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Ernest Gary Gygax

Gygax at Gen Con Indy 2007
Born July 27, 1938(1938-07-27)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
Died March 4, 2008 (aged 69)
Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Occupation writer, game designer
Nationality United States
Writing period 1971–2008
Genres role-playing games, fantasy, wargames
Influences

Ernest Gary Gygax (July 27, 1938 – March 4, 2008) (IPA: [ˈɡaɪ. Gen Con is the one of the largest Despite a recent lawsuit from Lucasfilm and filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on February 15, Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Lake Geneva is a city in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A literary genre is a category of literary composition Genres may be determined by Literary technique, tone, Content, or even (as in the case of fiction A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. Fantasy is a Genre that uses magic and other Supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, theme, and/or setting A wargame is a Game that simulates or represents a Military operation. Robert Ervin Howard ( January 22 1906 &ndash June 11 1936) was an American pulp writer of Fantasy, Lyon Sprague de Camp, ( November 27 1907 – November 6 2000) was an American science fiction and fantasy author Murray Fletcher Pratt (1897–1956 was a Science fiction and Fantasy Writer; he was also well-known as a writer on Naval history and on the This article refers to the science fiction writer For the actor see Fritz Leiber Sr Poul William Anderson ( November 25, 1926 – July 31, 2001) was an American Science fiction author who wrote during a Golden Abraham Merritt ( January 20, 1884 &ndash August 21, 1943) who published under the byline A Howard Phillips Lovecraft ( August 20, 1890 – March 15, 1937) was an American author of horror, fantasy John Holbrook Vance (born August 28, 1916 in San Francisco, Michael John Moorcock (born 18 December 1939, in London) is an English writer primarily of Science fiction and fantasy who has also Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common This concise chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA to represent English language pronunciations ɡæks][2]) was an American writer and game designer, best known for co-creating the pioneering role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) with Dave Arneson in 1974, and co-founding the company Tactical Studies Rules (TSR, Inc. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms A "game designer" is a person who designs Video games or one who designs traditional games such as Board games Video Games Designer A video game designer A role-playing game ( RPG; often roleplaying game) is a Game in which the participants assume the roles of Fictional characters. Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as D&D or DnD) is a Fantasy Role-playing game (RPG originally designed by David L Arneson (born October 1, 1947 in Minnesota, United States) is an American Game designer. see also 1973 in games, 1975 in games This page lists board and Card games Wargames miniatures games TSR Inc was an American game publishing company most famous for publishing the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game. ) with Don Kaye in 1973. TSR Inc was an American game publishing company most famous for publishing the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game. see also 1972 in games, 1974 in games This page lists board and Card games Wargames and miniatures games After leaving TSR, Gygax continued to author role-playing game titles independently, including another gaming system called Lejendary Adventure. Lejendary Adventure (abbreviated as LA) is a Role-playing game created by Gary Gygax, the co-creator of Dungeons and Dragons and creator of [3] Gygax is generally acknowledged as one of the fathers of the tabletop role-playing game. [4]

Contents

Biography

Early life and inspiration

Gygax was the son of Swiss immigrant Ernst Gygax, and an American, Almina Emelie Burdick. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation His love of gaming began at the age of five, playing pinochle and chess as well as the imaginative games of any child, similar to live action role-playing. Pinochle (sometimes Pinocle, or Penuchle) is a Trick-taking game typically for two three or four players and played with a 48 card deck Chess is a recreational and competitive Game played between two players. A live action role-playing game ( LARP) is a form of Role-playing game where the participants physically act out their characters' actions He played with Jim Rasch as referee/game master and John Rasch and Don Kaye as fellow participants. A referee is a person who has authority to make decisions about play in many Sports Officials in various sports are known by a variety of titles including referee A Gamemaster or Game Master (often abbreviated as GM) is a player in a multiplayer Game who acts as organizer arbitrator and officiant in rules situations It was during this timeframe that Gygax began exploring science fiction with Ray Bradbury's "The Veldt" in Bluebook and Robert E. Howard's Conan the Conqueror. Ray Douglas Bradbury (born August 22 1920 is an American mainstream, Fantasy, horror, Science fiction and mystery " The Veldt " is a Short story written by Ray Bradbury that was published in the anthology The Illustrated Man in 1951 Blue Book was a popular 20th-century American magazine which had a lengthy 70-year run under various titles from 1905 to 1975 Robert Ervin Howard ( January 22 1906 &ndash June 11 1936) was an American pulp writer of Fantasy,

