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Gastropod
Fossil range: Late Cambrian - Recent
Marine gastropod Cypraea chinensis
Marine gastropod Cypraea chinensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Cuvier, 1797
Subclasses

Eogastropoda (True Limpets and relatives)
Orthogastropoda

The class Gastropoda or the gastropods, also previously known as gasteropods, or univalves, and more commonly known as snails, are the most diversified class belonging to the phylum of mollusks, with 60,000-75,000 known living species. The Cambrian is a geologic period and system that began about Ma (million years ago at the end of the Proterozoic eon and ended about Ma with Molluscs are animals belonging to the phylum Mollusca. There are around 250000 extant Species within the phylum with an estimated 70000 Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier ( August 23 1769 &ndash May 13, 1832) was a French naturalist Eogastropoda is a Taxonomic category It is one of the two great divisions (subclasses of the class Gastropoda, the Snails The other subclass Orthogastropoda is one of two major Taxonomic groupings of snails and slugs an extremely large Subclass within the huge class Gastropoda. A class is the Taxonomic rank in the Biological classification of organisms in Biology below phylum and above order. The word snail is a Common name that can be used for almost all members of the Molluscan class Gastropoda which have coiled shells in the A class is the Taxonomic rank in the Biological classification of organisms in Biology below phylum and above order. A phylum ( Plural: phyla) is a Taxonomic rank between Kingdom and above Class. Molluscs are animals belonging to the phylum Mollusca. There are around 250000 extant Species within the phylum with an estimated 70000 In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. This class of animals is second only to insects in its number of known species. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described

The class Gastropoda is striking in its extraordinary diversification of habitats. A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species. Representatives live in gardens, in woodland, in deserts, and on mountains; in small ditches, great rivers and lakes; in estuaries, mudflats, the rocky intertidal, the sandy subtidal, in the abyssal depths of the oceans, and numerous other ecological niches, including parasitic ones. A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. Ecologically a woodland is an area covered in trees differentiated from a Forest. A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak A ditch is usually defined as a small to moderate depression created to channel Water. "Riverine" redirects here For the use of that term in Maritime geography, see there A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the An estuary is a semi-enclosed Coastal body of Water with one or more Rivers or Streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open Mudflats (also tidal flats, tide flats, etc are coastal wetlands that form when mud is deposited by tides or rivers The abyssal zone is the abyssopelagic layer of Pelagic zone that contains the very deep Benthic communities near the bottom of Oceans "Abyss" An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species.

This class includes very large numbers of species of marine snails and sea slugs, as well as freshwater snails and freshwater limpets, and the terrestrial (land) snails and slugs. Marine is an Umbrella term. As an adjective it is usually applicable to things relating to the Sea or Ocean, such as Marine biology, Marine The name Limpet is used for many kinds of mostly saltwater but also freshwater Snails specifically those that have a simple shell which is more or less broadly conical Terrestrial animals are Animals that live predominantly or entirely on land as compared with Aquatic animals which live predominantly or entirely in the water (e Slug is a common non-scientific word which is often applied to any Gastropod mollusk whatsoever that has a very reduced shell a small internal shell

Although the name "snail" can be, and often is, applied to all the members of this class, very commonly the word "snail" is restricted to those species which have an external shell large enough that the soft parts can withdraw completely into it. The gastropod shell is a shell which is part of the body of a gastropod or Snail. Those gastropods without a shell, and those which have only a very reduced or internal shell, are often known as slugs.

