The digestive tract (also known as the alimentary canal) is the system of organs within multicellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. In Biology, an organ ( Latin: organum, "instrument tool" from Greek όργανον - organon "organ instrument Multicellular organisms are Organisms consisting of more than one cell, and having Differentiated cells that perform specialized functions Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed A nutrient is food or chemicals that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism's metabolism which must be taken in from its environment The major functions of the GI tract are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. Ingestion is the consumption of a substance by an Organism. In Animals it normally is accomplished by taking in the substance through the Mouth into the Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed Defecation is the final act of Digestion by which organisms eliminate solid semisolid or liquid Waste material ( Faeces) from the Digestive tract

The GI tract differs substantially from animal to animal. Some animals have multi-chambered stomachs, while some animals' stomachs contain a single chamber. In a normal human adult male, the GI tract is approximately 6. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus 5 meters (20 feet) long and consists of the upper and lower GI tracts. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The tract may also be divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut, reflecting the embryological origin of each segment of the tract. The foregut is the anterior part of the Alimentary canal, from the Mouth to the Duodenum at the entrance of the Bile duct. The midgut is the portion of the Embryo from which most of the Intestines are derived The Hindgut (or epigaster) is the Posterior ( Caudal) part of the Alimentary canal. Embryology (from Greek grc ἔμβρυον embryon, "unborn embryo" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the development ^[1]

Contents 1 Upper gastrointestinal tract 2 Lower gastrointestinal tract 3 Accessory organs 4 Embryology 5 Physiology 5.1 Specialization of organs 6 Pathology 7 Immune function 8 Histology 8.1 Mucosa 8.2 Submucosa 8.3 Muscularis externa 8.4 Adventitia 9 Uses of animal gut by humans 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links

Upper gastrointestinal tract

The upper GI tract consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. The mouth, buccal cavity, or oral cavity is the first portion of the Alimentary canal that receives food and begins digestion by mechanically breaking up The pharynx (plural pharynges) is the part of the Neck and Throat situated immediately Posterior to (behind the Mouth and Nasal The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following

• The mouth contains the buccal mucosa, which contains the openings of the salivary glands; the tongue; and the tooth. Buccal mucosa is Mucous membrane of the inside of the Cheek. It is non-keratinised and is continuous with the mucosae of the soft palate under surface of tongue and The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva The tongue is the large bundle of Skeletal muscles on the floor of the Mouth that manipulates Food for chewing and swallowing (deglutition
• Behind the mouth lies the pharynx, which leads to a hollow muscular tube, the esophagus. The pharynx (plural pharynges) is the part of the Neck and Throat situated immediately Posterior to (behind the Mouth and Nasal The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in
• Peristalsis takes place, which is the contraction of muscles to propel the food down the esophagus which extends through the chest and pierces the diaphragm to reach the stomach. In the Esophagus After food is chewed into a bolus it is swallowed to move it into the esophagus

Lower gastrointestinal tract

The lower GI tract comprises the intestines and anus.

• Bowel or intestine
  • Small intestine, which has three parts:
    • Duodenum
    • Jejunum
    • Ileum
  • Large intestine, which has three parts:
    • Cecum (the vermiform appendix is attached to the cecum). In Anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the alimentary canal extending from the Stomach to the Anus and in humans and other mammals consists In Biology the small Intestine is the part of the Gastrointestinal tract (gut between the Stomach and the Large intestine, and comprises In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm (10-12 in long connecting the Stomach to the Jejunum In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the Small intestine and lies between the Duodenum and In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the ileum is the final section of the Small intestine. The large intestine is the last part of the Digestive system: the final stage of the Alimentary canal in Vertebrate Animals Its function is to The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning Blind) is a pouch connected to the Ascending colon of the Large In Human anatomy, the appendix (or vermiform appendix; also cecal (or caecal appendix; also vermix) is a blind ended tube connected to the
    • Colon (ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid flexure)
    • Rectum
• Anus

