- For people named Garratt, see Garratt (surname)
A Garratt is a type of steam locomotive that is articulated in three parts. Garratt is the surname of Herbert William Garratt (1864–1913 mechanical engineer inventor of the Garratt locomotive type A steam locomotive is a Locomotive powered by Steam. The term usually refers to its use on Railways but can also refer to a "road locomotive" Articulated locomotive usually means a Steam locomotive with one or more engine units which can move relative to the main frame Its boiler is mounted on the centre frame, and two steam engines are mounted on separate frames, one on each end of the boiler. A boiler is a closed vessel in which Water or other Fluid is heated A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. Articulation permits larger locomotives to negotiate curves that might restrict large rigid-framed locomotives. Many Garratt designs aimed to double the power of the largest conventional locomotives operating on their railways, thus reducing the need for multiple locomotives and crews.
Contents |
Locomotive development
The Garratt articulated locomotive was developed by Herbert William Garratt, a British locomotive engineer who, after a career with British colonial railways, was the New South Wales Railways' Inspecting Engineer in London. History The challenges of Africa created the regular need for double-heading of steam locomotives on heavy weight trains to keep speeds up The Welsh Highland Railway (WHR is a Narrow gauge railway in Wales, which originally ran from Dinas near Caernarfon to Porthmadog Herbert William Garratt ( June 8 1864 &ndash September 25 1913) was an English mechanical engineer and the Inventor of The New South Wales Government Railways (NSWGR was the government department that operated the New South Wales Government's railways until the establishment of the Public Transport London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. He first applied for a patent on the idea in 1907, after observing articulated gun carriages. A patent is a set of Exclusive rights granted by a State to an inventor or his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an
Garratt first approached Kitson & Co., but his idea was rejected, perhaps because that company were already committed to the Kitson-Meyer. Kitson and Company was a Locomotive manufacturer based in Hunslet, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. A Meyer Locomotive is a type of Articulated locomotive. The design was never as popular as the Garratt or Mallet locomotives He then approached Beyer, Peacock and Company, who were only marginally more interested. Beyer Peacock and Company was an English Railway Locomotive manufacturer with a Factory in Gorton, Manchester
The first Garratts
In 1907 Beyer, Peacock & Co. submitted a proposal for a 2' gauge 0-4-0+0-4-0 Garratt to the New South Wales Government Railways, which was not proceeded with. The following year a design for a 2' (610 mm) gauge Mallet locomotive was submitted in reply to an enquiry from the Tasmanian Government. The Mallet Locomotive is a type of Articulated locomotive, invented by a Swiss engineer named Anatole Mallet The form of the Government of Tasmania is prescribed in its Constitution which dates from 1856 although it has been amended many times since then This was followed with a submission for a Garratt based on, but a little heavier than, the New South Wales proposal. This proposal was accepted; two locomotives were built in 1909, which became the K class. The Tasmanian Government Railways (TGR K Class was a class of Steam locomotive. [1]
Unlike in Garratt's patent, Tasmanian Railways insisted on a compound arrangement with cylinders facing inwards, in order to reduce the distances between both the main steam pipe and the high-pressure cylinders, and between the high-pressure and low-pressure cylinders. A compound engine unit is a type of Steam engine where steam is expanded in two phases A cylinder is the central working part of a Reciprocating engine, the space in which a Piston travels This made the locomotive unnecessarily complicated and placed the high-pressure cylinders directly underneath the cab, making it uncomfortably hot, especially in summer. The pattern was not repeated on later Garratt designs. Only one more Garratt locomotive, again built by Beyer, Peacock & Co. , was produced with compound propulsion.