In 1953 Gygax began playing miniature war games with Kaye. Miniature wargaming is a form of Wargaming that incorporates Miniature figures and modeled terrain as the main components of play The game Gettysburg from the Avalon Hill company captured Gygax's attention. Gettysburg is a Board wargame produced by Avalon Hill which re-enacts the American Civil War Battle of Gettysburg. Avalon Hill was a game company that specialized in Wargames and strategic Board games. It was from Avalon Hill that he ordered the first blank hexagon mapping sheets that were available. He began looking for innovative ways to generate random numbers, and used not only common dice (with six sides), but dice of all five platonic solid shapes. For other uses see either Die or Dice (disambiguation. Dice (the Plural of Die, from Old French In Geometry, a Platonic solid is a convex Regular polyhedron.

Gaming career

In 1966, the International Federation of Wargamers (IFW) was created with the assistance of Gygax. The International Federation of Wargamers (IFW was founded by Gary Gygax, Bill Speer and Scott Duncan in 1966 [5]

Gygax organized a 20-person gaming meet in 1967. It was held in the basement of his home and later became known as "Gen Con 0" as this meet birthed the annual Gen Con gaming convention in 1968. Gen Con is the one of the largest Despite a recent lawsuit from Lucasfilm and filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on February 15, A gaming convention is typically a two- or three-day convention at which people play Role-playing games, Collectible card games, miniatures wargames Gen Con is now North America's largest annual hobby-game gathering. [6] Gen Con is also where Gary Gygax would meet Brian Blume and Dave Arneson. David L Arneson (born October 1, 1947 in Minnesota, United States) is an American Game designer. Blume later partnered with Gygax and Kaye in the TSR enterprise.

"I'm very fond of the Medieval period, the Dark Ages in particular. This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe We started playing in the period because I had found appropriate miniatures. I started devising rules where what the plastic figure was wearing was what he had. If he had a shield and no armor, then he just has a shield. Shields and half-armor = half-armor rules; full-armor figure = full armor rules. I did rules for weapons as well. "[4]

Together with Don Kaye, Mike Reese and Leon Tucker, Gygax created a military miniatures society, Lake Geneva Tactical Studies Association (LGTSA), with its first headquarters in Gygax's basement. The Lake Geneva Tactical Studies Association (LGTSA was a prominent Wargaming club active in Lake Geneva Wisconsin during the 1960s and 1970s [6]

In 1971, Gygax and Jeff Perren wrote Chainmail, a miniatures wargame from which the role-playing game (RPG) Dungeons & Dragons (aka D&D) was developed. Chainmail is a Medieval miniatures wargame created by Jeff Perren and Gary Gygax. [7]

TSR

Original logo for Tactical Studies Rules, 1973 – 1974. The G stood for Gygax, the K for Kaye
Original logo for Tactical Studies Rules, 1973 – 1974. The G stood for Gygax, the K for Kaye

Gygax and Kaye founded the publishing company Tactical Studies Rules in 1973 and published the first version of Dungeons & Dragons (D&D) in 1974. Gygax was inspired by Jack Vance while developing the spell systems and also drew upon the work of such renowned fantasy authors as Robert E. Howard, L. Sprague de Camp and Fritz Leiber. John Holbrook Vance (born August 28, 1916 in San Francisco, Robert Ervin Howard ( January 22 1906 &ndash June 11 1936) was an American pulp writer of Fantasy, Lyon Sprague de Camp, ( November 27 1907 – November 6 2000) was an American science fiction and fantasy author This article refers to the science fiction writer For the actor see Fritz Leiber Sr The hand-assembled print run of 1000 copies sold out within nine months. [6] In the same year, Gygax hired Tim Kask to assist in the transition of the magazine The Strategic Review into the fantasy periodical, The Dragon, with Gygax as author and later as columnist. Dragon is one of the two official Magazines for source material for the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game and associated products [6]

After the death of Kaye in 1976, his widow sold her shares to Gygax. Gygax, now controlling the whole of Tactical Studies Rules, created TSR Hobbies, Inc. Gygax, coming into financial troubles soon after, sold TSR Hobbies to Brian Blume and his brother Kevin. TSR Inc was an American game publishing company most famous for publishing the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game. The Blume family would own roughly two-thirds of TSR Hobbies by late 1976.

