Gastroenteritis (also known as gastro, gastric flu, and stomach flu although unrelated to influenza) refers to inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, involving both the stomach and the small intestine (see also gastritis and enteritis) and resulting in acute diarrhea. The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision ( ICD -10) is a coding of diseases and signs symptoms abnormal findings A00-A79 - Bacterial infections and other intestinal infectious diseases and STDs (A00-A09 Intestinal Infectious diseases ( J00-J99 - Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-J06 Acute upper respiratory infections ( Acute Nasopharyngitis ( Common cold) K00-K93 - Diseases of the digestive system (K00-K14 Diseases of oral cavity salivary glands and jaws ( Disorders of Tooth development and Eruption The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD) provides codes to classify Diseases The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. The Diseases Database is a free Website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions Symptoms, and Medications. eMedicine is an online clinical medical knowledge base that was founded in 1996 by Scott Plantz and Richard Lavely two medical doctors Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH) is a huge Controlled vocabulary (or metadata system for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books Inflammation ( Latin, inflamatio, to set on fire is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as Pathogens In Human anatomy, the stomach is a J-shaped hollow muscular organ of the Gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of Digestion, following In Biology the small Intestine is the part of the Gastrointestinal tract (gut between the Stomach and the Large intestine, and comprises Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach There are many possible causes In Medicine, enteritis refers to Inflammation of the Small intestine. In Medicine, an acute disease is a disease with either or both of a rapid onset a short course (as opposed to a chronic course In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea The inflammation is caused most often by infection with certain viruses, less often by bacteria or their toxins, parasites, or adverse reaction to something in the diet or medication. An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. In Medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as Chemotherapy or Surgery. Worldwide, inadequate treatment of gastroenteritis kills 5 to 8 million people per year,^[1] and is a leading cause of death among infants and children under 5. CHILD syndrome (or congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) is a genetic disorder ^[2]

At least 50% of cases of gastroenteritis as foodborne illness are due to norovirus. Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any Illness resulting from the consumption of food Norovirus (was "Norwalk-like viruses" an RNA virus of the Caliciviridae taxonomic family, causes approximately 90% of Epidemic ^[3] Another 20% of cases, and the majority of severe cases in children, are due to rotavirus. Rotavirus is a Genus of Double-stranded RNA virus in the family Reoviridae. Other significant viral agents include adenovirus^[4] and astrovirus. Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90–100 nm) Nonenveloped (naked Icosahedral viruses composed of a nucleocapsid and a double-stranded linear DNA Astrovirus is a type of Virus that infects Mammals and Birds.

Many different bacteria can cause gastroenteritis, including Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium, Escherichia coli, Yersinia, and others. Salmonella is a Genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever This article is about the bacteria For the disease see Shigellosis Shigella is a Genus of Gram-negative Staphylococcus (in Greek σταφυλη staphyle means bunch of grapes and κοκκος coccos means granule is a genus of Gram-positive Campylobacter jejuni is a Species of curved Rod-shaped, non-spore forming Gram-negative Microaerophilic, Bacteria Clostridium is a Genus of Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes. Yersinia is a Genus of bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Some sources of the infection are improperly prepared food, reheated meat dishes, seafood, dairy, and bakery products. Each organism causes slightly different symptoms but all result in diarrhea. Colitis, inflammation of the large intestine, may also be present. Colitis is a chronic digestive disease characterized by Inflammation of the colon.

Risk factors are consumption of improperly prepared foods or contaminated water and travel or residence in areas of poor sanitation. The incidence is 1 in 1,000 people.

Epidemiology

Globally, gastroenteritis caused 4. 6 million deaths in children in 1980 alone, most of these in the developing world,^[5] where the lack of adequate safe water and sewage treatment capacity contribute to the spread of infectious gastroenteritis. Third World is a name given to nations that are generally considered to be underdeveloped economically Water of sufficient quality to serve as drinking water is termed potable water whether it is used for drinking or not Sewage treatment, or domestic wastewater treatment, is the process of removing Contaminants from Wastewater, both Runoff ( Effluents Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine estimates the current total figure to be 2. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine is an American Textbook of Internal medicine. 4 to 2. 9 million per year. ^[1] The global death rate has now come down significantly to approximately 1. 5 million deaths annually, largely due to global introduction of proper oral rehydration therapy. Oral rehydration therapy, (also called ORT, oral rehydration salts or solutions (ORS, oral electrolyte) is a simple cheap and effective ^[6]

The incidence in the developed countries is as high as 1-2. The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors 5 cases per child per year and a major cause of hospitalisation in this age group.