Early design and construction difficulties involved the steam-tight flexible connections between the boiler unit and the power units. These were solved by Beyer, Peacock's designers after studying a description of the spherical steam joints used on a Fairlie locomotive built for the Ffestiniog Railway followed by a visit to the FR to observe these locomotives at work. The Ffestiniog Railway (Rheilffordd Ffestiniog is a narrow gauge Heritage railway, located in North West Wales. [2]
Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
The third Garratt (an 0-4-0+0-4-0, like the first two) was a class "D" built in 1910 for the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, nicknamed the "Toy Train" is a gauge Narrow-gauge railway from Siliguri to Darjeeling in West As with many early Garratt classes, this engine's dimensions and power were designed to be roughly equivalent to those of two of the line's existing 0-4-0T engines, although in practice it achieved only a 65% increase in loading. [3] The "D" class was true to Garratt's patent, without compounding of the cylinders and with the cylinders facing outwards. It also incorporated Beyer, Peacock's first improvement to the design, placing the engine unit pivot above the rear axle rather than between the two axles, as Garratt specified. This allowed the design to evolve into larger and more powerful locomotives. Although technically successful, the locomotive was underutilized and withdrawn in 1954. [4]
First main-line class
In 1911 Beyer, Peacock and Company built six 2-6-0+0-6-2 Garratts for the Western Australian Government Railways. Beyer Peacock and Company was an English Railway Locomotive manufacturer with a Factory in Gorton, Manchester In the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, a 2-6-0+0-6-2 is a Garratt Articulated locomotive Western Australian Government Railways ( WAGR) was most common name of the Western Australian government rail transport authority from 1890 to 1976 The M class locos were followed by the Ms and the Msa class. These were the first Garratts built for main line use, the first built in large numbers, and the first design to be repeated and developed. They also formed the pattern for locos for the Victorian Railways G class, and for Australian Portland Cement. The former Victorian Railways, the state railway authority in Victoria, Australia built a number of experimental Narrow gauge railway lines around The G class Garratt locomotives were built for the Victorian Railways 2' 6" gauge branch lines. [5]
Beyer-Garratt
Garratt licensed the British firm of Beyer, Peacock and Company to build locomotives to his patent design. Beyer Peacock and Company was an English Railway Locomotive manufacturer with a Factory in Gorton, Manchester As well as producing locomotives, Beyer, Peacock developed and marketed the design, licensing it to other builders. After the original Garratt patents expired in 1928, Beyer, Peacock continued to market Garratts under its own brand, Beyer-Garratt. With continuing development and patent improvements, Beyer, Peacock maintained its leadership with the Garratt, and just under two-thirds of all Garratt locomotives (1023 of 1651) were built at Beyer, Peacock's Gorton Foundry. Gorton is a district of the City of Manchester in North West England. A foundry is a Factory which produces Metal Castings from either Ferrous or non-ferrous alloys The remainder were constructed by a number of licensees and a small number by non-licensed builders. Garratts were built in Britain, France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Belgium, South Africa, Brazil, and Australia. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.
Final Garratts constructed
The final Garratts were built in 1967-8, eight 2 ft (610 mm) gauge South African Railways SAR NGG 16 Class. History The challenges of Africa created the regular need for double-heading of steam locomotives on heavy weight trains to keep speeds up The order was placed with Beyer, Peacock and Company, but as it was in the process of closing down it subcontracted the order to the Hunslet Engine Company. Beyer Peacock and Company was an English Railway Locomotive manufacturer with a Factory in Gorton, Manchester The Hunslet Engine Company is a British Locomotive -building company founded in 1864 at Jack Lane Hunslet, Leeds, West Yorkshire, Hunslet's South African subsidiary constructed most of these locomotives in South Africa. A subsidiary, in business matters is an entity that is controlled by a bigger and more powerful entity [5]
Garratts around the world
Garratts were used in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and South America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a No Garratts were used on North American railroads, the most likely explanation being that American rail companies considered the Garratt's coal and water capacities unequal to their requirements. See also List of Canadian railways There are approximately 150000 Miles (240000 km) of railroad track in the United States, [5]
Europe
Garratts were employed in Great Britain, Russia and Spain, where some five railway companies employed seven classes. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. These included the 1931 order for Central of Aragon Railway for six Double Pacific Garratts for fast passenger service. A 4-6-2+2-6-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive In Brazil, post-1927 the São Paulo Railway operated broad-gauge 4-6-2+2-6-4 Garratts which ran passenger trains at 70 m. São Paulo Railway (SPR was a railway company in São Paulo (state, Brazil. A 4-6-2+2-6-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive p. h. (The Great Book of Trains, pp. 144-145) In Algeria 30 French-built 4-6-2+2-6-4 Garratts with Cossart motion gear operated until the civil war caused their withdrawal in 1951. A 4-6-2+2-6-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive These engines were streamlined fast runners and performed well in mountainous regions.
The Rio Tinto Railway had two Beyer-Garratts used for hauling mineral trains of up to 2,000 tonnes downhill and 550 tonnes of empties uphill.