Tactical Studies Rules published the two first printings of the original D&D and TSR Hobbies, Inc. continued on with the game.

Beginning in 1977, a new version of D&D was created, Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D). Over the years there have been a number of different versions of the Dungeons & Dragons Fantasy Role-playing game (D&D [4] The Monster Manual would be the first rule book of the new system, with many books to follow. The Monster Manual The AD&D rules were not compatible with those of D&D and as a result, D&D and AD&D would have distinct product lines and expansions.

Gary Gygax left TSR in 1985 during changes in TSR's management. This development arose while Gygax was involved in the making of CBS cartoon series Dungeons & Dragons. CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. Dungeons & Dragons is an American Animated television series based on TSR's Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game.

"I was pretty much boxed out of the running of the company because the two guys, who between them had a controlling interest, thought they could run the company better than I could. I was set up because I could manage. In 1982 nobody on the West Coast would deal with TSR, but they had me start a new corporation called "Dungeons and Dragons Entertainment. " It took a long time and a lot of hard work to get to be recognized as someone who was for real and not just a civilian, shall we say, in entertainment. Eventually, though, we got the cartoon show going (on CBS) and I had a number of other projects in the works. While I was out there, though, I heard that the company was in severe financial difficulties and one of the guys, the one I was partnered with, was shopping it on the street in New York. I came back and discovered a number of gross mismanagements in all areas of the company. The bank was foreclosing and we were a million and a half in debt. We eventually got that straightened out, but I kind of got one of my partners kicked out of office. (Kevin Blume, who was removed as TSR CEO in 1984 - ed. ). Then my partners, in retribution for that, sold his shares to someone else (Lorraine Williams - ed. ). I tried to block it in court, but in the ensuing legal struggle the judge ruled against me. I lost control of the company, and it was then at that point I just decided to sell out. "[4]

Late career

After leaving TSR, Gygax created Dangerous Journeys, an RPG spanning multiple genres. Dangerous Journeys is a Roleplaying game created by Gary Gygax, the creator of the original Dungeons & Dragons system [4] He began work in 1995 on a new RPG, originally intended for a computer game; however, it was released in 1999 as Lejendary Adventure. Lejendary Adventure (abbreviated as LA) is a Role-playing game created by Gary Gygax, the co-creator of Dungeons and Dragons and creator of A key goal of its design was to keep the gaming rules as simple as possible, as Gygax felt that role playing games were becoming discouragingly complex to new users.

In 2005, Gygax returned to the Dungeons & Dragons RPG with his involvement in the creation of the Castles & Crusades system with Troll Lord Games. Castles & Crusades is a Role-playing game published by Troll Lord Games in 2004. Troll Lord Games has published Castle Zagyg, the previously unreleased, original version of Gygax's Castle Greyhawk with the original dungeon setting for D&D. Castle Greyhawk is one of the central

Television appearances

In 2007, Gygax had a special guest appearance as himself on the G4TV show Code Monkeys, when Todd sought him out and offered actress Molly Ringwald as a "virgin sacrifice" to Gygax to restore Todd's Charisma, Strength, Dexterity, and Sexual Stamina points. For the phrase on which this program's title is based see Code monkey. Molly Kathleen Ringwald (born February 18, 1968) is an American Actress, Singer and Dancer. An attribute is a piece of data (a “ statistic ” that describes to what extent a Fictional character in a Role-playing game possesses a specific [8][9]

He also lent his voice to his cartoon self in the episode "Anthology of Interest I" of the TV show Futurama. "Anthology of Interest I" is episode sixteen in season two of Futurama. Futurama is an Emmy Award -winning animated American sitcom created by Matt Groening, and developed by Groening and

Other appearances

Gygax performed voiceover narration as a guest dungeon master in the massively multiplayer online role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons Online: Stormreach. A massively multiplayer online role-playing game ( MMORPG) is a genre of Computer role-playing games (CRPGs in which a large number of players interact with Dungeons & Dragons Online Stormreach (abbreviated as " DDO " is a Massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG developed He narrates "Dead Girl's Spellbook" in Valak's Mausoleum as well as all of the dungeons in the "Mystery of Delera's Tomb" quest chain.

