Gaulish or Gallic is the name given to the Celtic language that was spoken in Gaul before the Vulgar Latin of the late Roman Empire became dominant in Roman Gaul. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial For Gaul before the Roman conquest see Gaul. Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern day According to Julius Caesar in his Gallic Wars it was one of three languages in Gaul, the others being Aquitanian and Germanic. Commentarii de Bello Gallico is Julius Caesar 's third-person account of his nine years of war in Gaul. The Aquitanian language was spoken in ancient Aquitaine (approximately between the Pyrenees and the Garonne, the region later known as Gascony The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. Gaulish is paraphyletically grouped with Celtiberian, Lepontic, and Galatian as Continental Celtic. In Phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all Celtiberian (also known as northeastern Hispano-Celtic) is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians Lepontic is an extinct Celtic language that was spoken in parts of Rhaetia and Cisalpine Gaul (today's Northern Italy) between 700 Galatian is an extinct Celtic language once spoken in Galatia in Asia Minor (modern Turkey) from the 3rd century BC up to the The Continental Celtic languages is a modern name for the Celtic languages, now all extinct that originated and were spoken on the continent of Europe (as opposed to the The Lepontic language is sometimes considered to be a dialect of Gaulish. Gaulish is a P-Celtic language. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family.

History

The Gaulish language is known from several hundred inscriptions on stone, on ceramic vessels and other artifacts, and on coins, and occasionally on metal (lead, and on one occasion zinc). In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός ( keramikos) main - title Coin keywords numismatics coin review Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 They are found in the entire area of Roman Gaul, i. e. , mostly in the area of the west of France, as well as parts of Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and Belgium (Meid 1994). This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those

The earliest Continental Celtic inscriptions, dating to as early as the 6th century BC, are in Lepontic (sometimes considered a dialect of Gaulish), found in Gallia Cisalpina and were written in a form of the Old Italic alphabet. Lepontic is an extinct Celtic language that was spoken in parts of Rhaetia and Cisalpine Gaul (today's Northern Italy) between 700 Cisalpine Gaul ( Latin: Gallia Cisalpina, meaning " Gaul on this side of the Alps " was the Roman name for a geographical area (later Old Italic refers to several now extinct Alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European (predominantly Italic Inscriptions in the Greek alphabet from the 3rd century BC have been found in the area near the mouths of the Rhône, while later inscriptions dating to Roman Gaul are mostly in the Latin alphabet. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC The Rhone, or the Rhône is one of the major Rivers of Europe, running through Switzerland and France. For Gaul before the Roman conquest see Gaul. Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern day

Gregory of Tours wrote in the 6th century that some people in his area could still speak Gaulish. Saint Gregory of Tours ( November 30, c 538 &ndash November 17, 594) was a Gallo-Roman historian and bishop of Tours The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Some scholars believe that it had an influence on Breton.

Phonology

• vowels:
  • short: a, e, i, o u
  • long: ā, ē, ī, (ō), ū
  • diphthongs: ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou
• semivowels: w, y
• occlusives:
  • voiceless: p, t, k
  • voiced: b, d, g
• resonants
  • nasals: m, n
  • liquids r, l
• sibilant: s
• affricate: t^s

[χ] is an allophone of /k/ before /t/.

The diphthongs all transformed over the course of the historical period. Ai and oi collapsed into long ī; eu merged with ou, both becoming long ō. Ei became long ē early on. In general, long diphthongs became short diphthongs and then collapsed into long vowels.

Other transformations include the transformation of unstressed i into e. Ln became ll, a stop + s became ss, and a nasal + velar became /ng/ + velar.

The occlusives also seem to have been both lenis, as compared to Latin which distinguished voiced occlusives with a lenis realization from voiceless occlusives with a fortis realization, hence confusions like Glanum for Clanum, vergobretos for vercobreto, Britannia for Pritannia^[1]. Fortis ( Latin "strong" and lenis ("weak" are linguistic terms

Orthography

RIG G-172 inscription ϹΕΓΟΜΑΡΟϹ ΟΥΙΛΛΟΝΕΟϹ ΤΟΟΥΤΙΟΥϹ ΝΑΜΑΥϹΑΤΙϹ ΕΙωΡΟΥ ΒΗΛΗ ϹΑΜΙ ϹΟϹΙΝ ΝΕΜΗΤΟΝ "Segomaros, son of Uillo, toutious (tribe leader) of Namausos, dedicated this sanctuary to Belesama"

The alphabet of Lugano used in Gallia Cisalpina for Lepontic:

AEIKLMNOPRSTΘUVXZ

The alphabet of Lugano does not distinguish voiced and unvoiced occlusives, i. Lugano ( Latin language: Luganum) is a town (52993 inhabitants a total of 130000 people in the agglomeration in the south of Switzerland, in the Cisalpine Gaul ( Latin: Gallia Cisalpina, meaning " Gaul on this side of the Alps " was the Roman name for a geographical area (later Lepontic is an extinct Celtic language that was spoken in parts of Rhaetia and Cisalpine Gaul (today's Northern Italy) between 700 Voice or voicing is a term used in Phonetics and Phonology to characterize speech sounds, with sounds described as either voiceless A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. e. P represents /b/ or /p/, T is for /d/ or /t/, K for /g/ or /k/. Z is probably for /t^s/. U /u/ and V /w/ are distinguished only in one early inscription. Θ is probably for /t/ and X for /g/ (Lejeune 1971, Solinas 1985).

The Eastern Greek alphabet used in southern Gallia Transalpina:

αβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρστυχω

χ is used for [χ], θ for /t^s/, ου for /u/, /ū/, /w/, η and ω for both long and short /e/, /ē/ and /o/, /ō/, while ι is for short /i/ and ει for /ī/. The History of the Greek alphabet starts with the adoption of Phoenician letter forms and continues to the present day Gallia Narbonensis ( Narbonese Gaul) was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in southern France. Note that the Sigma in the Eastern Greek alphabet looks like a C (lunate sigma). Sigma (upper case Σ, lower case σ; Greek Σιγμα lower case in word-final position ς) is the eighteenth letter of the Greek All Greek letters were used except phi and psi.

Latin alphabet (monumental and cursive) in use in Roman Gaul:

ABCDÐEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXZ

abcdðefghiklmnopqrstuvxz

G and K are sometimes used interchangeably (especially after R). For Gaul before the Roman conquest see Gaul. Roman Gaul consisted of an area of provincial rule in the Roman Empire, in modern day Ð/ð, ds and s may represent /t^s/. X, x is for [χ] or /ks/. Q is only used rarely (e. g. Sequanni, Equos) and may represent an archaism (a retained *k^w). Ð and ð are used here to represent the letter Tau Gallicum (the Gaulish dental affricate), which has not yet been added to Unicode. In contrast to the glyph for Ð, the central bar extends right across the glyph and also does not protrude outside it. A glyph is an element of writing Two or more glyphs representing the same symbol whether interchangeable or context-dependent are called Allographs the abstract unit they

Sound laws

• Gaulish changed PIE voiceless labiovelars k^w to p (hence P-Celtic), a development also observed in Brythonic (as well as Greek and some Italic languages), while the other Celtic, 'Q-Celtic', retained the labiovelar. Voice or voicing is a term used in Phonetics and Phonology to characterize speech sounds, with sounds described as either voiceless The term labiovelar is ambiguous It may mean labial-velar (a Consonant made at two places of articulation, one at the lips and the other at the soft Phonological reconstruction Consonants The phonological changes from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Celtic Consonants may be summarised as follows The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages or British languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family the other being Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Italic subfamily is a member of the Indo-European language family's Centum branch Thus the Gaulish word for "son" was mapos (Delmarre 2003: 216-217), contrasting with Primitive Irish *maqas (attested in the genitive, maqi), which became mac in modern Irish. Primitive Irish is the oldest known form of the Goidelic languages, known only from fragments mostly personal names inscribed on stone in the Ogham alphabet in In modern Welsh the word map (mab) (or its contracted form ap(ab)) is used to mean "son of". Similarly one Gaulish word for "horse" was epos while Old Irish has ech; all derived from Indo-European *eq^wos (Delmarre 2003: 163-164)

• Voiced labiovelar g^w became w, e. Old Irish is the name given to the oldest form of the Irish language, or rather the Goidelic languages, for which extensive written texts are possessed g. g^wediūmi > uediiumi "I pray" (cf. Old Irish guidiu "I pray", Welsh gweddi "to pray").

• PIE t^st became /t^s/, spelled ð, e. g. *nedz-tamo > neððamon (cf. Old Irish nessam "nearest", Welsh nesaf "next").

• PIE eu became ou, and later ō, e. g. *teutā > touta > tōta "tribe" (cf. Old Irish tuath, Welsh tud "people").

• Additionally, intervocalic /st/ became the affricate [ts] (alveolar stop + voiceless alveolar stop) and intervocalic /sr/ became [ðr] and /str/ became [þr]. Finally, when a labial or velar stop came before either a /t/ or /s/ the two sounds merged into the fricative [x].

Morphology

There was some areal (or genetic, see Italo-Celtic) similarity to Latin grammar, and the French historian A. In historical linguistics Italo-Celtic refers to the observation that the Italic languages and the Celtic languages share a number of common features unique to these Lot argued that this helped the rapid adoption of Latin in Roman Gaul.

Noun cases

Gaulish has six or seven cases (Lambert 2003 pp. In Linguistics, declension (or declination) is the occurrence of Inflection in Nouns Pronouns and Adjectives indicating 51-67). In common with Latin it has nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, and dative; where Latin has an ablative, Gaulish has an instrumental and may also have a locative. The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other The vocative case is the case used for a Noun identifying the person (animal object etc The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another The dative case is a Grammatical case generally used to indicate the Noun to whom something is given In Linguistics, ablative case ( abbreviated ABL) is a name given to cases in various languages whose common characteristic The instrumental case (also called the eighth case) is a Grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the Locative (also called the seventh case) is a Grammatical case which indicates a location There is more evidence for common cases (nominative and accusative) and for common stems (-o- and -a- stems) than there is for cases less frequently used in inscriptions, or rarer stems such as -i-, -n- and occlusive. The following table summarizes the case endings which are most securely known. A blank means that the form is unattested.

In some cases a historical evolution is known, for example the dative singular of -a- stems is -ai in the oldest inscriptions, becoming first -e and finally -i.

Numerals

Ordinal numerals from the La Graufesenque graffiti

1. cintus, cintuxos (Welsh cynt "before, in front", Breton kent "in front", Old Irish céta, Modern Irish céad "first")
2. allos (Welsh ail, Breton eil, OIr aile 'other', Modern Irish eile)
3. tritios (Welsh trydydd, Breton trede, OIr treide, Modern Irish treas)
4. petuarios (Welsh pedwerydd, Breton pevare, OIr cethramad)
5. pinpetos (Welsh pumed, Breton pempet, OIr cóiced)
6. suexos (maybe mistaken for suextos, Welsh chweched, Breton c'hwec'hved, OIr seissed)
7. sextametos (Welsh seithfed, Breton seizhved, OIr sechtmad)
8. oxtumetos (Welsh wythfed, Breton eizhved, OIr ochtmad)
9. nametos (Welsh nawfed, Breton naved, OIr nómad)
10. decametos, decometos (Welsh degfed, Breton degvet, OIr dechmad, Celtiberian dekametam)

The ancient Gaulish language was more similar to Latin than modern Gaelic languages are to modern Romance languages. La Graufesenque is an archaeological site 2km from Millau, Aveyron, France at the junction of the Tarn and Dourbie rivers Graffiti (singular graffito; the plural is used as a Mass noun) is the name for images or lettering scratched scrawled painted or marked in any manner on property Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The ordinal numerals in Latin are prímus, secundus/alter, tertius, quártus, quíntus, sextus, septimus, octávus, nónus, decimus.

Syntax

Word order

The majority of Gaulish sentences are SVO (subject-verb-object). However, other surface variations are attested: verb-initial, verb-medial, and verb-final. Verb-initial sentences can nonetheless be evaluated as pro-drop or imperative. Gaulish was certainly not a verb-second language, as evidenced by:

• ratin briuatiom | frontu tarbetisonios | ie(i)uru
• NP. Verb-second (V2 word order, in Syntax, is the rule in some languages that the second constituent of declarative main clauses is always a verb while this is not necessarily Acc. Sg. | NP. Nom. Sg. | V. 3rd Sg.
  • "Frontus Tarbetisonios dedicated the board of the bridge. "

Whenever a clitic pronominal object is present, it must be syntactically hosted (i. e. , adjacent) to the verb, as per Vendryes' Restriction. Since Wackernagel's Law was strongly grammaticalized in Celtic, this had the effect of ensuring that the verb occupied clause-initial position. In such cases, the verb occupies absolute initial position in the clause or is preceded only by a null-position, semantically empty, sentential connective, the original purpose of which was to host the clitic phonologically.

• sioxt-i | albanos | panna(s) | extra tuð(on) | CCC
• V-Pro. Neut. | NP. Nom. Sg. | NP. Fem. Acc. Pl. | PP | Num.
  • "Albanos added them, vessels beyond the allotment (in the amount of) 300. "

• to-me-declai obalda natina
• Conn. -Pro. 1st. Sg. Acc. -V. 3rd. Sg. | NP. Nom. Sg. | Appositive
  • Obalda, (their) dear daughter, set me up. "

Vendryes' Restriction is believed to have played a large role in the development of Insular Celtic VSO word order.

Considering that Gaulish is not a verb-final language, it is not surprising to find other head-intitial features.

• Genitives follow their head nouns
  • atom teuoxtonion
    • "The border of gods and men. "
• The unmarked position for adjectives is after their head nouns
  • toutious namausatis
    • "citizen of Nîmes"
• Prepositional phrases are headed by the preposition
  • in alixie
    • "in Alesia"
• Passive clauses
  • uatiounui so nemetos commu escengilu
    • "To Vatiounos this shrine (was dedicated) by Commos Escengilos

Subordination

Subordinate clauses follow their head and are characterized by the presence of an uninflected particle (jo) which is attached to the initial verb of the subordinate clause.

• gobedbi | dugijonti-jo | ucuetin | in alisija
• NP. Dat/Inst. Pl. | V. 3rd. Pl. - Pcl. | NP. Acc. Sg. | PP
  • "to the smiths who serve Ucuetis in Alisia"

This particle is used in relative clauses and to construct the equivalent of THAT-clauses

• scrisu-mi-jo | uelor
• V. 1st. Sg. -Pro. 1st Sg. -Pcl. | V. 1st Sg.
  • "I wish that I spit"

This particle is found residually in the Insular Languages, thus:

• Welsh
  • Middle Welsh yssyd, modern sydd "which is" from *esti-jo
  • vs. Welsh yd "is" from *esti

• Irish
  • Old Irish 3rd plural relative cartae "loves" from *caront-jo

Clitics

Gaulish has a number of clitic pronominals, such as the object pronominals:

• to-so-ko-te
• Conn. - Pro. 3rd Sg. Acc - PerfVZ - V. 3rd Sg
  • "he gave it"

Subject pronominals also exist: mi, tu, id, which function like the emphasizing particles known as notae augentes in the Insular Celtic languages.

• dessu-mii-iis
• V. 1st. Sg. | Emph. -Pcl. 1st Sg. Nom. | Pro. 3rd Pl. Acc.
  • "I prepare them"
• buet-id
• V. 3rd Sg. Pres. Subjunc. -Emph. Pcl. 3rd Sg. Nom. Neut.
  • "it should be"

Clitic doubling is also found (along with left dislocation), where a neuter pronominal doubles an instrinsically inanimate but grammatically animate nominal, a construction which is also attested in Old Irish.

Corpus

The Gaulish corpus is edited in the Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises (R. I. G. ), in four volumes:

• Vol. 1: Inscriptions in the Greek alphabet, edited by Michel Lejeune (items G-1 –G-281)
• Vol. The Greek alphabet (Ελληνικό αλφάβητο is a set of twenty-four letters that has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 2. 1: Inscriptions in the Etruscan alphabet (Lepontic, items E-1 – E-6), and inscriptions in the Latin alphabet in stone (items l. Old Italic refers to several now extinct Alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European (predominantly Italic Lepontic is an extinct Celtic language that was spoken in parts of Rhaetia and Cisalpine Gaul (today's Northern Italy) between 700 1 – l. 16), edited by Michel Lejeune
• Vol. 2. 2: inscriptions in the Latin alphabet on instruments (ceramic, lead, glass etc. ), edited by Pierre-Yves Lambert (items l. 18 – l. 139)
• Vol. 3: The calendars of Coligny (73 fragments) and Villards d'Heria (8 fragments), edited by Paul-Marie Duval and Georges Pinault
• Vol. The Gaulish Coligny Calendar was found in Coligny, Ain, France ( near Lyon in 1897 along with the head of a bronze statue of 4: inscriptions on coins, edited by Jean-Baptiste Colbert de Beaulieu and Brigitte Fischer (338 items)

The longest known Gaulish text was found in 1983 in L'Hospitalet-du-Larzac (43°58′N, 3°12′E) in Aveyron. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) L'Hospitalet-du-Larzac is a commune in the Aveyron department in southwestern France. Aveyron ( Occitan: Avairon) is a department in southern France named after the Aveyron River. It is inscribed in Latin cursive script on two small sheets of lead. Roman cursive (or Latin cursive) is a form of Handwriting (or a script) used in Ancient Rome and to some extent into the Middle Ages Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly The content is a magical incantation, probably a curse (defixio), regarding one Severa Tertionicna and a group of women (often thought to be a rival group of witches), but the exact meaning of the text remains unclear. Magic, sometimes known as sorcery, is a Conceptual system that asserts human ability to control the natural world (including events objects people and An incantation or incantations are the words spoken during a Ritual, either a Hymn or Prayer invoking or praising a Deity, or in magic A curse (also called execration) is any manner of Adversity thought to be inflicted by any supernatural power (such as a spell, a Prayer, an A curse tablet or binding spell ( defixio in Latin, κατάδεσμος katadesmos in Greek) is a type of Curse found

The Coligny calendar was found in Coligny near Lyon, France with a statue identified as Apollo. The Gaulish Coligny Calendar was found in Coligny, Ain, France ( near Lyon in 1897 along with the head of a bronze statue of ||-||} Lyon, also known as Lyons in English is a city in east-central France. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Coligny Calendar is a lunisolar calendar that divides the year into two parts with the months underneath. A lunisolar calendar is a Calendar in many Cultures whose date indicates both the Moon phase and the time of the solar Year. SAMON "summer" and GIAMON "winter". The date of SAMON- xvii is identified as TRINVX[tion] SAMO[nii] SINDIV.

Another major text is the lead tablet of Chamalières (l. Chamalières is a town and commune in France, in the third-largest in the Puy-de-Dôme département. 100), written on lead in Latin cursive script, in twelve lines, apparently a curse or incantation addressed to the god Maponos. A curse (also called execration) is any manner of Adversity thought to be inflicted by any supernatural power (such as a spell, a Prayer, an In ancient Celtic religion, Maponos or Maponus ("divine son" was a god of youth known mainly in northern Britain but also in Gaul. It was deposited in a spring, much like defixiones often are.

The graffito of La Graufesenque, Millau ([1] 44°05′36″N, 3°05′33″E), inscribed in Latin cursive on a ceramic plate, is our most important source for Gaulish numerals. Millau (Occitan Milhau is a commune in the department of Aveyron in southern France. It was probably written in a ceramic factory, referring to furnaces numbered 1 to 10. A furnace is a device used for Heating The name derives from Latin fornax, Oven.

A number of short inscriptions are found on spindle whorls. They are among the latest testimonies of Gaulish. These whorls were apparently presented to young girls by their suitors, and bear inscriptions such as moni gnatha gabi / buððutton imon (l. 119) "my girl, take my kiss" and geneta imi / daga uimpi (l. 120) '"I am a young girl, good (and) pretty".

Inscriptions found in Switzerland are rare, but a lot of modern placenames are derived from Gaulish names as they are in the rest of Gaul. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation There is a statue of a seated goddess with a bear, Artio, found in Muri near Berne, with a Latin inscription DEAE ARTIONI LIVINIA SABILLINA, suggesting a Gaulish Artiyon- "bear goddess". In Gallo-Roman religion, Artio was a Goddess of the Bear, and was worshipped at Berne, which actually means "bear" Muri bei Bern is a municipality in the district of Bern in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city of Berne or Bern (, Berne, Berna, Romansh: Berna, Bernese German: Bärn) is the Bundesstadt ( Federal A number of coins with Gaulish inscriptions in the Greek alphabet have been found in Switzerland, e. g. RIG IV Nrs. 92 (Lingones) and 267 (Leuci). Lingones were a Celtic tribe that originally lived in Gaul in the area of the headwaters of the Seine and Marne rivers A sword dating to the La Tène period was found in Port near Bienne, its blade inscribed with KORICIOC (Korisos), probably the name of the smith. The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site Port is a municipality in the canton of Bern in Switzerland, located in the district of Nidau. The most notable inscription found in Helvetic parts is the Berne Zinc tablet, inscribed ΔΟΒΝΟΡΗΔΟ ΓΟΒΑΝΟ ΒΡΕΝΟΔΩΡ ΝΑΝΤΑΡΩΡ, and apparently dedicated to Gobannus, the Celtic god of smithcraft. The Helvetii were a Celtic tribe and the main occupants of the Swiss plateau in the 1st century BC The Berne Zinc tablet (also Gobannus tablet) was found in the 1980s in Berne. Gobannus (or Gobannos, the Gaulish form was a Gallo-Roman god whose name denoting "the smith" is normally taken to identify him as Patron Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Metalworking is craft and practice of working with Metals to create individual parts assemblies or large scale structures Caesar relates that census accounts written in the Greek alphabet were found among the Helvetii.

Notes

References

• Delamarre, X. (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise (2nd ed. ). Paris: Editions Errance. ISBN 2-87772-237-6
• Lambert, Pierre-Yves (2003) La langue gauloise (2nd ed. ) Paris: Editions Errance. ISBN 2-87772-224-4
• Lejeune, Michel (1971). Lepontica (Monographies linguistiques, 1). Paris: Société d’edition “les Belles Lettres”
• Meid, Wolfgang (1994) Gaulish Inscriptions. Budapest: Archaeolingua. ISBN 963-8046-06-6
• Recueil des inscriptions gauloises (XLVe supplément à «GALLIA»), ed. Paul-Marie Duval et al. 4 vols. Paris: CNRS, 1985-2002. ISBN 2-271-05844-9
• Russell, Paul. An Introduction to the Celtic Languages. London: Longman, 1995.
• Solinas, Patrizia (1995). ‘Il celtico in Italia’. Studi Etruschi 60:311-408

See also

• Languages of France
• Eluveitie, heavy metal band who use Gaulish in their lyrics

External links

• L.A. Curchin, "Gaulish language"
• Gaulish language on TIED
• The Coligny Calendar
• All Saints Day: Coligny Calendar
• two sample inscriptions on TITUS
• Langues et écriture en Gaule Romaine by Hélène Chew of the Musée des Antiquités Nationales (in French)