The marine shelled species of gastropod include edible species such as abalone, conches, periwinkles, whelks, and numerous other sea snails which have coiled seashells. Abalone (from Spanish Abulón) are medium-sized to very large edible sea Snails marine Gastropod Mollusks in the A conch (pronounced in the USA as "konk" or "konch" ˈkɒŋk or /ˈkɒntʃ/ is one of a number of different Species A whelk is one of several Species of large sea Snails marine Gastropod Mollusks found in temperate waters A seashell, also known as a sea shell, is the Common name for a hard protective outer layer a shell or in some cases a " test " that was created There are also a number of families of species such as all the various limpets, where the shell is coiled only in the larval stage, and is a simple conical structure after that. In Biological classification, family ( Latin The name Limpet is used for many kinds of mostly saltwater but also freshwater Snails specifically those that have a simple shell which is more or less broadly conical A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example

Contents

Distribution

The gastropods have a worldwide distribution, in the seas and oceans, in brackish water, in freshwater and on land, from the near Arctic and Antarctic zones to the tropics.

Habitat

The gastropods have become adapted to almost every kind of existence on earth, having colonized every medium available except the air. In habitats where there is not enough calcium carbonate to build a really solid shell, such as on some acidic soils on land, one can find various species of slugs, and also some snails which have a thin translucent shell, mostly or entirely composed of protein. Calcium carbonate is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ca[[Carbon C]] O 3

Snails such as Sphincterochila boissieri and Trochoidea seetzenii have adapted to desert conditions, others to an existence in ditches, near deepwater hydrothermal vents, the pounding surf of rocky shores, caves, and many other diverse areas.

Description

Drawing of a male prosobranch gastropodlight yellow - bodybrown - shell and operculumgreen - digestive systemlight violet - gillsyellow - osphradiumred - heartpink - dark violet - 1. foot 2. pleural ganglion 3. pneumostome 4. upper commissura 5. osphradium 6. gills 7. ? ganglion 8. atrium of heart 9. visceral ganglion 10. ventricle 11. foot 12. operculum 13. brain 14. mouth 15. tentacle 16. eye 17. tentacle 18. ? 19. pedal ganglion 20. lower commissura 21. ? 22. pallial cavity / mantle cavity / respiratory cavity 23. parietal ganglion 24. anus 25. hepatopancreas 26. vas deferens 27. rectum 28. nephridium
Drawing of a male prosobranch gastropod
light yellow - body
brown - shell and operculum
green - digestive system
light violet - gills
yellow - osphradium
red - heart
pink -
dark violet -
1. The gastropod shell is a shell which is part of the body of a gastropod or Snail. The operculum, meaning little lid (plural opercula or operculums is a corneous or Calcareous structure which exists in some groups of marine freshwater and land A gill is an anatomical structure found in many aquatic organisms The osphradium is the Olfactory organ in certain Molluscs, linked with the respiration organ foot
2. pleural ganglion
3. pneumostome
4. pneumostome is a feature (the respiratory opening of the external body anatomy of an air-breathing land slug or land snail upper commissura
5. osphradium
6. The osphradium is the Olfactory organ in certain Molluscs, linked with the respiration organ gills
7. A gill is an anatomical structure found in many aquatic organisms  ? ganglion
8. atrium of heart
9. visceral ganglion
10. ventricle
11. foot
12. operculum
13. The operculum, meaning little lid (plural opercula or operculums is a corneous or Calcareous structure which exists in some groups of marine freshwater and land brain
14. mouth
15. tentacle
16. eye
17. tentacle
18.  ?
19. pedal ganglion
20. lower commissura
21.  ?
22. pallial cavity / mantle cavity / respiratory cavity
23. The mantle is an important part of the anatomy of Molluscs It is the dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass parietal ganglion
24. anus
25. hepatopancreas
26. The hepatopancreas is an organ of the Digestive tract of Arthropods Gastropods and Fish. vas deferens
27. The vas deferens (plural vasa deferentia also called ductus deferens, ( Latin: "carrying-away vessel" is part of the Male Anatomy rectum
28. The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the Large intestine in some Mammals nephridium
Anatomy of a common snail
Anatomy of a common snail
Main article: Gastropod shell