British usage of Garratts was minimal. In the UK a single large Garratt (2-8-0+0-8-2, London and North Eastern Railway Class U1 number 2395/9999/69999, was built in 1925 for banking heavy coal trains on the Woodhead route. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A 2-8-0+0-8-2, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive The The London and North Eastern Railway Class U1 was a solitary 2-8-0+0-8-2 Beyer-Garratt locomotive designed for banking coal trains over the Worsborough The Woodhead Tunnels are three trans-Pennine railway tunnels which formerly carried a major rail link (usually known as the Woodhead Route) from Manchester Thirty-three 2-6-0+0-6-2 locomotives were built for the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and several 0-4-0+0-4-0s for industrial use, one of which is preserved at Bressingham Steam and Gardens. The London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS Garratt was a class of Garratt 2-6-0+0-6-2 Steam locomotive designed for heavy freight London Midland for the new (2007 railway company The London Midland and Scottish Railway ( LMS) was a British Railway company An industrial railway is a type of private Railway used exclusively to serve a particular industrial site either entirely within a mine or Factory Bressingham Steam & Gardens is a steam Museum and garden centre located at Bressingham west of Diss in Norfolk, England. The Garratt design was not generally used on British railways as most goods trains were short and light, on railways with broad curves and moderate grades compared with elsewhere in the world.
Beyer, Peacock constructed the largest steam locomotive built in Europe, a 4-8-2+2-8-4 for the USSR, works order number 1176 in 1932. A 4-8-2+2-8-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive The locomotive had the Russian classification Ya. 01 (Я. 01). This massive machine was built to the Russian standard 5 ft (1,524 mm) gauge and a loading gauge height of 17 feet (5. 2 m). It underwent extensive testing and proved to be very able to operate in extremely low temperatures, due to adequate protection of the external plumbing between boiler and engine units. This may have been the lowest temperature operation of a Garratt type. The locomotive was used for a number of years for coal traffic in the Donbass region, but was never replicated. Donets Basin, also known as Donbas or Donbass (Донецький басейн usually abbreviated to Донбас translit This decision appears to be a combination of unfamiliar maintenance processes and politics. (Locomotives, A. M. Bell) (Russian Steam Locomotives, LeFleming/Price) (Locomotives of Russia 1845 - 1955, V. A. Rakov). The Russians later experimented with Mallet locomotives, the P34 2-6-6-2 and the P38 2-8-8-4. In Whyte notation, 2-6-6-2 refers to a Railroad Steam locomotive that has two Leading wheels followed by six coupled Driving wheels Under the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives a 2-8-8-4 is a locomotive with two Leading wheels two sets of eight Driving wheels
Africa
The Garratt was most widely used in Africa[5] with Zimbabwe maintaining an average of four locomotives to perform shunting duties around the city of Bulawayo. The Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester (MOSI located in Manchester, England, is a large Museum devoted to the development of science technology The most powerful of all Garratts irrespective of gauge were the South African Railways' eight GL class locomotives of 1929-30, which delivered 89,130 lbf (396. Among Transnet 's railway service divisions are Protekon, a transport infrastructure design company Transnet Rail Engineering (formerly Transwerk The SAR GL class were Beyer-Garratt articulated Steam locomotives constructed at Beyer Peacock & Co 47 kN) of tractive effort. Tractive Effort (abbr TE is the pulling force exerted normally by a Locomotive, though the term could also be used for anything else that pulls a load [6]
The largest and most powerful locomotives to run on the metre gauge were the East African Railways, 59 Class Garratt, 4-8-2+2-8-4s, which delivered a tractive effort of 83,350 lbf (370. The East African Railways and Harbours Corporation evolved from the Uganda Railway in Kenya and Uganda and the railways of Tanganyika (later A 4-8-2+2-8-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive 76 kN). These 34 East African Garratts had a large 70 sq ft (6. 5 m²) grate and a reputation as amongst the largest and most powerful steam locomotives in the world. [7]
South America
Argentina
The British-owned Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway (5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) gauge) operated 12 Garratt 4-8-2+2-8-4 oil-fired locomotives, numbers 4851-4862, built by Beyer, Peacock in 1929. The Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway (BAGS (in Spanish Gran Ferrocarril Sud) was one of the Big Four Broad gauge,, British-owned companies that built A 4-8-2+2-8-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive They were used on the Bahia Blanca North Western section (particularly on the Toay line), on the main Bahia Blanca North Western line to Pico, and between Tres Arroyos and Bahia Blanca. Tres Arroyos is a city in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the capital of the Tres Arroyos Partido. Bahía Blanca is a City located in the south-west of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, by the Atlantic Ocean, head town of They were withdrawn in the 1950s due to the rapid decline in freight traffic caused by the increasing competition from road transport. [8] The F. C. A. F in Ushuaia uses two 500 mm gauge Garratts to haul tourists into a National Park.