Accessory organs

Accessory organs to the alimentary canal include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The colon is a storage tube for solid wastes The main function of the colon appears to be extraction of Water and salts from Feces. The ascending colon is smaller in caliber than the Cecum, with which it is continuous The transverse colon the longest and most movable part of the colon, passes with a downward convexity from the right Hypochondrium region across the abdomen opposite The descending colon of humans passes downward through the left Hypochondrium and lumbar regions along the lateral border of the left Kidney. The sigmoid colon ( pelvic colon; sigmoid flexure) forms a loop which averages about 40 cm The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the Large intestine in some Mammals The anus is an opening at the opposite end of an Animal 's Digestive tract from the Mouth. The liver secretes bile into the small intestine via the biliary system, employing the gallbladder as a reservoir. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Bile or gall is a bitter yellow or green Alkaline fluid secreted by Hepatocytes from the Liver of most Vertebrates In many species A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry Bile. The gallbladder (or cholecyst sometimes gall bladder is a small organ whose function in the body is to store Bile and aid in the digestive process Apart from storing and concentrating bile, the gallbladder has no other specific function. The pancreas secretes an isosmotic fluid containing bicarbonate and several enzymes, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and pancreatic amylase, as well as nucleolytic enzymes (deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease), into the small intestine. The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. In Inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate ( IUPAC -recommended nomenclature hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the Deprotonation Trypsin ( is a Serine protease found in the Digestive system, where it breaks down Proteins Trypsin predominantly cleaves peptide chains at the carboxyl Chymotrypsin (bovine γ chymotrypsin,) is a digestive enzyme that can perform Proteolysis. A lipase is a Water-soluble Enzyme that Catalyzes the Hydrolysis of Ester bonds in water–insoluble Lipid Amylase is an Enzyme that breaks Starch down into Sugar. Amylase is present in human Saliva, where it begins the chemical process A deoxyribonuclease ( DNase, for short is any Enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA Ribonuclease, abbreviated commonly as RNase, is a Nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components Both of these secretory organs aid in digestion. Secretion is the process of segregating elaborating and releasing chemicals from a cell, or a secreted Chemical substance or amount of substance Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed

Embryology

The gut is an endoderm-derived structure. Endoderm, (sometimes called Entoderm) is one of the Germ layers formed during animal Embryogenesis. At approximately the 16th day of human development, the embryo begins to fold ventrally (with the embryo's ventral surface becoming concave) in two directions: the sides of the embryo fold in on each other and the head and tail fold towards one another. The result is that a piece of the yolk sac, an endoderm-lined structure in contact with the ventral aspect of the embryo, begins to be pinched off to become the primitive gut. The yolk sac is the first element seen in the Gestational sac during Pregnancy, usually at 5 weeks Gestation. Endoderm, (sometimes called Entoderm) is one of the Germ layers formed during animal Embryogenesis. The yolk sac remains connected to the gut tube via the vitelline duct. At the end of the fourth week the Yolk-sac presents the appearance of a small pear-shaped vesicle (umbilical vesicle opening into the digestive tube by a long narrow tube the vitelline Usually this structure regresses during development; in cases where it does not, it is known as Meckel's diverticulum. A Meckel's diverticulum, a true Congenital Diverticulum, is a small bulge in the small intestine present at birth

During fetal life, the primitive gut can be divided into three segments: foregut, midgut, and hindgut. The foregut is the anterior part of the Alimentary canal, from the Mouth to the Duodenum at the entrance of the Bile duct. The midgut is the portion of the Embryo from which most of the Intestines are derived The Hindgut (or epigaster) is the Posterior ( Caudal) part of the Alimentary canal. Although these terms are often used in reference to segments of the primitive gut, they are nevertheless used regularly to describe components of the definitive gut as well.

Each segment of the primitive gut gives rise to specific gut and gut-related structures in the adult. Components derived from the gut proper, including the stomach and colon, develop as swellings or dilatations of the primitive gut. In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following The colon is a storage tube for solid wastes The main function of the colon appears to be extraction of Water and salts from Feces. In contrast, gut-related derivatives—that is, those structures that derive from the primitive gut but are not part of the gut proper—in general develop as outpouchings of the primitive gut. The blood vessels supplying these structures remain constant throughout development. ^[2]

part	age in adult	Gives rise to	Arterial supply
foregut	the pharynx, to the upper duodenum	pharynx, esophagus, stomach, upper duodenum, respiratory tract (including the lungs), liver, gallbladder, and pancreas	branches of the celiac artery
midgut	lower duodenum, to the first two-thirds of the transverse colon	lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and first two-thirds of the transverse colon	branches of the superior mesenteric artery
hindgut	last third of the transverse colon, to the upper part of the anal canal	last third of the transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, and upper part of the anal canal	branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