Personal life

Gygax married Gail Carpenter on August 15, 1987, the same day as his parents' 50th anniversary. Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) As of 2005, he was father to six children and grandfather to seven. His first five children are from his first marriage to Mary Jo Gygax, and the last child is from his second marriage. [6] Gygax resided in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. Lake Geneva is a city in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States He described his studio in his typical narrative fashion as

A small but sunny upper room — cluttered with books, magazines, papers, and who-knows-what else. Right now, pending the redecorating of that room, I am lodged in the downstairs dining room at a long table that holds two computers and a scanner, with the printer hiding to one side below it. The radio there in the studio was usually tuned to a classical music station, but the station was sold, programming changed, so now I work sans music, or now and then with a CD playing through the computer. While there are bookcases in the upper studio, elsewhere on the second floor, and on the first floor, the main repository of printed lore (other than that piled here and there) is my basement library which includes thousands of reference works, maps, magazines, and works of fiction. [6]

Illness and death

Gygax died the morning of March 4, 2008, at his home in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Lake Geneva is a city in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. [10] He was in semi-retirement,[4] having almost suffered a heart attack after receiving incorrect medication[6] to prevent further strokes after those on April 1 and May 4, 2004. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " He was diagnosed with an inoperable abdominal aortic aneurysm. Abdominal aortic aneurysm, also written as AAA and often pronounced 'triple-A' is a localized dilatation of the Abdominal aorta, that exceeds the normal diameter Even while his health failed, gaming remained very much a part of his life. [6] Gygax was still active in the gaming community and had active Q & A forums on gaming websites such as Dragonsfoot and EN World. EN World is a Role-playing game news and reviews website which has grown from the earlier "Eric Noah's Unofficial D&D 3rd Edition News" site (which was active from

“ I would like the world to remember me as the guy who really enjoyed playing games and sharing his knowledge and his fun pastimes with everybody else. [4] ”

Awards and honors

Gary Gygax received several awards related to gaming:[6]

Gary Gygax was tied with J. R. R. Tolkien for #18 on GameSpy's 30 Most Influential People in Gaming. The Origins Awards are American awards for outstanding work in the game industry Games Day is a yearly run convention sponsored by Games Workshop. [12]

A strain of bacteria was named in honor of Gary Gygax, namely "Arthronema gygaxiana sp nov UTCC393". [13]

Sync Magazine named Gary Gygax #1 on the list of "The 50 Biggest Nerds of All Time". [14] SFX Magazine listed him as #37 on the list of the "50 Greatest SF Pioneers". [15] In 1999 Pyramid magazine named Gary Gygax as one of The Millennium's Most Influential Persons "in the realm of adventure gaming. Pyramid is a gaming Magazine, publishing articles primarily on Role-playing games but including Board games Card games "[16]

Gary Gygax was commemorated in a number of webcomics, including xkcd's comic #393 "Ultimate Game"[17], Penny Arcade's "Bordering On The Semi-Tasteful",[18] Dork Tower's "Thanks for the Worldbuilding Rules",[19] Order of the Stick #536,[20] and GU Comics' "The Journey's End". xkcd is a Webcomic created by Randall Munroe, a former contractor for NASA. Penny Arcade is a Webcomic written by Jerry Holkins and illustrated by Mike Krahulik. Dork Tower is an online comic created written and drawn by John Kovalic. The Order of the Stick is a comedic Webcomic that satirizes tabletop Roleplaying games and medieval Fantasy through the ongoing tale of the titular GU Comics is a single panel Webcomic written drawn and colored by William "Woody" Hearn [21]

Blizzard Entertainment dedicated the 2. Blizzard Entertainment is an American Video game developer and publisher headquartered in Irvine California. 4. 0 patch to World of Warcraft, "Fury of the Sunwell", to Gary Gygax. World of Warcraft (commonly acronymed as WoW) is a Massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG [22] Electronic Arts dedicated Publish 51 in Ultima Online to Gary Gygax. Ultima Online ( UO) is a graphical Massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG released on September 25 1997 As of This included a new room in the dungeon Doom containing a special encounter and unique decorations. [23]

Stephen Colbert, an avid D&D gamer in his youth, dedicated the last part of the March 5th Colbert Report to Gygax. Stephen Tyrone Colbert ( born May 13 1964 is an American Comedian, satirist, Actor and Writer, known for his ironic style The Colbert Report (/kolˈbɛr rəˈpɔr/&mdashthe t is silent in "Colbert" is a Peabody Award and Emmy Award winning American [24]