Other British-owned railway companies operated Garratt locomotives built by Beyer, Peacock as follows:
Argentine North Eastern (4 ft 8½ in (1,435 mm) gauge): 7 2-6-0+0-6-2 locomotives built 1925-1927 and 3 4-4-2+2-4-4, 1930. The Argentine North Eastern Railway (ANE (in Spanish Ferrocarril Nordeste Argentino) was a British-owned railway company founded in 1887 that operated a railway network
Argentine Transandine (1,000 mm (3 ft 3⅜ in) gauge): 4 2-6-2+2-6-2, 1930. History The Transandine Railway was first projected in 1854 However the construction of the line was the work of Juan and Mateo Clark Chilean brothers of British descent who were
Buenos Aires and Pacific (5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) gauge): 4 4-8-2+2-8-4, 1929-1930. The Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway (BA&P (in Spanish Ferrocarril Buenos Aires al Pacífico) was one of the Big Four Broad gauge,, British-owned companies
Buenos Aires Midland (1,000 mm (3 ft 3⅜ in) gauge): 2 4-6-2+2-6-4, 1930. The Buenos Aires Midland Railway (BAM was a British-owned railway company which operated in Argentina where it was known as Ferrocarril Midland de Buenos Aires
Cordoba Central (1,000 mm (3 ft 3⅜ in) gauge) : 10 4-8-2+2-8-4, 1929. The Córdoba Central Railway (CC (in Spanish Ferrocarril Central de Córdoba) was a British-owned railway company founded in 1887 that operated a 1960 km Metre gauge
Entre Rios (4 ft 8½ in (1,435 mm) gauge): 5 2-6-0+0-6-2 and 5 4-4-2+2-4-4, 1927. The Entre Ríos Railway (ER (in Spanish Ferrocarril Entre Rios) was a British-owned railway company that built and operated a railway network in Entre Ríos Province
Australia
The New South Wales Government Railways introduced the 4-8-4+4-8-4 AD60 Garratt in 1952, built by Beyer, Peacock. The New South Wales Government Railways (NSWGR was the government department that operated the New South Wales Government's railways until the establishment of the Public Transport A 4-8-4+4-8-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive The AD60 weighed 265 tonnes, with a 16-tonne axle loading. As delivered, it developed a tractive effort of 60,000 lbf (265 kN), not as powerful as the South African Railways GMA/M 4-8-2+2-8-4 Garratts of 1954, which developed a tractive effort of 60,700 lbf (270 kN). Tractive Effort (abbr TE is the pulling force exerted normally by a Locomotive, though the term could also be used for anything else that pulls a load The newton (symbol N) is the SI derived unit of Force, named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on Classical A 4-8-2+2-8-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive [6] Following modifications in 1958 to 30 AD60s, their tractive effort was increased to 63,016 lbf (280. 31 kN). [9]
Following the success of the K class Garratts on the North East Dundas Tramway, Tasmanian Government Railways imported Beyer, Peacock Garratts for their main lines, in particular the 4-4-2+2-4-4 M class for express passenger work. The Tasmanian Government Railways (TGR K Class was a class of Steam locomotive. The North East Dundas Tramway (NEDT was a gauge tramway on West Coast Tasmania that ran between Zeehan and Deep Lead (now Williamsford Tasmanian Government Railways were absorbed into the Australian National Railways Commission, established by the Whitlam Government in 1975 (along with the former A 4-4-2+2-4-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive These were the only eight-cylinder Garratts. [10] The M1 achieved a world speed record of 55 mph (90 km/hr), on 30 November 1912. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Their 5-foot (1. 5 m) diameter driving wheels were at the time the largest on any narrow-gauge locomotive in Australia. [11] Their eight cylinders proved a nightmare to maintain, and after several fatal and disastrous derailments in the late 1920s, mainly due to inadequate trackwork, they were withdrawn and scrapped.