Physiology

Specialization of organs

Four organs are subject to specialization in the kingdom Animalia. The foregut is the anterior part of the Alimentary canal, from the Mouth to the Duodenum at the entrance of the Bile duct. The pharynx (plural pharynges) is the part of the Neck and Throat situated immediately Posterior to (behind the Mouth and Nasal In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm (10-12 in long connecting the Stomach to the Jejunum The pharynx (plural pharynges) is the part of the Neck and Throat situated immediately Posterior to (behind the Mouth and Nasal The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25-30 cm (10-12 in long connecting the Stomach to the Jejunum In humans the respiratory tract is the part of the Anatomy that has to do with the process of respiration. lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The gallbladder (or cholecyst sometimes gall bladder is a small organ whose function in the body is to store Bile and aid in the digestive process The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. The celiac artery, also known as the celiac trunk and also spelled as coeliac, is the first major branch of the Abdominal aorta and branches from the aorta The midgut is the portion of the Embryo from which most of the Intestines are derived In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the jejunum is the central of the three divisions of the Small intestine and lies between the Duodenum and In Anatomy of the Digestive system, the ileum is the final section of the Small intestine. The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning Blind) is a pouch connected to the Ascending colon of the Large The ascending colon is smaller in caliber than the Cecum, with which it is continuous The transverse colon the longest and most movable part of the colon, passes with a downward convexity from the right Hypochondrium region across the abdomen opposite See also Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome In Human anatomy, the superior mesenteric artery (SMA arises from the anterior surface of the Abdominal aorta The Hindgut (or epigaster) is the Posterior ( Caudal) part of the Alimentary canal. The descending colon of humans passes downward through the left Hypochondrium and lumbar regions along the lateral border of the left Kidney. The rectum (from the Latin rectum intestinum, meaning straight intestine) is the final straight portion of the Large intestine in some Mammals The anal canal is the terminal part of the Large intestine. It is situated between the Rectum and Anus, below the level of the Pelvic diaphragm In Human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric artery, often abbreviated as IMA, supplies the Large intestine from the left colic (or splenic flexure

• The first organ is the tongue which is only present in the phylum Chordata. The tongue is the large bundle of Skeletal muscles on the floor of the Mouth that manipulates Food for chewing and swallowing (deglutition Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates
• The second organ is the esophagus. The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in The crop is an enlargement of the esophagus in birds, insects and other invertebrates that is used to store food temporarily. A crop (or croup) is a thin-walled expanded portion of the Alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to Digestion that is found in many animals The esophagus or oesophagus (see American and British English spelling differences) sometimes known as the gullet, is an organ in
• The third organ is the stomach. In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following In addition to a glandular stomach (proventriculus), birds have a muscular "stomach" called the ventriculus or "gizzard. " The gizzard is used to mechanically grind up food.
• The fourth organ is the large intestine. The large intestine is the last part of the Digestive system: the final stage of the Alimentary canal in Vertebrate Animals Its function is to An outpouching of the large intestine called the cecum is present in non-ruminant herbivores such as rabbits. The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning Blind) is a pouch connected to the Ascending colon of the Large It aids in digestion of plant material such as cellulose

Pathology

There are a number of diseases and conditions affecting the gastrointestinal system, including:

• Colorectal cancer
• Diverticulitis
• Gastroenteritis, also known as "stomach flu";an inflammation of the stomach and intestines
• Giardiasis
• Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis)
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Pancreatitis

Immune function

The gastrointestinal tract is also a prominent part of the immune system. Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or large bowel cancer, includes Cancerous growths in the colon, Rectum and Diverticulitis is a common Digestive disease particularly found in the Large intestine. Gastroenteritis (also known as gastro, gastric flu, and stomach flu, although unrelated to Influenza) is Inflammation of the Giardiasis — popularly known as beaver fever or backpacker's diarrhea — is a disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Giardia lamblia In Medicine, inflammatory bowel disease ( IBD) is a group of inflammatory conditions of the large intestine and Small intestine Crohn's disease is a Disease of the Digestive system which may affect any part of the Gastrointestinal tract from Mouth to Anus Ulcerative colitis ( Colitis ulcerosa, UC) is a form of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD In Gastroenterology, irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS) is a Functional bowel disorder characterized by mild to severe Abdominal pain, discomfort Pancreatitis is the Inflammation of the Pancreas. See also Acute pancreatitis and Chronic pancreatitis for more details An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor ^[3] The low pH (ranging from 1 to 4) of the stomach is fatal for many microorganisms that enter it. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually Similarly, mucus (containing IgA antibodies) neutralizes many of these microorganisms. In vertebrates mucus is a slippery secretion produced by and covering Mucous membranes It is a viscous Colloid containing Antiseptic enzymes (such as Immunoglobulin A ( IgA) is an Antibody playing a critical role in mucosal immunity Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily Other factors in the GI tract help with immune function as well, including enzymes in the saliva and bile. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins For the band see Saliva (band; for the village in Azerbaijan see Səliva. Bile or gall is a bitter yellow or green Alkaline fluid secreted by Hepatocytes from the Liver of most Vertebrates In many species Enzymes such as Cyp3A4, along with the antiporter activities, are also instrumental in the intestine's role of detoxification of antigens and xenobiotics, such as drugs, involved in first pass metabolism. Enzymes are Biomolecules that catalyze ( ie increase the rates of Chemical reactions Almost all enzymes are Proteins An antigen (from antibody-generating) or immunogen is a substance that prompts the generation of Antibodies and can cause an immune response A xenobiotic is a Chemical which is found in an Organism but which is not normally produced or expected to be present in it The first-pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of Drug metabolism whereby the Concentration Health-enhancing intestinal bacteria serve to prevent the overgrowth of potentially harmful bacteria in the gut. The gut flora are the Microorganisms that normally live in the Digestive tract and can perform a number of useful functions for their hosts The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Microorganisms are also kept at bay by an extensive immune system comprising the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Components Lymphoid tissue in the gut is comprised of the following: Tonsils (Waldeyer's ring Adenoids (Pharyngeal tonsils

Histology

The gastrointestinal tract has a uniform general histology with some differences which reflect the specialization in functional anatomy. ^[4] The GI tract can be divided into 4 concentric layers:

• Mucosa
• Submucosa
• Muscularis externa (the external muscle layer)
• Adventitia or serosa

Mucosa

The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract that is surrounding the lumen, or space within the tube. The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin covered in Epithelium, which are involved in In the Gastrointestinal tract, the submucosa is the layer of Loose connective tissue that supports the Mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk The muscular coat ( muscular layer, muscular fibers, muscularis propria, muscularis externa) is a region of Muscle in many organs Adventitia is the outermost Connective tissue covering of any organ, vessel, or other structure In Anatomy, a serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete Serous fluid This layer comes in direct contact with the food (or bolus), and is responsible for absorption and secretion, important processes in digestion. Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed Secretion is the process of segregating elaborating and releasing chemicals from a cell, or a secreted Chemical substance or amount of substance

The mucosa can be divided into:

• Epithelium
• Lamina propria
• Muscularis mucosae

The mucosae are highly specialized in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract, facing a low pH in the stomach, absorbing a multitude of different substances in the small intestine, and also absorbing specific quantities of water in the large intestine. In biology and medicine epithelium is a tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body The lamina propria is a constituent of the moist linings known as mucous membranes or Mucosa, which line various tubes in the body (such as the respiratory tract the gastrointestinal The lamina muscularis mucosae (or "muscularis mucosa" is the thin layer of Smooth muscle found in most parts of the Gastrointestinal tract, located Reflecting the varying needs of these organs, the structure of the mucosa can consist of invaginations of secretory glands (e. g. , gastric pits), or it can be folded in order to increase surface area (examples include villi and plicae circulares). Gastric pits are indentations in the Stomach which denote entrances to the Glands. Intestinal villi (singular villus) are tiny finger-like projections that come out from the wall of the Small intestine and have additional extensions called microvilli The circular folds ( valves of Kerckring) (also plicae circulares) are large Valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the Bowel.