Job titles

Co-Producer, Dungeons & Dragons animated television show

Works

Role-playing games

Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set
Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set

Dungeons & Dragons

See also: Dungeons & Dragons

Advanced Dungeons & Dragons

See also: Dungeons & Dragons
S1 Tomb of Horrors
S1 Tomb of Horrors

Gamma World

See also: Gamma World

Cyborg Commando

Dangerous Journeys

See also: Dangerous Journeys

Lejendary Adventures

See also: Lejendary Adventure

Castles & Crusades

For Castles & Crusades, the Castle Zagyg series is a planned series of seven sourcebooks based on the Castle Greyhawk from Gygax's original campaign. Lejendary Adventure (abbreviated as LA) is a Role-playing game created by Gary Gygax, the co-creator of Dungeons and Dragons and creator of Castles & Crusades is a Role-playing game published by Troll Lord Games in 2004. Castle Greyhawk is one of the central For trademark reasons they are not actually published under the name of Greyhawk. A trademark or trade mark, represented by the symbols ™ and ®, or mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual Greyhawk, also known as the World

Generic d20 System

(see also d20 System & Open Game License)

Non-RPG games

Rules for miniatures/table top battle games

Board games

Chess variants

Literature

Fantasy novels

Saga of Old City by Gary Gygax (TSR, 1985); Cover art by Clyde Caldwell
Saga of Old City by Gary Gygax (TSR, 1985); Cover art by Clyde Caldwell