New Zealand
Beyer, Peacock built three 4-6-2+2-6-4 NZR G class locomotives in 1928, which were unsuccessful. A 4-6-2+2-6-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive The NZR G class was a type of Garratt steam locomotive used in New Zealand the only such Garratt type steam locomotives ever used by New Zealand Government Unusually, these engines had three cylinders (24×16. 5 in) on two sets of engine frames, thus creating a six-cylinder Garratt; they were the second and final Garratts to employ this arrangement, the other being the aforementioned LNER U1. They entered service in 1929. Walschaerts valve gear operated the outside cylinders with the inner third cylinder linked by a Gresley conjugated valve gear. The Walschaerts valve gear is a type of Steam engine Valve gear invented by Belgian railway mechanical engineer Egide Walschaerts The Gresley conjugated valve gear was a Valve gear for Steam locomotives designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, chief mechanical engineer of the LNER, The most likely reasons for these locomotives being failures were that they were too powerful for the system and they had complicated valve mechanisms. Photos verify the coal bunker was carried on an extension to the boiler frame rather than on the rear engine frame, as with most Garratts. The engines delivered 51,580 lbf (229. 44 kN) of tractive effort, which on light NZR track was too powerful for the drawbars on rolling stock. After a few years they were rebuilt as six Pacifics, also unsuccessful, but which saw nearly twenty years of service. [12]
Advantages of the Garratt concept
The principal benefit of the Garratt design is that the boiler and firebox unit are slung between the two engine units. A boiler is a closed vessel in which Water or other Fluid is heated A steam engine is a Heat engine that performs Mechanical work using Steam as its Working fluid. This frees the boiler and firebox from the size constraints imposed where they are placed over the frames and running gear, as in conventional designs and other articulateds such as Mallets. The valve gear of a Steam engine is the mechanism that operates the inlet and exhaust Valves to admit Steam into the cylinder and allow exhaust The Mallet Locomotive is a type of Articulated locomotive, invented by a Swiss engineer named Anatole Mallet Garratts can have a boiler with a greater diameter, which increases heating area and aids the production of steam. Uses A Steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a Piston or Turbine to perform Mechanical work. The boiler can also be shorter than other designs with the same heating area. In some loco designs, the boiler is so long almost no heating of the water occurs at the smokebox end of the boiler. A smokebox is one of the major basic parts of a steam Locomotive. A larger firebox promotes more efficient combustion of fuel and also increases the heat available to the boiler. Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy
Garratts enjoy an advantage over the Mallet system, because of the geometry of the design. When swinging around curves the boiler and cab unit move inward like a bowstring in the bow of a curve and this reduces the centrifugal force that would overturn a normal locomotive and which in turn permits fast running. The Mallet's forward articulated unit tends to throw out as the loco rounds curves. [7]. While most Garratts were designed for freight or mixed traffic, there were a number of passenger Garratt classes. A Garratt holds the world speed record for an articulated locomotive.
Garratts have several advantages when used on light and narrow gauge railways. Light railway refers to a Railway built at lower costs and to lower standards than typical "heavy rail" A narrow gauge railway (or narrow gauge railroad) is a Railway that has a Track gauge narrower than the of Standard gauge railways They are tank locomotives, thus eliminating the need for expensive turntables or wyes. A tank locomotive is a Steam locomotive that carries its own fuel and water on it instead of pulling it behind it in a tender. They don’t need to be run through to terminals increasing operational flexibility. Because the engine units are separated by the boiler unit, the weight of the locomotive is split over the two units. Therefore they can run over bridges that might not be able to support conventional or Mallet locomotives of similar weight.
Whilst at the end of steam most conventional steam locomotives had reached their maximum in 'critical dimensions', the Garratt still had some way to go, with larger driving wheels, larger boilers and greater output still achievable. [7]
Disadvantages of the Garratt concept
The major disadvantage of a Garratt (shared with all tank engines) is that the tractive weight reduces as the water is used from the front tank and coal from the rear bunker. A tank locomotive is a Steam locomotive that carries its own fuel and water on it instead of pulling it behind it in a tender. As the weight on the wheels reduces slipping occurs. To reduce wheel slippage, a wagon containing water was attached behind the Garratt, and this practice also permitted the engine to operate over longer distances. The weight of the water in the locomotive's tank and weight of coal in the bunker (necessary for the factor of adhesion) was predicted in advance, and this problem was not normally an operational issue.