Submucosa

The submucosa consists of a dense irregular layer of connective tissue with large blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves branching into the mucosa and muscularis. It contains Meissner's plexus, an enteric nervous plexus, situated on the inner surface of the muscularis externa. The nerves of the Small intestines are derived from the plexuses of Parasympathetic nerves around the Superior mesenteric artery. The enteric nervous system ( ENS) is a subdivision of the Peripheral Nervous System, that directly controls the Gastrointestinal system.

Muscularis externa

The muscularis externa consists of an inner circular layer and a longitudinal outer muscular layer. The circular muscle layer prevents the food from going backwards and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract. The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis and propels the bolus, or balled-up food, through the GI tract. In the Esophagus After food is chewed into a bolus it is swallowed to move it into the esophagus Between the two muscle layers are the myenteric or Auerbach's plexus. Part of the Enteric nervous system, Auerbach's Plexus (or myenteric plexus) exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of Muscularis externa

Adventitia

The adventitia consists of several layers of epithelia. Adventitia is the outermost Connective tissue covering of any organ, vessel, or other structure In biology and medicine epithelium is a tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body When the adventitia is facing the mesentery or peritoneal fold, the adventitia is covered by a mesothelium supported by a thin connective tissue layer, together forming a serosa, or serous membrane. In Anatomy, the mesentery is the double layer of Peritoneum that suspends the Jejunum and Ileum from the posterior wall of the Abdomen Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, Muscle, and Nervous tissue) In Anatomy, a serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete Serous fluid

Uses of animal gut by humans

• The stomachs of calves have commonly been used as a source of rennet for making cheese. Rennet (ˈrɛnɪt is a natural complex of enzymes produced in any Mammalian Stomach to digest the mother's milk and often used in the production of Cheese Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation.
• The use of animal gut strings by musicians can be traced back to the third dynasty of Egypt. A string is the vibrating element that is the source of vibration in String instruments such as the Guitar, Harp, Piano, and members Third Dynasty The Third Dynasty of Ancient Egypt is the first dynasty of the Old Kingdom. In the recent past, strings were made out of lamb gut. With the advent of the modern era, musicians have tended to use strings made of silk, or synthetic materials such as nylon or steel. Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons Overview Nylon is a Thermoplastic silky material first used commercially in a nylon- Bristled Toothbrush (1938 followed more famously by Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Some instrumentalists, however, still use gut strings in order to evoke the older tone quality. Although such strings were commonly referred to as "catgut" strings, cats were never used as a source for gut strings. Catgut is the name applied to cord of great toughness and tenacity prepared from the Intestines of the Sheep or Goat, or occasionally from those of the WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic
• Sheep gut was the original source for natural gut string used in racquets, such as for tennis. A racquet (or racket) is a sports implement consisting of a handled frame with an open hoop across which a network of cord is stretched tightly Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) Today, synthetic strings are much more common, but the best strings are now made out of cow gut. Cattle, colloquially referred to as cows, are domesticated Ungulates a member of the Subfamily Bovinae of the family
• Gut cord has also been used to produce strings for the snares which provide the snare drum's characteristic buzzing timbre. The snare drum is a Drum with strands of snares made of curled metal wire metal cable plastic cable or gut cords stretched across the a drumhead typically While the snare drum currently almost always uses metal wire rather than gut cord, the North African bendir frame drum still uses gut for this purpose. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The bendir ( Arabic: بندير; plural banadir, بنادير; also called erbeni or arbani
• "Natural" sausage hulls (or casings) are made of animal gut, especially hog, beef, and lamb. Sausage casing is the material that contains and encloses the filling of a Sausage.
• Animal gut was used to make the cord lines in longcase clocks and for fusee movements in bracket clocks, but may be replaced by metal wire. A longcase clock, also tall-case clock, grandfather clock or floor clock, is a freestanding weight-driven Pendulum clock with the A bracket clock is a style of antique portable table Clock made in the 17th and 18th centuries
• The oldest known condoms, from 1640 CE, were made from animal intestine. A condom is a device most commonly used during Sexual intercourse. ^[5]

See also

• Dysbiosis
• Gastrointestinal hormone
• Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
• Major systems of the human body

Notes

References

• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health. "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation.

External links

• Anatomy atlas of the Digestive System
• Overview at Colorado State University

Colorado State University is a public institution of higher learning located in Fort Collins, Colorado in the United States.

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