Miscellaneous books and short stories

The Ice Dragon
The Green Hydra
The Crimson Sea
The Fire Demon

Periodicals

Notes and references

  1. ^ Gygax, Gary (March 1985), “On the influence of J. R. R. Tolkien on the D&D and AD&D games”, Dragon (no. Dragon is one of the two official Magazines for source material for the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game and associated products 95): 12–13 : "A careful examination of the games will quickly reveal that the major influences are Robert E. Howard, L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt, Fritz Leiber, Poul Anderson, A. Merritt, and H. P. Lovecraft. "
  2. ^ Dungeons & Dragons FAQ.
  3. ^ "Lejendary Adventure is a multi-genre roleplaying game created by Gary Gygax. . . "Smith, Christopher P. . Gary Gygax presents Lejendary Adventure (English). Archived from the original on 2007-08-05. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia. Retrieved on 2008-04-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Allen Rausch. Gary Gygax Interview. GameSpy. GameSpy, also known as GameSpy Industries, is a division of IGN Entertainment, which operates a network of game websites and provides online video game-related Retrieved on 2005-01-03. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon.
  5. ^ The History of TSR (1966 * International Federation of Wargamers formed by Gary Gygax and other wargamers.). Wizards of the Coast. Wizards of the Coast (often referred to as WotC or simply Wizards) is an American publisher of Games primarily based on Fantasy and Retrieved on 2005-08-20. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gary Gygax, "LONG BIOGRAPHY of E(rnest) GARY GYGAX", revision 6-05, ©2005
  7. ^ Chainmail (English).
  8. ^ Gary Gygax (posting as "Col_Pladoh"). Q&A With Gary Gygax, Part V (English). Dragonsfoot Forums 8.
  9. ^ La Farge, Paul (September 2006). "Destroy All Monsters". The Believer Magazine. The Believer is an American Magazine, primarily about literature  
  10. ^ Dungeons & Dragons co-creator Gary Gygax dies at 69. WKBT-La Crosse, Wisconsin (2008-03-04). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Retrieved on 2008-03-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth
  11. ^ Hall of Fame (English). Academy of Adventure Gaming Arts &Design. Archived from the original on 2008-03-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Retrieved on 2008-03-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King
  12. ^ The GameSpy Staff (March 2002). GameSpy's 30 Most Influential People in Gaming. GameSpy. com.
  13. ^ "Molecular and Morphological Characterization of Ten Polar and Near-Polar Strains within the Oscillatoriales (Cyanobacteria)", by Dale A. Casamatta, Jeffrey R. Johansen, Morgan L. Vis, and Sharon T. Broadwater, Journal of Phycology, 2005
  14. ^ Number 1: Gary Gyrax: "Cocreator of Dungeons & Dragons and father of role-playing games.
    Defining nerd moment: With a last name that sounds like a barbarian warrior from space, is it any wonder this guy invented the 20-sided die? Between 1977 and 1979, Gygax released Advanced Dungeons & Dragons for advanced dorks, taking the cult phenomenon to new heights whilst giving himself a +5 salary of lordly might.     " Sync Magazine, December/January 2004/05
  15. ^ SFX Magazine March (#128) 2005
  16. ^ Haring, Scott D. (1999-12-24). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 563 - The Byzantine church Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is dedicated for the second time after being destroyed by Earthquakes "Second Sight: The Millennium's Best "Other" Game and The Millennium's Most Influential Person". Pyramid (online). Pyramid is a gaming Magazine, publishing articles primarily on Role-playing games but including Board games Card games Steve Jackson Games. Steve Jackson Games (SJG is a Game company founded in 1980 by Steve Jackson, that creates and publishes role-playing, board  
  17. ^ Munroe, Randall. Ultimate Game.
  18. ^ Bordering On The Semi-Tasteful.
  19. ^ Kovalic, John (2008-03-05). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a "Thanks for the Worldbuilding Rules". Dork Tower. Dork Tower is an online comic created written and drawn by John Kovalic. Dork Storm Press.  
  20. ^ Burlew, Rich. The Order of the Stick #536.
  21. ^ Hearn, Woody (2008-03-05). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a The Journey's End.
  22. ^ World of Warcraft Client Patch 2.4.0 (English). Blizzard Entertainment. Blizzard Entertainment is an American Video game developer and publisher headquartered in Irvine California. Archived from the original on 2008-03-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2008-03-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor.
  23. ^ In Remembrance: Gary Gygax (1938 - 2008) (English). Electronic Arts. Archived from the original on 2008-04-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus Retrieved on 2008-03-30. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
  24. ^ http://www.comedycentral.com/colbertreport/videos.jhtml?videoId=156302 "RIP Gary Gygax", Colbert Report, March 5, 2008
  25. ^ Gygax, Gary (1983). The Colbert Report (/kolˈbɛr rəˈpɔr/&mdashthe t is silent in "Colbert" is a Peabody Award and Emmy Award winning American Dungeonland, EX1. World of Greyhawk: TSR, Inc., 32. TSR Inc was an American game publishing company most famous for publishing the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game. 9072. ISBN 0-935696-50-4.  
  26. ^ Gygax, Gary (1983). The Land Beyond the Magic Mirror, EX2. World of Greyhawk: TSR, Inc., 32. TSR Inc was an American game publishing company most famous for publishing the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game. 9073. ISBN 0-88038-025-X.  
  27. ^ Gygax, Gary (1982). Forgotten Temple of Tharizdun, WG4. World of Greyhawk: TSR, Inc., 32. TSR Inc was an American game publishing company most famous for publishing the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game. 9065. ISBN 0-88038-002-0.  
  28. ^ Kuntz, Robert J.; Gary Gygax (1984). Robert J Kuntz (born September 23 1955) is a Game designer and author of Role-playing game publications Mordenkainen's Fantastic Adventure, WG5. World of Greyhawk: TSR, Inc., 32. TSR Inc was an American game publishing company most famous for publishing the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game. 9112XXX1401. ISBN 0-88038-168-X.  
  29. ^ Gygax, Gary (1985). Isle of the Ape, WG6. World of Greyhawk: TSR, Inc., 48. TSR Inc was an American game publishing company most famous for publishing the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game. 9153XXX1501. ISBN 0-88038-238-4.  
  30. ^ Fidchell, The Chess Variant Pages, accessed August 19, 2005
  31. ^ "" (April 1978 – April 1981). Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Dragon Vol. Dragon is one of the two official Magazines for source material for the Dungeons & Dragons Role-playing game and associated products II (13–24,26–48). TSR Hobbies, Inc. .  

External links


Persondata
NAME Gygax, Ernest Gary
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Gygax, Gary
SHORT DESCRIPTION American writer and game designer
DATE OF BIRTH July 27, 1938
PLACE OF BIRTH Chicago, Illinois, United States
DATE OF DEATH March 4, 2008
PLACE OF DEATH Lake Geneva, Wisconsin
Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Lake Geneva is a city in Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States.
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