Another disadvantage is that both power units are controlled by one regulator, thus if one power unit slipped the steam to both was reduced as the driver tried to control the slip. In Automatic control, a regulator is a device which has the function of maintaining a designated characteristic
The Garratt had a safety problem in Western Australia when operating through a narrow-profile single-track tunnel. Should a Garratt stall in a narrow tunnel the crew could be trapped, since there was no route forward or backwards past the hot cylinders. A normal engine has hot cylinders at one end with an escape route at the other end. Two crew members died in Western Australia in the 1940s when an Australian Standard Garratt stalled in the state's only tunnel, the Swan View Tunnel. Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. The Australian Standard Garratt (ASG was a Garratt steam-engine locomotive designed in Australia during the Second World War, which was utilised on The Swan View Tunnel is located at Swan View, Western Australia on the edge of the Darling Scarp, and at the southern side of the Jane Brook valley
Competitors, look-alikes, and variations on the theme
The Garratt was, obviously, not alone in the field of articulated locomotives. Aside from the well-known Fairlie and Meyer types, the Garratt had contemporary and similarly-designed competition in the form of the Union-Garratt, Modified Fairlie and Golwe. Meyer is a surname of German origin and may refer to People Adolf Meyer (architect (1881-1921 architect Adolf Bernhard The Golwé was a type of articulated Steam locomotive manufactured in France for use in its West African colonies Of these, the closest was the Union-Garratt, a type originally conceived owing to the perceived necessity for a rigid connection between a bunker or tender and a firebox fed by a mechanical stoker. Though it could be argued that the NZR G class locomotives were Union-Garratts (having their bunkers mounted on the boiler frames, rather than on the hind engine unit), a more concrete example can be seen in the two South African Railways Union Garratts of classes GH and U.
The Union-Garratt did not enjoy the success of the standard Garratt. It was soon evident that mechanical stokers could function perfectly across the connection between a Garratt's boiler and engine unit, making the rationale for the Union-Garratt obsolete. The Union-Garratts' extended boiler frames and the position of the bunker and hind water tank upon those frames meant that they suffered from many of the problems which beset the Mallet design; the SAR U and GH classes had much heavier axle-loadings than Garratts of comparable size, weight and power, and the movement of water at the extreme ends of the long main frames generated high wear on the hind pivot between the boiler and engine unit. The Union-Garratt, like the Golwe and Modified Fairlie, was not perpetuated on anything like the scale of the Garratt, and no known examples survive.
War locomotives
During World War II, several Garratt designs were built to meet the wartime needs of narrow-gauge railways in Africa, Asia and Australia. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [5]
Six 2-6-2+2-6-2 Garratts were built for the 2' 6" (762 mm) gauge Sierra Leone Government Railway in 1942, to a design first supplied to that railway in 1926. A 2-6-2+2-6-2, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive The Sierra Leone Government Railway operated in the West African country of Sierra Leone from 1897 to 1974 Five of the older Garratts were converted to a 2-8-0+0-8-2 wheel arrangement to increase their tractive effort. A 2-8-0+0-8-2, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive Tractive Effort (abbr TE is the pulling force exerted normally by a Locomotive, though the term could also be used for anything else that pulls a load
Seventy Garratts were constructed by Beyer, Peacock for the War Department, to three standard designs. The War Department was the United Kingdom government department responsible for the supply of equipment to the armed forces of the United Kingdom and the pursuance of military A 2-8-2+2-8-2 based on the South African Railways GE class was constructed on 3' 6" (1067 mm) gauge for West Africa and Rhodesia, while a heavier class of 4-8-2+2-8-4 was constructed for East African Railways. A 2-8-2+2-8-2, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive Rhodesia was the name adopted when the formerly British colony of Southern Rhodesia declared itself independent ( Unilateral Declaration of Independence A 4-8-2+2-8-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive The East African Railways and Harbours Corporation evolved from the Uganda Railway in Kenya and Uganda and the railways of Tanganyika (later A lighter metre-gauge 4-8-2+2-8-4 was constructed for India and Burma. A 4-8-2+2-8-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive This design was particularly successful, and was the basis for several post-war classes. [5]