Age, living conditions, hygiene and cultural habits are important factors. Aetiological agents vary depending on the climate. Etiology (alternatively aetiology, aitiology) is the study of causation. Furthermore, most cases of gastroenteritis are seen during the winter in temperate climates and during summer in the tropics. ^[5]

History

Before the 20th century, the term "gastroenteritis" was not commonly used. What would now be diagnosed as gastroenteritis may have instead been diagnosed more specifically as typhoid fever or "cholera morbus", among others, or less specifically as "griping of the guts", "surfeit", "flux", "colic", "bowel complaint", or any one of a number of other archaic names for acute diarrhea. Typhoid fever, also known as enteric fever, bilious fever, Yellow Jack or commonly just typhoid, is an illness caused by the Bacterium ^[7] Historians, genealogists, and other researchers should keep in mind that gastroenteritis was not considered a discrete diagnosis until fairly recently.

Symptoms and signs

It often involves stomach pain or spasms (sometimes to the point of being crippling), diarrhea and/or vomiting, with noninflammatory infection of the upper small bowel, or inflammatory infections of the colon. In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the In Biology the small Intestine is the part of the Gastrointestinal tract (gut between the Stomach and the Large intestine, and comprises The colon is a storage tube for solid wastes The main function of the colon appears to be extraction of Water and salts from Feces. ^[8][5][1][9]

It usually is of acute onset, normally lasting fewer than 10 days and self-limiting. In Medicine, an acute disease is a disease with either or both of a rapid onset a short course (as opposed to a chronic course

• Nausea and vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Loss of appetite
• Abdominal pain
• Abdominal cramps
• Bloody stools (dysentery - suggesting infection by amoeba, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella or some pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli^[4])
• Fainting and Weakness

The main contributing factors include poor feeding in infants. Nausea ( Latin: Nausea, Greek:, " Sea-sickness " also called wamble) is the sensation of unease and discomfort Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood Diarrhea is common, and may be (but not always) followed by vomiting. Viral diarrhea usually causes frequent watery stools, whereas blood stained diarrhea may be indicative of bacterial colitis. Colitis is a chronic digestive disease characterized by Inflammation of the colon. In some cases, even when the stomach is empty, bile can be vomited up. Bile or gall is a bitter yellow or green Alkaline fluid secreted by Hepatocytes from the Liver of most Vertebrates In many species

A child with gastroenteritis may be lethargic, suffer lack of sleep, or run a low fever and have signs of dehydration, which include dry mucous membranes, tachycardia, reduced skin turgor, skin color discoloration, sunken fontanelles and sunken eyeballs and darkened eye circles, glassy eyes,poor perfusion and ultimately shock. Dehydration ( hypohydration) is the removal of Water ( hydro in ancient Greek) from an object ' Turgor pressure' or turgidity is the main pressure of the cell contents against the Cell wall in Plant cells and bacteria cells determined by the water References in Pop Culture The dragon in John Gardner's 1971 novel Grendel makes reference to the fontanele as a mark of the universe's progress In Physiology, perfusion is the process of nutritive delivery of Arterial Blood to a Capillary bed in the Biological tissue.

Symptoms occur for up to 6 days on average. Given appropriate treatment, bowel movements will return to normal within a week after that.

Signs and Tests

• Stool culture positive for the organism that causes the infection
• White blood cells in the stool
• Examination of food for toxin and bacteria

This disease may also alter the results of the following tests:

• Stool gram stain
• Fecal smear

Differential diagnosis

Gastroenteritis viruses: A = rotavirus, B = adenovirus, C = Norovirus and D = Astrovirus. Gram staining (or Gram's method) is an empirical method of differentiating bacterial species into two large groups ( Gram-positive and A stool test is one where fecal matter is collected for analysis to diagnose the presence or absence of a medical condition The virus particles are shown at the same magnification to allow size comparison.

It is important to consider infectious gastroenteritis as a diagnosis per exclusionem. The term diagnosis of exclusion ( per exclusionem) refers to a medical condition whose presence cannot be established with complete confidence from examination or testing A few loose stools and vomiting may be the result of systemic infection such as pneumonia, septicemia, urinary tract infection and even meningitis. An infection is the detrimental Colonization of a host Organism by a foreign Species. Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal Sepsis is a serious medical condition characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state (called a Systemic inflammatory response syndrome or SIRS caused A urinary tract infection ( UTI) is a bacterial Infection that affects any part of the Urinary tract. Meningitis is Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the Brain and Spinal cord, known collectively as the Meninges. Surgical conditions such as appendicitis, intussusception and, rarely, even Hirschsprung's disease may mislead the clinician. Appendicitis (or epityphlitis) is a condition characterized by Inflammation of the appendix. Hirschsprung's disease, or congenital aganglionic megacolon, involves an enlargement of the colon, caused by Bowel obstruction resulting

Non-infectious causes to consider are poisoning with heavy metals (e. g. arsenic, cadmium), seafood (e. Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33 Cadmium (ˈkædmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Cd and Atomic number 48 g. ciguatera, scombroid, toxic encephalopathic shellfish poisoning) or mushrooms (e. Ciguatera is a Foodborne illness poisoning in humans caused by eating Marine species whose flesh is contaminated with a toxin known as Ciguatoxin, Scombroid food poisoning is a foodborne Illness that results from eating spoiled (decayed Fish. g. Amanita phalloides). Amanita phalloides (generally æməˈnaɪtə fəˈlɔɪdiːz commonly known as the death cap, is a poisonous Basidiomycete Fungus, one Secretory tumours (e. g. carcinoid, medullary tumour of the thyroid, vasoactive intestinal peptide-secreting adenomas) and endocrine disorders (e. Carcinoid (also carcinoid tumour or carcinoid tumor) is a slow-growing but Malignant type of Neuroendocrine tumour, originating in the cells A VIPoma (also known as Verner Morrison syndrome, after the physicians who first described it) is a rare (1 per 10000000 per year Endocrine Tumor g. thyrotoxicosis and Addison's disease) are disorders that can cause diarrhea. Hyperthyroidism is the term for overactive tissue within the Thyroid gland resulting in overproduction and thus an excess of circulating free thyroid hormones Thyroxine Addison's disease (also known as chronic Adrenal insufficiency, '''hypocortisolism''' or '''hypocorticism) is a rare Endocrine disorder Also, pancreatic insufficiency, short bowel syndrome, Whipple's disease, coeliac disease, and laxative abuse should be excluded as possibilities. Short bowel syndrome ( SBS, also short gut syndrome or simply short gut) is a Malabsorption disorder caused by the surgical removal Whipple's disease is a rare, Systemic infectious disease caused by the Bacterium Tropheryma whipplei. Coeliac ^[9] Infectious gastroenteritis is caused by a wide variety of bacteria and viruses. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable For a list of bacteria causing gastroenteritis, see above. Pseudomembranous colitis is an important cause of diarrhea in patents often recently treated with antibiotics. Clostridium difficile Pseudomembranous colitis is an infection of the colon often but not always caused by the Bacterium Clostridium difficile Viruses causing gastroenteritis include rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus. Rotavirus is a Genus of Double-stranded RNA virus in the family Reoviridae. Norovirus (was "Norwalk-like viruses" an RNA virus of the Caliciviridae taxonomic family, causes approximately 90% of Epidemic Adenoviruses are medium-sized (90–100 nm) Nonenveloped (naked Icosahedral viruses composed of a nucleocapsid and a double-stranded linear DNA Astrovirus is a type of Virus that infects Mammals and Birds.

If gastroenteritis in a child is severe enough to require admission to a hospital, then it is important to distinguish between bacterial and viral infections. Bacteria, Shigella and Campylobacter, for example, and parasites like Giardia can be treated with antibiotics, but viruses do not respond to antibiotics and infected children usually make a full recovery after a few days. This article is about the bacteria For the disease see Shigellosis Shigella is a Genus of Gram-negative The Genus Campylobacter, (meaning 'twisted bacteria' first discovered in 1963 describes Gram-negative, spiral Microaerophilic bacteria Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. Giardia lamblia (synonymous with Lamblia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis) is a Flagellated Protozoan In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa ^[10] Children admitted to hospital with gastroenteritis routinely are tested for rotavirus A to gather surveillance data relevant to the epidemiological effects of rotavirus vaccination programs. ^[11][12] These children are routinely tested also for norovirus, which is extraordinarily infectious and requires special isolation procedures to avoid transmission to other patients. Norovirus (was "Norwalk-like viruses" an RNA virus of the Caliciviridae taxonomic family, causes approximately 90% of Epidemic Other methods, electron microscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, are used in research laboratories. An electron microscope is a type of Microscope that uses Electrons to illuminate a specimen and create an enlarged image ^[13][14]

Treatment

The objective of treatment is to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. FLUID ( F ast L ight '''U'''ser '''I'''nterface D esigner is a graphical editor that is used to produce FLTK Source code An electrolyte is any substance containing free Ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium The person's usual foods and drinks should not be withheld, but consumed as the person is able to tolerate them.

Rehydration

Regardless of cause, the principal treatment of gastroenteritis (and of all other diarrheal illnesses) in both children and adults is rehydration, i. Rehydration is the replenishment of Water, or water and Electrolytes lost through Dehydration. e. replenishment of water lost in the stools. Depending on the degree of dehydration, this can be done by giving the person oral rehydration therapy (ORT) or through intravenous delivery. Dehydration ( hypohydration) is the removal of Water ( hydro in ancient Greek) from an object Oral rehydration therapy, (also called ORT, oral rehydration salts or solutions (ORS, oral electrolyte) is a simple cheap and effective In the Circulatory system, a vein is a Blood vessel that carries Blood back toward the Heart (as opposed to Artery, a blood vessel ORT can begin before dehydration occurs, and continue until the person's urine and stool output return to normal.

People taking diuretics ("water pills") need to be cautious with diarrhea and may need to stop taking the medication during an acute episode, as directed by the health care provider. A diuretic is any Drug that elevates the rate of urination ( Diuresis)

Dietary therapy

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention^[15] recommendations for infants and children include: Breastfed infants should continue to be nursed on demand. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (or CDC) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services based in unincorporated Formula-fed infants should continue their usual formula immediately upon rehydration in amounts sufficient to satisfy energy and nutrient requirements, and at the usual concentration. Lactose-free or lactose-reduced formulas usually are unnecessary. Children receiving semisolid or solid foods should continue to receive their usual diet during episodes of diarrhea. Foods high in simple sugars should be avoided because the osmotic load might worsen diarrhea; therefore, substantial amounts of soft drinks (carbonated or flat), juice, gelatin desserts, and other highly sugared liquids should be avoided. Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single sacchar: sugar are the most basic unit of Carbohydrates They consist of one sugar and Osmosis is the Diffusion of a solvent (frequently water through a semi-permeable membrane, from a solution of low solute concentration (high water potential Fatty foods should not be avoided, because maintaining adequate calories without fat is difficult, and fat might have an added benefit of reducing intestinal motility. This article is about the unit of energy For its use in Nutrition and Food labelling regulations, see the article on Food energy. Motility is a biological term which refers to the ability to move spontaneously and actively consuming energy in the process The practice of withholding food for more than 24 hours is inappropriate.

Probiotics

Probiotics have been shown to be beneficial in preventing and treating various forms of gastroenteritis. Probiotics are Dietary supplements containing potentially beneficial Bacteria or Yeasts According to the currently adopted definition by FAO /

Zinc

The World Health Organization recommends that infants and children receive a dietary supplement of zinc for up to 2 weeks after onset of gastroenteritis. Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 ^[16]

Drug therapy

Antibiotics

When the symptoms are severe one usually starts empirical antimicrobial therapy, i. e. a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. The quinolones are a family of synthetic Broad-spectrum antibiotics. ^[8] Pseudomembranous colitis is treated by discontinuing the causative agent and starting with metronidazole or vancomycin. Clostridium difficile Pseudomembranous colitis is an infection of the colon often but not always caused by the Bacterium Clostridium difficile Metronidazole ( INN) (mɛtrəˈnaɪdəzoʊl is a Nitroimidazole anti-infective medication used mainly in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible Vancomycin ( INN) (ˌvæŋkoʊˈmaɪsɪn is a Glycopeptide Antibiotic used in the Prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by ^[8][5][1][9]

Antibiotics usually are not given for gastroenteritis, although they may be given due to some bacteria. ^[17]

Antidiarrheal agents

Loperamide is an opioid analogue commonly used for symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. Loperamide, a synthetic Piperidine derivative is a drug effective against Diarrhea resulting from Gastroenteritis or Inflammatory An opioid is a chemical Substance that has a Morphine -like action in the body It slows down gut motility, but does not cross the mature blood-brain barrier^[8] to cause the central nervous effect of other opioids. In the Esophagus After food is chewed into a bolus it is swallowed to move it into the esophagus The blood-brain barrier (BBB is a metabolic or cellular structure in the Central nervous system (CNS that restricts the passage of various chemical substances and microscopic In too high doses, loperamide may cause constipation and significant slowing down of passage of feces, but an appropriate single dose will not slow down the duration of the disease. ^[18] Although antimotility drugs have the risk of exacerbating the condition, this fear is not supported by clinical experience. ^[8][9] Nevertheless, others discourage the use of antiperistaltic agents and opiates in febrile dysentery, since they may mask, or exacerbate the symptoms. Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood ^[1] All these sources agree that in severe colitis antimotility drugs should not be used.

Loperamide prevents the body from flushing toxins from the gut, and should not be used when an active fever is present or there is a suspicion that the diarrhea is associated with organisms that can penetrate the intestinal walls, such as E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella. Escherichia coli O157H7 is an Enterohemorrhagic strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli and a cause of Foodborne illness Salmonella is a Genus of rod-shaped Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes Typhoid fever, Paratyphoid fever

Loperamide is also not recommended in children, especially in children younger than 2 years of age, as it may cause systemic toxicity due to an immature blood brain barrier, and oral rehydration therapy remains the main stay treatment for children.

Bismuth subsalicylate (BSS), an insoluble complex of trivalent bismuth and salicylate, is another drug that can be used in mild-moderate cases. Bismuth subsalicylate, with a chemical formula C7H5BiO4 is a drug used to treat Nausea, Heartburn, Indigestion, ^[8][9]

Combining an antimicrobial drug and an antimotility drug, seems to be effective more rapidly. ^[8][9]

Antiemetic drugs

If vomiting is severe, antiemetic drugs may be helpful. An anti-emetic is a drug that is effective against Vomiting and Nausea. However, these drugs are not recommended for treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children. ^[19]

Complications

The most serious complication is dehydration, usually due to severe diarrhea but sometimes made worse due to improper treatment such as withholding fluids until diarrhea stops. Dehydration ( hypohydration) is the removal of Water ( hydro in ancient Greek) from an object In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Severe dehydration can be lethal and requires prompt medical care. The most common complication, especially in infants, is malabsorption of certain sugars in the diet, and consequent food intolerances. Malabsorption is a state arising from abnormality in Digestion or Absorption of food nutrients across the gastrointestinal(GI tract. Food intolerance or food sensitivity is a negative reaction to a Food that may or may not be related to the Immune system or to Food poisoning This complication may persist for weeks, during which time it causes mild diarrhea to return when the patient resumes their normal diet. In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea Malabsorption of lactose, the principal sugar in milk, is the most common. Lactose (also referred to as milk sugar) is a Sugar which is found most notably in Milk. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. Its consequent milk intolerance is caused by lactase deficiency, and the diarrhea is caused by bacterial fermentation of excess lactose in the gut. Lactose intolerance is the inability to metabolize Lactose, a sugar found in Milk and other Dairy products because the required enzyme Lactase (LCT a part of the β-galactosidase family of Enzymes is a Glycoside hydrolase involved in the Hydrolysis ^[20] However, this is not reason to discontinue breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is the feeding of an Infant or young Child with Breast milk directly from human Breasts, not from a Baby bottle or other In children with viral gastroenteritis (usually rotavirus), the viral infection also can cause a high fever, which in turn can cause febrile convulsion. Rotavirus is a Genus of Double-stranded RNA virus in the family Reoviridae. Fever (also known as pyrexia, from the Greek pyretos meaning fire or a febrile response, from the Latin word Febris A febrile seizure, also known as a fever fit or febrile convulsion is a Convulsion triggered by a rise in Body temperature. Gastroenteritis sometimes is followed by pneumonia. Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal

Rare complications of gastroenteritis caused by bacteria include sepsis (treated with antibiotics), anemia, renal (kidney) failure, arthritis, and new onset of irritable bowel syndrome. Sepsis is a serious medical condition characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state (called a Systemic inflammatory response syndrome or SIRS caused Anemia ( AmE) or anæmia/anaemia ( BrE) (from the Ancient Greek grc-Latn anaîmia, meaning “without blood” is defined as a qualitative Renal failure or kidney Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation plural arthritides is a group of conditions involving damage to the Joints of the body In Gastroenterology, irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS) is a Functional bowel disorder characterized by mild to severe Abdominal pain, discomfort

See also

• Diarrhea
• 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack
• Food poisoning
• Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
• Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis
• Cholera
• Dysentery
• Infectious diarrhea
• Traveler's diarrhea
• Pseudomembranous colitis

References

• Victora, C. G. , Bryce, J. , Fontaine, O. , & Monasch, R. 2000, 'Reducing deaths from diarrhoea through oral rehydration therapy', Bulletin of The World Health Organization, vol. 78, no. 10, pp. 1246-1255.
• Wingate D. et al. 2001. 'Guidelines for adults on self-medication for the treatment of acute diarrhea', Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 773-782.

External links

• NHS Direct: Gastroenteritis. Retrieved on 2007-04-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
• eMedicine Health:Gastroenteritis. Retrieved on 2007-04-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
• The World Health Organisation: Diarrhoea. Retrieved on 2007-04-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
• Gastroenteritis: First aid from the Mayo Clinic
• About.com: Seasonal Flu vs. Stomach Flu. Retrieved on 2007-04-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.