Snails are distinguished by torsion, a process where the visceral mass of the animal rotates 180º to one side during development, such that the anus is situated more or less above the head. Nephridia are invertebrate organs which function similarly to Kidneys They remove Metabolic wastes from an animal's body The gastropod shell is a shell which is part of the body of a gastropod or Snail. Torsion is a Gastropod Synapomorphy which occurs in all gastropods during Larval development (This process is unrelated to the coiling of the shell, which is a separate phenomenon. ) Torsion is present in all gastropods, but the opisthobranch gastropods are secondarily de-torted. However, this "rotation hypothesis" is being challenged by the "asymmetry hypothesis" in which the gastropod mantle cavity originated from one side only of a bilateral set of mantle cavities [1]

Gastropods typically have a well-defined head with two or four sensory tentacles, and a ventral foot, which gives them their name (Greek gaster, stomach, and poda, feet). In Anatomy, the head of an Animal is the Rostral part (from Anatomical position that usually comprises the Brain, Eyes Tentacles can refer to the elongated flexible organs that are present in some animals especially Invertebrates and sometimes to the hairs of the leaves of some insectivorous Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following The foot is an Anatomical structure found in many Animals It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows Locomotion. The eyes that may be present at the tip of the tentacles range from simple ocelli that cannot project an image (simply distinguishing light and dark), to more complex pit and even lens eyes [2]. An ocellus (plural ocelli) is a type of Photoreceptor organ in animals The larval shell of a gastropod is called a protoconch. A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell is an Embryonic or Larval shell of some classes of Molluscs e

The shell of Zonitoides nitidus, a small land snail, has dextral coiling, which is typical of gastropod shells, but which is not universally found. Upper image: dorsal view of the shell, showing the apex Central image: lateral view showing the spire and aperture of the shell Lower image: basal view showing the umbilicus
The shell of Zonitoides nitidus, a small land snail, has dextral coiling, which is typical of gastropod shells, but which is not universally found. The gastropod shell is a shell which is part of the body of a gastropod or Snail. Zonitoides nitidus is Species of small air-breathing land Snail, a Terrestrial Pulmonate Gastropod Mollusk
Upper image: dorsal view of the shell, showing the apex
Central image: lateral view showing the spire and aperture of the shell
Lower image: basal view showing the umbilicus

Most members have a shell, which is in one piece and is typically coiled or spiraled. The gastropod shell is a shell which is part of the body of a gastropod or Snail. This coiled shell usually opens on the right hand side (as viewed with the shell apex pointing upward). Several species have an operculum which in many species is a sort of a trapdoor to close the shell. The operculum, meaning little lid (plural opercula or operculums is a corneous or Calcareous structure which exists in some groups of marine freshwater and land This is usually made of a horn-like material, but in some molluscs it is calcareous. In the land slugs, the shell is reduced or absent, and the body is streamlined.

Some of the more familiar and better-known gastropods are terrestrial (the land snails and slugs), but more than two thirds of all named species live in a marine environment. Marine gastropods include some that are herbivores, detritus feeders, predatory carnivores, scavengers, parasites, and also a few ciliary feeders, in which the radula is reduced or absent. Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell In Biology, detritus is non-living particulate organic material (as opposed to dissolved organic material A carnivore (ˈkɑrnɪvɔər meaning 'meat eater' ( Latin carne meaning 'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour' is any animal with a diet consisting Scavenging, or necrophagy, is a Carnivorous Feeding behaviour in which a predator consumes Corpses or Carrion that were killed Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. The radula is a toothed Chitinous ribbon typically used for scraping cutting and chewing food before it enters the Esophagus. In some species which have evolved into endoparasites, such as Parenteroxenos doglieli, many of the standard gastropod features are strongly reduced or absent.

The radula of a gastropod is usually adapted to the food that a species eats. The radula is a toothed Chitinous ribbon typically used for scraping cutting and chewing food before it enters the Esophagus. The simplest gastropods are the limpets and abalones, herbivores that use their hard radulas to rasp at seaweeds on rocks. The name Limpet is used for many kinds of mostly saltwater but also freshwater Snails specifically those that have a simple shell which is more or less broadly conical Abalone (from Spanish Abulón) are medium-sized to very large edible sea Snails marine Gastropod Mollusks in the Seaweed is a loose colloquial term encompassing macroscopic Multicellular, benthic marine Algae.

Many marine gastropods are burrowers, and have soft siphons or tubes that extend from the mantle. The mantle is an important part of the anatomy of Molluscs It is the dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass Sometimes the shell has a siphonal canal to accommodate this structure. In some sea Snails ( marine Gastropod Molluscs in the Infraorder Neogastropoda) the animal has an anterior extension of the A siphon enables the animal to draw a small flow of water into their bodies. The siphon is used primarily to "taste" the water, in order to detect prey from a distance. Gastropods with siphons tend to be either predators or scavengers.

Almost all marine gastropods breathe with gills, but many freshwater species, and the majority of terrestrial species, have a pallial lung. A gill is an anatomical structure found in many aquatic organisms lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive The gastropods which have a lung all belong to one group with common descent, the Pulmonata, however, the gastropods with gills are paraphyletic. In Phylogenetics, a group of organisms is said to be paraphyletic if the group contains its most recent common ancestor but does not contain all The respiratory protein in almost all gastropods is hemocyanin, but a pulmonate family Planorbidae have hemoglobin as respiratory protein. Hemocyanins (also spelled haemocyanins) are respiratory Proteins in the form of Metalloproteins containing two Copper atoms that reversibly Planorbidae, or ram's-horn shells is a family of freshwater Gastropods Type genus Planorbis Müller, 1773 is the Type Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the Iron -containing Oxygen -transport Metalloprotein

Some sea slugs are brightly coloured, either as a warning, if they are poisonous or contain stinging cells, or to camouflage them on the hydroids, sponges and seaweeds on which many of the species are found. An opisthobranch (ō-pĭsʹthə-brăngk is any member of the very large and diverse group of rather specialized highly evolved marine slugs and snails ( marine Gastropod Camouflage is a method of cryptic or concealing coloration that allows an otherwise visible Organism

In one large group of sea slugs, the gills are arranged as a rosette of feathery plumes on their backs, which gives rise to their other name, nudibranchs. A nudibranch (pronounced (BrE or (AmE is a member of one Suborder of soft-bodied shell-less marine Opisthobranch Gastropod Mollusks Some nudibranchs have smooth or warty backs and have no visible gill mechanism, such that respiration may likely take place directly through the skin.

A few sea slugs are herbivores and some are carnivores. Many have distinct dietary preferences and regularly occur in close association with their food species.

Geological history

Fossil gastropod and attached mytilid bivalves on a Jurassic limestone bedding plane in southern Israel.
Fossil gastropod and attached mytilid bivalves on a Jurassic limestone bedding plane in southern Israel. Bivalves are Molluscs belonging to the class Bivalvia. They have two-part shells and typically both valves are symmetrical along the hinge line For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.
Helix aspersa: a European pulmonate land snail which has commonly been accidentally introduced in many countries throughout the world.
Helix aspersa: a European pulmonate land snail which has commonly been accidentally introduced in many countries throughout the world. Helix aspersa, Common name the garden snail; has two recent synonyms Cornu aspersum and Cantareus aspersus
See also: Evolution of Gastropoda and :fr:Gastropoda (classification phylogénétique)

The first gastropods were exclusively marine, with the earliest representatives of the group appearing in the Late Cambrian (Chippewaella, Strepsodiscus). The Furongian (which represented approximately the old notions of Late Cambrian, Merioneth, Croixian, or Potsdamian) is the third and final Chippewaella patellitheca is a very primitive snail-like Mollusc from the Late Cambrian. Strepsodiscus is a very primitive snail-like mollusc from the Early Late Cambrian ( Dresbachian Age of North America Early Cambrian forms like Helcionella and Scenella are no longer considered gastropods, and the tiny coiled Aldanella of earliest Cambrian time is probably not even a mollusk. The Cambrian is a geologic period and system that began about Ma (million years ago at the end of the Proterozoic eon and ended about Ma with Scenella is an Extinct Genus of Mollusk that lived from the Cambrian to the Ordovician. By the Ordovician period the gastropods were a varied group present in a range of aquatic habitats. The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six of the Paleozoic era, and covers the time between 488 Commonly, fossil gastropods from the rocks of the early Palaeozoic era are too poorly preserved for accurate identification. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. The Paleozoic or Palaeozoic Era (from the Greek palaio (παλαιο "old" and zoe (ζωη "life" meaning "ancient life" Still, the Silurian genus Poleumita contains fifteen identified species. The Silurian is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Ordovician period about 443 &dagger Poleumita is an extinct Genus of medium-sized sea Snails Fossil marine Gastropods in the subclass Eogastropoda Fossil gastropods are less common during the Palaeozoic era than bivalves. Bivalves are Molluscs belonging to the class Bivalvia. They have two-part shells and typically both valves are symmetrical along the hinge line

Most of the gastropods of the Palaeozoic era belong to primitive groups, a few of which still survive today. By the Carboniferous period many of the shapes we see in living gastropods can be matched in the fossil record, but despite these similarities in appearance the majority of these older forms are not directly related to living forms. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 It was during the Mesozoic era that the ancestors of many of the living gastropods evolved. The Mesozoic Era is one of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic eon.

One of the earliest known terrestrial (land-dwelling) gastropods is Maturipupa which is found in the Coal Measures of the Carboniferous period in Europe, but relatives of the modern land snails are rare before the Cretaceous period when the familiar Helix first appeared. The Coal Measures is a lithostratigraphical term used mainly in the British Isles for the coal-bearing part of the Upper Carboniferous System The Cretaceous (kriːˈteɪʃəs, usually abbreviated 'K' for its German translation "Kreide" is a geologic period and system, reaching from the end of Helix is a Genus of terrestrial pulmonate Snails native to Europe and the regions around the Mediterranean Sea.

Cepaea nemoralis: another European pulmonate land snail which has been introduced to many other countries.
Cepaea nemoralis: another European pulmonate land snail which has been introduced to many other countries. The grove snail or brown-lipped snail ( Cepaea nemoralis) is one of the most common species of land Snail in Europe

In rocks of the Mesozoic era gastropods are slightly more common as fossils, their shells are often well preserved. Their fossils occur in beds which were deposited in both freshwater and marine environments. The "Purbeck Marble" of the Jurassic period and the "Sussex Marble" of the early Cretaceous period which both occur in southern England are limestones containing the tightly packed remains of the pond snail Viviparus. The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that extends from about Ma (million years ago to  Ma that is from the end of the Triassic to the beginning England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Viviparus, Common name river snails is a Genus of large freshwater Snails with an operculum, Aquatic Gastropod

Rocks of the Cenozoic era yield very large numbers of gastropod fossils, many of these fossils being closely related to modern living forms. The Cenozoic (also Caenozoic or Cainozoic) Era (ˌsiːnəˈzoʊɪk/ /ˌsɛn- (meaning "new life" ( Greek ( kainos) "new" The diversity of the gastropods increased markedly at the beginning of this era, along with that of the bivalves.

Certain trail-like markings preserved in ancient sedimentary rocks are thought to have been made by gastropods crawling over the soft mud and sand. Although these trails are of debatable origin, some of them do resemble the trails made by living gastropods today.

Gastropod fossils may sometimes be confused with ammonites or other shelled cephalopods. Ammonites are an extinct group of marine animals of the subclass Ammonoidea in the class Cephalopoda phylum The cephalopods ( Greek plural (kephalópoda "head-feet" are the Mollusc class Cephalopoda characterized by An example of this is Bellerophon from the limestones of the Carboniferous period in Europe, the shell of which is planispirally coiled and can be mistaken for the shell of a cephalopod. Bellerophon is a Genus of Extinct, mostly Paleozoic sea Snail. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359

Gastropods are one of the groups that record the changes in fauna caused by the advance and retreat of the Ice Sheets during the Pleistocene epoch. The Pleistocene ('plaɪstəsin is the epoch from 18 million to 10000 years BP covering the world's recent period

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of the Gastropoda is under constant revision, and more and more of the old taxonomy is being abandoned as the results of DNA studies slowly become clearer. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Nevertheless some of the older terms such as "opisthobranch" and "prosobranch" are still being used in a descriptive way.

The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as shown in various texts can differ in major ways, and on-going revisions of the higher taxonomic levels are to be expected in the near future.

In the older classification there were four subclasses:

According to newer insights based on DNA sequencing, (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997), the taxonomy of the Gastropoda must be rewritten in terms of strictly monophyletic groups. The Pulmonata or "pulmonates" are an order (once a Subclass) of Snails and Slugs that have developed a pallial Lung David R Lindberg is an American malacologist and professor of Integrative biology at the University of California Berkeley. A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor Integrating these findings into a working taxonomy will continue to be a challenge in the coming years. Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification The word comes from the Greek, taxis (meaning 'order' 'arrangement' and, nomos At present, it is impossible to give a classification of the Gastropoda that has consistent ranks and also reflects current usage.

Convergent evolution, which appears to exist at especially high frequency within the class Gastropoda, may account for the observed differences between the phylogenies which are obtained from morphological data and the more recent studies based on gene sequences.

New changes in systematics have been made by (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). [3][4], resulting in a new taxonomy that is a step closer to the evolutionary history of phyla.

Malacologists currently make do with classifications that are hybrids of the latest existing taxonomy and later revisions published in scientific journals. In the past, the taxonomy of gastropods was largely based on morphological characters of the taxa. The recent advances are more based on molecular characters through research of DNA and RNA. This has made the taxonomical ranks and their hierarchy controversial. The debate about these issues is not likely to end soon.

Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)

This new taxonomy has tried to reconcile these recent advances by using unranked clades for taxa above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks suborder, order, superorder and subclass), while using the traditional Linnaean approach for all taxa below the rank of superfamily. The new Gastropod Taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005 (in collaboration with J A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor Whenever monophyly has not been tested or is known to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic, the term "group" or "informal group" has been used. The classification of families into subfamilies is often not well resolved and should be regarded as the best possible hypothesis.

Proposed classification

For an even more recent taxonomic scheme please see Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)

Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797 Incertæ sedis

Subclass Eogastropoda Ponder & Lindberg, 1996 (earlier: Prosobranchia)

Limpets in the intertidal zone in Cornwall, England.
Limpets in the intertidal zone in Cornwall, England. The new Gastropod Taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005 (in collaboration with J Baron Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert Cuvier ( August 23 1769 &ndash May 13, 1832) was a French naturalist Eogastropoda is a Taxonomic category It is one of the two great divisions (subclasses of the class Gastropoda, the Snails The other subclass Prosobranchiagif|thumb|The shell of a Harpa species a prosobranch gastropod]] Prosobranchia used to be a large Taxonomic Subclass of Snails The name Limpet is used for many kinds of mostly saltwater but also freshwater Snails specifically those that have a simple shell which is more or less broadly conical David R Lindberg is an American malacologist and professor of Integrative biology at the University of California Berkeley. Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar

Subclass Orthogastropoda Ponder & Lindberg, 1996 (earlier Prosobranchia, Opisthobranchia)
 Incertæ sedis

Superorder Cocculiniformia Haszprunar, 1987

Superorder ‘Hot Vent Taxa' Ponder & Lindberg, 1997

Superorder Vetigastropoda Salvini-Plawen, 1989 (limpets)

Archaeogastropod from the Pliocene of Cyprus. A serpulid worm is attached.
Archaeogastropod from the Pliocene of Cyprus. Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, as he is known in Europe ( October 22 1783 - September 18 1840) was a nineteenth-century For the 19th century chemist by the same name see Johannes Thiele (chemist. Orthogastropoda is one of two major Taxonomic groupings of snails and slugs an extremely large Subclass within the huge class Gastropoda. Prosobranchiagif|thumb|The shell of a Harpa species a prosobranch gastropod]] Prosobranchia used to be a large Taxonomic Subclass of Snails An opisthobranch (ō-pĭsʹthə-brăngk is any member of the very large and diverse group of rather specialized highly evolved marine slugs and snails ( marine Gastropod Cocculiniformia is a Superorder, a Taxonomic grouping of sea Snails specifically deepwater Limpets a Gastropod Mollusk Cocculinoidea is a Taxonomic grouping of sea Snails deepwater Limpets This is a Gastropod Superfamily in the Infraclass William Healey Dall, ( August 21, 1845 - March 27, 1927) was a great American naturalist and a prominent malacologist Lepetelloidea is a Taxonomic grouping of sea Snails deepwater Limpets This is a Gastropod Superfamily in the clade Vetigastropoda William Healey Dall, ( August 21, 1845 - March 27, 1927) was a great American naturalist and a prominent malacologist Neomphalidae is a Taxonomic family of sea Snails or Limpets specifically deepsea Hydrothermal vent Rift limpets in The Pliocene epoch (spelled Pleiocene in some older texts is the period in the Geologic timescale that extends Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía A serpulid worm is attached.

Superorder Neritaemorphi Koken, 1896

Superorder Caenogastropoda Cox, 1960

Superorder Heterobranchia J.E. Gray, 1840

Cochlodina laminata from the family Clausiliidae or door snails, a small land pulmonate which has a sinistral or left-handed shell, on the trunk of a tree, in woodland, England
Cochlodina laminata from the family Clausiliidae or door snails, a small land pulmonate which has a sinistral or left-handed shell, on the trunk of a tree, in woodland, England

Other extant classes of the Mollusca are Bivalvia, Scaphopoda, Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Monoplacophora and Cephalopoda. Bivalves are Molluscs belonging to the class Bivalvia. They have two-part shells and typically both valves are symmetrical along the hinge line The tusk shells or scaphopods are a class of marine Mollusks which vary in size from very small to medium sized Chitons are small to large primitive marine Mollusks in the class Polyplacophora. Monoplacophora, meaning “bearing one plate” is a class of shelled Mollusks These organisms were known only from the Fossil record ranging from the The cephalopods ( Greek plural (kephalópoda "head-feet" are the Mollusc class Cephalopoda characterized by

Footnotes

  1. ^ Louise R. Page (2006). "Modern insights on gastropod development: Reevaluation of the evolution of a novel body plan". Integrative and Comparative Biology 46 (2).  
  2. ^ Götting, Klaus-Jürgen (1994). "Schnecken", in Becker, U. , Ganter, S. , Just, C. & Sauermost, R. : Lexikon der Biologie. Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. ISBN 3-86025-156-2.  
  3. ^ Bouchet, P. ; Rocroi, J. -P. (Ed. ); Frýda,J. ; Hausdorf,B. ; Ponder, W. ; Valdes, A. ; Warén, A. (2005). Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia: International Journal of Malacology, 47(1-2). ConchBooks: Hackenheim, Germany. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. 397 pp. http://www.vliz.be/Vmdcdata/imis2/ref.php?refid=78278
  4. ^ Poppe G. T. & Tagaro S. P. 2006. The new classification of Gastropods according to Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005. Visaya, février 2006: 10 pp. http://www.journal-malaco.fr/bouchet&rocroi_2005_Visaya.pdf

Bibliographic References

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