The Australian Standard Garratt (ASG) was constructed for Australian 3 ft 6 in gauge railways. The Australian Standard Garratt (ASG was a Garratt steam-engine locomotive designed in Australia during the Second World War, which was utilised on It was a 4-8-2+2-8-4 locomotive was designed and constructed in Australia in 1943, during the crisis days of World War II immediately following the bombing of Darwin in 1942. A 4-8-2+2-8-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including [13] The class had several design problems, and encountered resistance from unions, and most were withdrawn at war's end. [5]
Preservation
Around 250 Garratts exist today. While many are stored or dumped in various stages of disrepair, more than 100 are preserved in museum collections or on heritage railways. A Museum is distinguished by a collection of often unique objects that forms the core of its activities for exhibitions Education, Research A heritage railway ( United Kingdom) preserved railway ( United Kingdom) or tourist railroad ( United States and Canada) is a Operating Garratt locomotives can be found in Europe, Africa, India and Australia. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country [14]In Spain occasionally runs an 2-8-2+2-8-2 , number 282F-0421, nicknamed "Garrafeta"in Lerida area. An enormous 4-6-2+2-6-4, number 462F-0401, is actually under restoration. Both locomotives are managed by ARMF, a non-profit organisation which also holds the only main line repair workshop for historical railway vehicles on broad gauge network. [15]
A single Hanomag-built narrow gauge example exists in the USA located in Texas
The first Garratt locomotive, the K class of the North-East Dundas Tramway, has been preserved. Hanomag (Hannoversche Maschinenbau AG was a German producer of steam locomotives tractors trucks and military vehicles Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The Tasmanian Government Railways (TGR K Class was a class of Steam locomotive. The Tasmanian Government Railways (TGR K Class was a class of Steam locomotive. The North East Dundas Tramway (NEDT was a gauge tramway on West Coast Tasmania that ran between Zeehan and Deep Lead (now Williamsford After the line closed in 1929 the locomotives were put up for sale. K1 was purchased by Beyer, Peacock in 1947 for their museum. The preserved loco has parts from both original engines, including the boiler from K2. When Beyer, Peacock ceased trading, the locomotive was sold to the Ffestiniog Railway, who initially proposed to cut it down to meet their loading gauge. The Ffestiniog Railway (Rheilffordd Ffestiniog is a narrow gauge Heritage railway, located in North West Wales. For a number of years it was on loan to the National Railway Museum and exhibited in York. The National Railway Museum (NRM is a Museum in York forming part of the British National Museum of Science and Industry and telling York ( is an historic Walled city sited at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. In 1995 it was removed from York to commence restoration in Birmingham. It was returned to Wales in 2000 where restoration was continued at the Ffestiniog Railway workshops at Boston Lodge. Boston Lodge is situated at Penrhyn Isa Minffordd, Penrhyndeudraeth, on the A487 road about 1 mile SE across the Afon Glaslyn Causeway It was fitted with a new boiler and restored to full running order on the Welsh Highland Railway in September 2006. The Welsh Highland Railway (WHR is a Narrow gauge railway in Wales, which originally ran from Dinas near Caernarfon to Porthmadog The Welsh Highland Railway owns several former South African SAR NGG 16 Class Garratts, and operates both the first and last Garratts constructed by Beyer, Peacock. History The challenges of Africa created the regular need for double-heading of steam locomotives on heavy weight trains to keep speeds up [16]
Several Australian Garratts have been restored to operating condition. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. G 42, formerly used on the narrow gauge lines of the Victorian Railways, now works regularly on the Puffing Billy Railway in the Dandenong Ranges outside Melbourne. The G class Garratt locomotives were built for the Victorian Railways 2' 6" gauge branch lines. The former Victorian Railways, the state railway authority in Victoria, Australia built a number of experimental Narrow gauge railway lines around The Puffing Billy Railway is a narrow gauge gauge Heritage railway in the Dandenong Ranges near Melbourne, Australia. The Dandenong Ranges are a set of low mountain ranges rising to 633 metres at Mount Dandenong, east of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Melbourne ( is the second most populous city in Australia, with a Metropolitan area population of approximately 3 [17] The Queensland Railways removed 1009, its sole remaining 3' 6" (1067 mm) gauge 4-8-2+2-8-4 Garratt, from an open air museum and fully restored it to working order. QR Limited is the company government-owned corporation responsible for the operation and maintenance of the railway system in the State of Queensland A 4-8-2+2-8-4, in the Whyte notation for the classification of Steam locomotives by Wheel arrangement, is a Garratt Articulated locomotive It was out of service in December 2007, awaiting a new boiler which Queensland Rail plans to construct itself. In late 2007 work commenced to overhaul N. S. W. G. R. AD60 6029 to operating condition in Canberra.
In Kenya, East African Railways 59 class 5918 is maintained in operating condition. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south In Zimbabwe 20th class 730 is held in operating condition but has not worked since 2001. See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election
In South Africa, a restored main-line 3' 6" (1067 mm) gauge GMAM class Garratt 4079 operates as a tourist attraction and was used in 2006 on a special Rovos Rail tour. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Rovos Rail is a private railway company operating out of Capital Park Station in Pretoria, South Africa. At Pietermaritzburg in KwaZulu-Natal a 2' (610 mm) gauge Garratt is operational on a short tourist line. Pietermaritzburg is the capital and second largest city of the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. KwaZulu-Natal (kwɑːˌzuːluː nəˈtɑːl often referred to as " KZN " is a province of South Africa.
In December 2007, South African class 14A Garratt number 509 was offloaded in New Zealand for preservation. [18]
References
- ^ Belbin, B. , Browning, J, & McKillop, B. K1 Steams Again in Light Rails No. 193, February 2007, p. 4
- ^ Rolt L. T. C. , A Hunslet Hundred David & Charles, Dawlish, 1964, (page 66) quoted by Tom Rolt from Edgar Alcock regarding his time at Beyer Peacock.
- ^ Hughes, Hugh (1994). Indian Locomotives Part 3 Narrow Gauge 1865-1940. Continental Railway Circle, Kenton. ISBN 0952165503. p. 37
- ^ Hughes. p. 37
- ^ a b c d e f g Durrant, A. E. (1981). Garratt Locomotives of the World. David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-7641-1.
- ^ a b South African Government, South Africa - Last Stronghold of Steam, Johannesburg, 1978. ISBN 0-949934-24-0
- ^ a b c Hollingsworth, Brian. & Cook, Arthur. The Great Book of Trains, 1987, Lifetime Distributors, ISBN 0-86101-919-9
- ^ D. S. Purdom, British Steam on the Pampas, Mechanical Engineering Publications Ltd, London, 1977
- ^ Oberg, Leon. (1975) Australian Locomotives. p. 200. Oberg wrote he witnessed an AD60 clear a dead 1220-tonne double-headed diesel freight (total weight 1450 tonnes) from a 1 in 55 grade without wheel slip (p. 191).
- ^ Cooper, Greg; Grant Goss (1996). Tasmanian Railways - 125 Years
- ^ Cooper. p. 19
- ^ Stewart, W. W. (1970). When Steam Was King. A. H. & A. W. Reed, Wellington. pp. 98-104.
- ^ Butlin, S. J. Australia in the War of 1939-1945: Vol 111, War Economy 1939-1942. Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1961
- ^ Hamilton, G. Surviving Garratt Locomotives accessed 5 March 2007
- ^ www. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. armf. net
- ^ Belbin & McKillop. pp. 6-7
- ^ The PBR site (accessed 2008-05-09) lists their G Class in regular service.
- ^ RailwaysAfrica 2008/1 p 34
Beyer, Peacock locomotive builders to the world. Railways Africa is the leading if not only publication covering railways in Africa and the Middle East. ISBN 1 898432 05 8.
Web Sites
- A Complete List of All Garratt Locomotives, Gavin Hamilton
- K1 The World's First Garratt, Ben Fisher
- Karamoja,a Kenya-Uganda Garratt Locomotive, garrattmaker
- Herbert William Garratt.
- Illustrations of Garratts.
- http://www.livesteaming.com/beyer-garratts.htm The first the last and the largest in the 21st Century
Dictionary
Garratt
-noun
- A steam locomotive that is articulated in three parts, with a boiler mounted on the centre frame, and two steam engines mounted on separate frames, one on each end of the boiler.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic