode Handsets : Samsung P260
- ^ The Samsung SGH-P520 Prada Phone - SlashPhone.com
- ^ The Samsung Katalyst: T-Mobile's next @Home handset? - Engadget Mobile
- ^ T-Mobile BlackBerry Curve - Pale Gold phone details from T-Mobile
- ^ FCC Leaks WiFi/UMA Enabled BlackBerry Pearl 8120 (MobileBurn)
- ^ http://www.umatoday.com/mobileHandsetsHPiPAQ510.php
See also
External links
- 3GPP GAN Specification 43.318, 3GPP GAN Specification 44.318
- UMA Today — contains also a list of available GAN handsets
- 3GPP
- Free download of 3GPP standards available at
- Dafocus UMA/GAN Protocols encoder/decoder
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic