Ge'ez abugida
Type	Abugida
Spoken languages	Ethiopian Semitic languages (e. An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which Ethiopian Semitic (also known as Ethiopian Ethiosemitic Ethiopic is a language group which together with Old South Arabian forms the Western branch of the South g. Ge'ez, Amharic, Tigrinya, Tigre, Harari, etc. Ge'ez (ግዕዝ, ɡɨʕɨz also transliterated Gi'iz, and referred to as Ethiopic) is an ancient South Semitic Language Amharic (አማርኛ amarəñña) is a Semitic language spoken in North Central Ethiopia by the Amhara. Tigrinya ( Ge'ez: ትግርኛ tigriññā) also spelled Tigrigna, Tigrina, less commonly Tigrinian, Tigrinyan, is For other uses please see Tigre (disambiguation Tigre ( Ge'ez ትግረ tigre or ትግሬ tigrē; sometimes written as Harari (sometimes (Haderi or (Hadere) is the language of the Harari people of Ethiopia. ), Blin, Me'en, formerly Oromo
Time period	5th-6th c. Note Blin is the English spelling which is preferred by native speakers but Bilin and Bilen (ቢለን are also commonly used Me'en (also Mekan Mie'en Mieken Meqan Men is a Nilo-Saharan language ( Eastern Sudanic, Surmic) spoken in Ethiopia by the Me'en people Oromo, also known as Afaan borana Oromoo, Oromiffa(a ( Ethiopic: ኦሮሚኛ and sometimes in other languages by variant spellings of these names BC to the present (abjad until ca. An Abjad is a type of Writing system in which each symbol stands for a Consonant; the reader must supply the appropriate Vowel. 330 AD)
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic  → South Arabian   → Ge'ez abugida
ISO 15924	Ethi
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. The Middle Bronze Age alphabets are two similar Undeciphered scripts dated to be from the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1500 BCE and believed to be ancestral The ancient South Arabian alphabet (also known as musnad المُسند branched from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet in about the 9th century BC. ISO 15924, Codes for the representation of names of scripts, defines two sets of codes for a number of Writing systems (scripts In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

History of the alphabet
Middle Bronze Age 19 c. The history of the Alphabet begins in Ancient Egypt, more than a millennium into the History of writing. The Middle Bronze Age alphabets are two similar Undeciphered scripts dated to be from the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1500 BCE and believed to be ancestral BCE Ugaritic 15 c. The Ugaritic alphabet is a Cuneiform Abjad (alphabet without vowels used from around 1500 BCE for the Ugaritic language, an extinct BCE Phoenician 14–11 c. The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC BCE Paleo-Hebrew 10 c. The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, also know as Ktav Ivri, is an offshoot of the ancient Semitic alphabet (see the akin Phoenician alphabet) BCE Samaritan 6 c. The Samaritan alphabet is a direct descendant of the paleo-Hebrew variety of the Phoenician alphabet. BCE Aramaic 8 c. The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. BCE Brāhmī & Indic 6 c. Brāhmī script refers to the oldest members of the Brahmic family of alphabets. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, BCE Tibetan 7 c. The Tibetan script is an Abugida of Indic origin used to write the Tibetan language as well as the Dzongkha language, Ladakhi language CE Khmer/Javanese 9 c. The Khmer script (អក្ខរក្រមខេមរភាសា âkkhârâkrâm khémârâ phéasa informally aksar Khmer អក្សរខ្មែរ is used to write the The Javanese script, natively known as Carakan ( Tjarakan) is the script originally used to write Javanese. CE Hebrew 3 c. The Hebrew alphabet (אָלֶף-בֵּית עִבְרִי alephbet ’ivri) consists of 22 letters used for writing the Hebrew language. BCE Syriac 2 c. The Syriac alphabet is a Writing system used to write the Syriac language from around the 2nd century BC. BCE Arabic 4 c. The Arabic alphabet is the script used for writing several languages of Asia and Africa such as Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. CE Pahlavi 3 c. BCE Avestan 4 c. The Avestan alphabet is a writing system developed during the Sassanid era (226-651 in Iran to render the Avestan language. CE Greek 9 c. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early BCE Etruscan 8 c. Old Italic refers to several now extinct Alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European (predominantly Italic BCE Latin 7 c. BCE Runic 2 c. CE Gothic 3 c. This article is about the 4th century alphabet of the Gothic bible CE Armenian 405 CE Glagolitic 862 CE Cyrillic 10 c. The Armenian alphabet is an Alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the year 405 or 406. The Glagolitic alphabet or Glagolitsa is the oldest known Slavic Alphabet. The Cyrillic alphabet (səˈrɪlɪk also called azbuka, from the old name of the first two letters is actually a family of Alphabets, subsets of which are used by CE Paleohispanic 7 c. The Paleohispanic scripts are the writing systems created in the Iberian peninsula before the Latin alphabet became the dominant script BCE Epigraphic South Arabian 9 c. The ancient South Arabian alphabet (also known as musnad المُسند branched from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet in about the 9th century BC. BCE Ge'ez 5–6 c. BCE
Meroitic 3 c. The Meroitic script is an Alphabetic script originally derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs used to write the Meroitic language of the Kingdom of Meroë / BCE
Ogham 4 c. Ogham (ogam ˈɔɣam Modern Irish or, English) is an Early Medieval Alphabet used primarily to represent the Old Irish language (and CE
Hangul 1443 CE
Canadian syllabics 1840 CE
Zhuyin 1913 CE
complete genealogy

Ge'ez (ግዕዝ Gəʿəz), also called Ethiopic, is an abugida script that was originally developed to write Ge'ez, a Semitic language. An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which Ge'ez (ግዕዝ, ɡɨʕɨz also transliterated Gi'iz, and referred to as Ethiopic) is an ancient South Semitic Language The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, In languages that use it, e.g. Amharic and Tigrinya, the script is called fidäl (ፊደል), which means script or alphabet. C D E Amharic (አማርኛ amarəñña) is a Semitic language spoken in North Central Ethiopia by the Amhara. Tigrinya ( Ge'ez: ትግርኛ tigriññā) also spelled Tigrigna, Tigrina, less commonly Tigrinian, Tigrinyan, is

The Ge'ez script has been adapted to write other languages, usually Semitic ones. The most widespread use is for Amharic in Ethiopia and Tigrinya in Eritrea and Ethiopia. NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in It is also used for Sebatbeit, Me'en, and most other languages of Ethiopia. Sebat Bet Gurage language is spoken in Muher is spoken in Muher and Aklil Wereda in the mountains north of Chaha and EzhaCentral West Gurage Region Chaha is spoken in and Me'en (also Mekan Mie'en Mieken Meqan Men is a Nilo-Saharan language ( Eastern Sudanic, Surmic) spoken in Ethiopia by the Me'en people In Eritrea it is used for Tigre, and it is traditionally used for Blin, a Cushitic language. For other uses please see Tigre (disambiguation Tigre ( Ge'ez ትግረ tigre or ትግሬ tigrē; sometimes written as Note Blin is the English spelling which is preferred by native speakers but Bilin and Bilen (ቢለን are also commonly used The Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family spoken in the Horn of Africa. Some other languages in the Horn of Africa, such as Oromo, used to be written using Ge'ez but have migrated to Latin-based orthographies. The Horn of Africa (alternatively Northeast Africa, and sometimes Somali Peninsula; shortened to HOA) is a Peninsula in East Africa Oromo, also known as Afaan borana Oromoo, Oromiffa(a ( Ethiopic: ኦሮሚኛ and sometimes in other languages by variant spellings of these names

• For the representation of sounds, this article uses a system that is common (though not universal) among linguists who work on Ethiopian Semitic languages. Ethiopian Semitic (also known as Ethiopian Ethiosemitic Ethiopic is a language group which together with Old South Arabian forms the Western branch of the South This differs somewhat from the conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic See the articles on the individual languages for information on the pronuncation.

Contents 1 History and origins 2 Signs for the Ge'ez language 2.1 Basic signs 2.2 Syllable signs 2.3 Labiovelar letter variants 3 Modifications for other languages 3.1 Additional letters 3.2 Symbols used in modern languages 4 List order 5 African diaspora usage 6 Numerals 7 Unicode 8 Literature 9 References 10 External links

History and origins

The earliest inscriptions of Ethio-Semitic in Ethiopia and Eritrea date to the 9th century BC in Epigraphic South Arabian (ESA), an alphabet shared with contemporary kingdoms in South Arabia. Ethiopian Semitic (also known as Ethiopian Ethiosemitic Ethiopic is a language group which together with Old South Arabian forms the Western branch of the South NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in The ancient South Arabian alphabet (also known as musnad المُسند branched from the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet in about the 9th century BC. After the 7th and 6th centuries BC, however, variants of the script arose, evolving in the direction of the Ge'ez alphabet. This evolution can be seen most clearly in evidence from inscriptions (mainly graffiti on rocks and caves) in Agame district in northern Ethiopia and the former province of Akkele Guzay in Eritrea. The Agame ( Tigrinya ዓጋመ ʿāgāme, Amharic ዓጋሜ āgāmē, "fruitful" is a former province located in northern Ethiopia Akkele Guzay was a province in the interior of Eritrea until 1996 when the newly independent government of Eritrea consolidated all provinces into six regions ^[1] By the first centuries AD, what is called "Old Ethiopic" or the "Old Ge'ez alphabet" arose, an abjad written left-to-right (as opposed to boustrophedon like ESA) with letters basically identical to the first-order forms of the modern vocalized alphabet (e. Boustrophedon (ˌbustroʊˈfiːdən from Greek βουστροφηδόν "ox-turning"&mdashthat is turning like Oxen in Ploughing g. "k" in the form of "kä"). There were also minor differences such as the letter "g" facing to the right, instead of to the left as in vocalized Ge'ez, and a shorter left leg of "l," as in ESA, instead of equally-long legs in vocalized Ge'ez (resembling the Greek letter lambda, somewhat). Lambda (uppercase Λ, lowercase λ; Λάμβδα or el Λάμδα Lamda is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet. ^[2] Vocalization of Ge'ez occurred in the fourth century, and though the first completely vocalized texts known from us are inscriptions by Ezana, vocalized letters predate him by some years, as an individual vocalized letter exists in a coin of his predecessor Wazeba. Aksumite currency was the only native Currency to be issued in Africa without direct influence by an outside culture like the Romans or Greeks Wazeba (early 4th century) was a king of Axum in northeastern Africa. ^[3][4] Roger Schneider has also pointed out (in an early '90s unpublished paper) anomalies in the known inscriptions of Ezana that imply that he was consciously employing an archaic style during his reign, indicating that vocalization could have occurred much earlier. As a result, some believe that the vocalization may have been adopted to preserve the pronunciation of Ge'ez texts due to the already moribund or extinct status of Ge'ez, and that, by that time, the common language of the people were already later Ethio-Semitic languages. Kobishchanov, Daniels, and others have suggested possible influence from the Brahmic family of alphabets in vocalization, as they are also abugidas (also known as "alphasyllabaries"), and Aksum was an important part of major trade routes involving India and the Greco-Roman world throughout the common era of antiquity. Peter T Daniels (born December 11, 1951, currently living in New Jersey is a scholar of Writing systems specializing in typology. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which The Aksumite Empire or Axumite Empire (sometimes called the Kingdom of Aksum or Axum ( Ge'ez: አክሱም was an important trading The Greco-Roman or Graeco-Roman World, as understood by medieval and modern scholars geographers and miscellaneous writers refers to those geographical regions and countries ^[5][6].

According to the beliefs of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, the original (consonantal) form of the Ge'ez fidel was divinely revealed to Henos "as an instrument for codifying the laws", and the present system of vocalisation is attributed to a team of Aksumite scholars led by none other than Frumentius (Abba Selama), the same missionary said to have converted King Ezana to Christianity in the 4th century AD^[7]. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (in transliterated Amharic: Yäityop'ya ortodoks täwahedo bétäkrestyan) is an Oriental Enos or Enosh ( Hebrew: אֱנוֹשׁ, Standard Enoš, Tiberian ʼĔnôš Frumentius ( Ge'ez ፍሬምናጦስ frēmnāṭōs) (died ca Ezana of Axum ( Ge'ez ዔዛና ʿĒzānā unvocalized ዐዘነ ʿzn.

Ge'ez has 26 basic consonant signs. Compared to the inventory of 29 consonants in the South Arabian alphabet, continuants of ġ, ẓ and the interdental fricatives (ḏ, ṯ) are missing, as well as South Arabian s³ (Ge'ez Sawt ሠ being derived from South Arabian s² ). Ghain, ghayn, or (ar ﻍ is one of the six letters in the Arabic alphabet not in the twenty-two akin to the Phoenician alphabet (the others (ar ﺫ is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being,,,,) Samekh or Simketh is the fifteenth letter in many Semitic alphabets including Phoenician, Hebrew, and Aramaic, representing /s/ Shin (also spelled Šin or Sheen) is the twenty-first letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew On the other hand, emphatic P̣ait ጰ, a Ge'ez innovation, is a modification of Ṣädai ጸ, while Pesa ፐ is based on Tawe ተ.

Thus, there are 24 correspondences of Ge'ez and the South Arabian alphabet:

translit.	h	l	ḥ	m	ś (SA s2)	r	s (SA s1)	ḳ	b	t	ḫ	n
Ge'ez	ሀ	ለ	ሐ	መ	ሠ	ረ	ሰ	ቀ	በ	ተ	ኀ	ነ
South Arabian

Many of the letter names are cognate with those of Proto-Canaanite, and may thus be assumed for Proto-Sinaitic. The Proto-Canaanite alphabet is a consonantal alphabet of twenty-two acrophonic glyphs found in Levantine texts of the Late Bronze Age (from ca The Middle Bronze Age alphabets are two similar Undeciphered scripts dated to be from the Middle Bronze Age (2000-1500 BCE and believed to be ancestral

Signs for the Ge'ez language

Basic signs

There are 26 basic consonant signs:

h, l, ḥ, m, ś, r, s, ḳ, b, t, ḫ, n, ʾ, k, w, ʿ, z, y, d, g, ṭ, p̣, ṣ, ṣ́, f, p

Syllable signs

The Ge'ez script is an abugida: each symbol represents a consonant+vowel combination, and the symbols are organized in groups of similar symbols on the basis of both the consonant and the vowel. An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which

Ge'ez is written from left to right across the page.

In Ge'ez, each consonant can be combined with seven vowels:

ä, u, i, a, e, ə, o

For each consonant in an abugida, there is a basic or unmarked symbol that represents that consonant followed by a default vowel, called the inherent vowel. An inherent vowel is part of an Abugida script It is the vowel sound which is used with each unmarked or basic Consonant symbol For the Ge'ez script, the inherent vowel is /ä/, the first column in the table. For the other vowels, the basic consonant symbol is modified in consistent ways.

In the table below, the rows of the table show the consonants in the traditional order. The columns show the seven vowels, also in the traditional order. A consonant can be described, for example, as being in the fifth order, meaning that it is of the form that is fifth in this traditional order of vowels. For some letters, there is an eighth modification expressing a diphthong -wa or -oa, and a ninth expressing -yä. In Phonetics, a diphthong (also gliding vowel) (from Greek grc δίφθογγος "diphthongos" literally "with two sounds" or "with

To represent a consonant with no following vowel, for example at the end of a syllable or in a consonant cluster, the consonant+ə form is used (the symbol in the sixth column). In Linguistics, a consonant cluster (or consonant blend) is a group of Consonants which have no intervening Vowel.

Labiovelar letter variants

The symbols for the labialized velar consonants are variants of the non-labialized velar consonants:

Basic sign	ḳ	ḫ	k	g
	ቀ	ኀ	ከ	ገ
Labialized variant	ḳw	ḫw	kw	gw
	ቈ	ኈ	ኰ	ጐ

Unlike the other consonants, these labiovelar ones can only be combined with 5 different vowels:

Modifications for other languages

Additional letters

Some letters have variants for use in languages other than Ge'ez. He is the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac ܗ and Arabic Lamed or Lamedh is the twelfth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Lamed and Arabic or H̱et (also spelled Khet, Kheth, Chet, Cheth, Het, or Heth) is the reconstructed name of the eighth letter Mem (also spelled Meem or Mim) is the thirteenth letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Śawt ሠ is a letter of the Ge'ez abugida, descended from Epigraphic South Arabian, but representing ś like ESA. for the town in Nepal see Resh Nepal Resh is the twentieth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician Qoph or Qop (In modern Hebrew Kuf, Arabic Qāf) is the nineteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic Bet, Beth, or Vet is the second letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Taw or Tav is the twenty-second and last letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Tav Nun is the fourteenth letter of many Semitic Abjads including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet ar ن (in is the reconstructed name of the first letter of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, continued in descended Semitic alphabets as Phoenician Kaph (also spelled Kap or Kaf) is the eleventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Waw ( also spelled vav or vau) (In Hebrew Vav) is the sixth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic For the village in Azerbaijan see Əyin. or is the sixteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Zayin (also spelled Zain or Zayn) is the seventh letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician 𐤆 Aramaic, Hebrew Yodh (also spelled Yud or Yod) is the tenth letter of many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Dalet ( also spelled Daleth or Daled) is the fourth letter of many Semitic alphabets including Phoenician, Aramaic Gimmel redirects here for the musical group see Gimmel (music group. (also Teth, Tet) is the ninth letter of many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Tet, Tsade (also spelled Ṣādē or Tzadi or Sadhe or Tzaddik) is the eighteenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician (ar ﺽ is one of the six letters the Arabic alphabet added to the twenty-two inherited from the Phoenician alphabet (the others being,,,,) Pe is the seventeenth letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew Pei, Persian alphabet Pe pr The term labiovelar is ambiguous It may mean labial-velar (a Consonant made at two places of articulation, one at the lips and the other at the soft Ge'ez (ግዕዝ, ɡɨʕɨz also transliterated Gi'iz, and referred to as Ethiopic) is an ancient South Semitic Language

The syllable symbols are shown below. Like the other labiovelars, these labiovelars can only be combined with 5 vowels.

Symbols used in modern languages

Amharic uses all the basic consonants, plus the ones indicated below. Amharic (አማርኛ amarəñña) is a Semitic language spoken in North Central Ethiopia by the Amhara. Some of the Ge'ez labiovelar letter variants are also used.

Tigrinya has all the basic consonants, the Ge'ez labiovelar letter variants except for ḫ^w (ኈ) plus the ones indicated below. Tigrinya ( Ge'ez: ትግርኛ tigriññā) also spelled Tigrigna, Tigrina, less commonly Tigrinian, Tigrinyan, is A few of the basic consonants are falling into disuse in Eritrea. Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in See Tigrinya language#Writing system for details. Tigrinya ( Ge'ez: ትግርኛ tigriññā) also spelled Tigrigna, Tigrina, less commonly Tigrinian, Tigrinyan, is

Tigre uses the basic consonants except for ś (ሠ), ḫ (ኀ) and ḍ (ፀ). For other uses please see Tigre (disambiguation Tigre ( Ge'ez ትግረ tigre or ትግሬ tigrē; sometimes written as It also uses the ones indicated below. It does not use the Ge'ez labiovelar letter variants.

Blin uses the basic consonants except for ś (ሠ), ḫ (ኀ) and ḍ (ፀ). Note Blin is the English spelling which is preferred by native speakers but Bilin and Bilen (ቢለን are also commonly used It also uses the ones indicated below and the Ge'ez labiovelar letter variants.

	š	ḳh	ḳhw	v	č	[ŋʷ]	ñ	x	xw	ž	ǧ	[ŋ]	č̣
	ሸ	ቐ	ቘ	ቨ	ቸ	ⶓ	ኘ	ኸ	ዀ	ዠ	ጀ	ጘ	ጨ
Amharic	✓			✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓
Tigrinya	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓
Tigre	✓				✓					✓		✓
Blin	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓

Note: "v" is used for words of foreign origin except for in some Gurage languages (e. Gurage is an ethnic group in Ethiopia. The Gurage people inhabit a semi-fertile semi-mountainous region in southwest Ethiopia, about 150 miles southwest g. cravat, 'tie' from French), and "x" is pronounced "h" in Amharic. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people

List order

For Ge'ez, Amharic, Tigrinya and Tigre, the usual list order is called Halehame. For the basic signs it is as given elsewhere on this page. Where the labiovelar variants are used, these come immediately after the basic signs, followed by other variants. In Tigrinya, for example, the signs based on ከ come in this order: ከ, ኰ, ኸ, ዀ.

In Blin, the order of the signs is slightly different.

African diaspora usage

Many Rastafarians learn to write Ge'ez because in their religion it is the original and a sacred language. The African diaspora was the movement of Africans and their descendants to places throughout the world - predominantly to the Americas, then later to Europe, the The Rastafari movement (also known as Rastafari, Rastafarianism or simply Rasta) is a monotheistic, Abrahamic, New Testament A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Various roots reggae musicians have used the script in album art. Roots reggae is a subgenre of Reggae that concerns itself with the life of the ghetto sufferer and the rural poor Reggae is a Music genre first developed in Jamaica in the late 1960s Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time.

The African Code official recognizes Ge'ez as a pan-African script to replace all forms of Latin which are currently used to write most African languages.

The film 500 Years Later (፭፻-ዓመታት በኋላ) was the first mainstream Western documentary to use Ge'ez characters for the film title 500 Years Later. 500 Years Later (gez ፭፻ ዓመታት በጓላ) is the title of an independent documentary film directed by Owen 'Alik Shahadah, written by M The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings The script also appears in the trailer and promotional material of the film.

Numerals

Numeral systems by culture
Hindu-Arabic numerals
Indian Eastern Arabic Khmer	Indian family Brahmi Thai
East Asian numerals
Chinese Counting rods	Japanese Korean
Alphabetic numerals
Abjad Armenian Cyrillic Ge'ez	Hebrew Greek (Ionian) Āryabhaṭa
Other systems
Attic Babylonian Egyptian Etruscan	Mayan Roman Urnfield
List of numeral system topics
Positional systems by base
Decimal (10)
2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
1, 3, 9, 12, 20, 24, 30, 36, 60, more…
v • d • e

Ge'ez uses a systems of ones and tens comparable to the Hebrew, Arabic Abjad and Greek numerals, but unlike these systems, rather than giving numeric values to letters, it has separate numeral symbols that are derived from the Coptic letter-numbers:

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
× 1	፩	፪	፫	፬	፭	፮	፯	፰	፱
× 10	፲	፳	፴	፵	፶	፷	፸	፹	፺
× 100	፻
× 10. A numeral system (or system of numeration) is a Mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set by symbols in a consistent manner The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is a Positional Decimal Numeral system first documented in the ninth century The arabic numerals (often capitalized are the ten Digits (0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 which—along with the system The Eastern Arabic numerals (also called Arabic-Indic numerals and Arabic Eastern Numerals) are the symbols used to represent the Hindu-Arabic numeral system Khmer numerals are the numerals used in the Khmer language of Cambodia. Most of the positional Base 10 Numeral systems in the world have originated from India, which first developed the concept of positional numerology The Brahmi numerals are an indigenous Indian numeral system attested from the 3rd century BCE (somewhat later in the case of most of the tens Thai numerals (เลขไทย are a set of numerals traditionally used in Thailand, although the Arabic numerals are more common Chinese numerals are characters for writing Numbers in Chinese. Counting rods ( Japanese: 算木 sangi are small bars typically 3-14 cm long used by mathematicians for calculation in China, Japan The Korean language has two regularly used sets of numerals a Sino-Korean system and a native Korean system The Abjad numerals are a decimal Numeral system in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values The system of Armenian numerals is a historic Numeral system created using the Majuscules (uppercase letters of the Armenian alphabet. Cyrillic numerals was a numbering system derived from the Cyrillic alphabet, used by South and East Slavic peoples. Ge'ez (gez ግዕዝ) also called Ethiopic, is an Abugida script that was originally developed to write Ge'ez, a Semitic language The system of Hebrew numerals is a quasi-decimal alphabetic Numeral system using the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. ʹ the numeral sign redirects here For the accent ´ see Acute accent. The Āryabhaṭa numeration is a system of numerals based on Sanskrit phonemes. Attic numerals were used by the ancient Greeks, possibly from the 7th century BC Babylonian numerals were written in cuneiform, using a wedge-tipped reed Stylus to make a mark on a soft Clay tablet which would be exposed The system of Ancient Egyptian numerals was a Numeral system used in ancient Egypt aka Kemet The Etruscan numerals were used by the ancient Etruscans The system was adapted from the Greek Attic numerals and formed the inspiration for the later Roman The Pre-Columbian Maya civilization used a Vigesimal ( base - twenty) Numeral system. Roman numerals are a Numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. Discovery In 1946 a deposit with more than 250 sickles corresponding to the period 1500-1250 BC was discovered in Frankleben (in the region of Merseburg - Querfurt This is a list of Numeral system topics (and "numeric representations" by Wikipedia page A positional notation or place-value notation system is a Numeral system in which each position is related to the next by a Constant multiplier a In mathematical numeral systems, the base or radix is usually the number of unique digits, including zero that a positional Numeral The decimal ( base ten or occasionally denary) Numeral system has ten as its base. The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, is a Numeral system that represents numeric values using two symbols usually 0 and 1. Quaternary is the base - Numeral system. It uses the digits 0 1 2 and 3 to represent any Real number. The octal Numeral system, or oct for short is the base -8 number system and uses the digits 0 to 7 In Mathematics and Computer science, hexadecimal (also base -, hexa, or hex) is a Numeral system with a Base 32 or duotrigesimal is a Numeral system with 32 as its base The base - system is a Numeral system with 64 as its base It is the largest power-of-two base that can be represented using single printable ASCII The unary numeral system is the bijective base - 1 Numeral system. Ternary or trinary is the base - Numeral system. Analogous to a " Bit " a ternary digit is known as a trit ( Nonary is a base - Numeral system, typically using the digits 0-8 but not the digit 9 The duodecimal system (also known as base -12 or dozenal) is a Numeral system using twelve as its base. The vigesimal or base - numeral system is based on twenty (in the same way in which the ordinary decimal numeral system is based on ten The base - system is a Numeral system with 24 as its base There are 24 hours in a day so our time keeping system includes a base-24 component Base 30 or trigesimal is a positional numeral system using 30 as the Radix. Base 36 is a positional numeral system using 36 as the Radix. Sexagesimal ( base-sixty) is a Numeral system with sixty as the base. The system of Hebrew numerals is a quasi-decimal alphabetic Numeral system using the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. The Abjad numerals are a decimal Numeral system in which the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are assigned numerical values ʹ the numeral sign redirects here For the accent ´ see Acute accent. 000	፼

Unicode

Ge'ez or Ethiopic has been computerized by Aberra Molla and assigned Unicode 3. Aberra In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's 0 codepoints between U+1200 and U+137F (decimal 4608–4991), containing the basic syllable signs for Ge'ez, Amharic, and Tigrinya, punctuation and numerals. Ge'ez (ግዕዝ, ɡɨʕɨz also transliterated Gi'iz, and referred to as Ethiopic) is an ancient South Semitic Language Amharic (አማርኛ amarəñña) is a Semitic language spoken in North Central Ethiopia by the Amhara. Tigrinya ( Ge'ez: ትግርኛ tigriññā) also spelled Tigrigna, Tigrina, less commonly Tigrinian, Tigrinyan, is Additionally, in Unicode 4. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's 1, there is the "Supplement" range from U+1380 to U+139F (decimal 4992–5023) containing syllables for Sebatbeit and tonal marks, and the "Extended" range between U+2D80 and U+2DDF (decimal 11648–11743) containing syllable signs needed for writing Sebatbeit, Me'en and Blin. Sebat Bet Gurage language is spoken in Muher is spoken in Muher and Aklil Wereda in the mountains north of Chaha and EzhaCentral West Gurage Region Chaha is spoken in and Note Blin is the English spelling which is preferred by native speakers but Bilin and Bilen (ቢለን are also commonly used

Literature

• Marcel Cohen, "La prononciation traditionnelle du Guèze (éthiopien classique)", in: Journal asiatique (1921) Sér. Marcel Samuel Raphaël Cohen ( February 6, 1884 – November 5, 1974) was a French linguist 11 / T. 18.
• Gabriella F. Scelta, The Comparative Origin and Usage of the Ge’ez writing system of Ethiopia (2001)

References

1. ^ Rodolfo Fattovich, "Akkälä Guzay" in von Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. Encylopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Weissbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, 2003, p. 169.
2. ^ Etienne Bernand, A. J. Drewes, and Roger Schneider, "Recueil des inscriptions de l'Ethiopie des périodes pré-axoumite et axoumite, tome I". Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Paris: Boccard, 1991.
3. ^ Grover Hudson, Aspects of the history of Ethiopic writing in "Bulletin of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies 25," pp. 1-12.
4. ^ Stuart Munro-Hay. Aksum: A Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-7486-0106-6
5. ^ Yuri M. Kobishchanov. Axum (Joseph W. Michels, editor; Lorraine T. Kapitanoff, translator). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-271-00531-9
6. ^ Peter T. Daniels, William Bright, "The World's Writing Systems," Oxford University Press. Oxford: 1996.
7. ^ Official Website of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church

External links

• omniglot.com
• ancientscripts.com
• Chart correlating IPA values for Amharic to the Ge’ez syllabary symbols. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA is a system of phonetic notation based on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic
• Unicode specification
  • Ethiopic
  • Ethiopic Supplement
  • Ethiopic Extended
• Unicode assignments for Ethiopic characters
• Ge'ez typewriting machine

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