'Garnet '
General
Category	nesosilicates
Chemical formula	The general formula X3Y2(SiO4)3
Identification
Color	virtually all colors
Crystal habit	rhombic dodecahedra or cubic
Crystal system	Cubic
Cleavage	None
Fracture	conchoidal to uneven
Mohs Scale hardness	6. The silicate minerals make up the largest and most important class of rock-forming Minerals They are classified based on the structure of their silicate Ion group A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes In Mineralogy, shape and size give rise to descriptive terms applied to the typical appearance or habit of Crystals The many terms used by mineralogists A crystal system is a category of Space groups which characterize Symmetry of structures in three dimensions with Translational symmetry in three directions The cubic crystal system (or isometric) is a Crystal system where the Unit cell is in the shape of a Cube. Cleavage, in Mineralogy, is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite planes creating smooth surfaces of which there are several named types In the field of Mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a Mineral is broken The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 0 - 7. 5
Luster	vitreous to resinous
Polish luster	vitreous to subadamantine [1]
Refractive index	1. Lustre (or luster) is a description of the way light interacts with the surface of a Crystal, rock, or Mineral. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium 72 - 1. 94
Optical Properties	Single refractive, often anomalous double refractive [1]
Birefringence	None
Pleochroism	only in certain rare varieties
Streak	White
Specific gravity	3. Birefringence, or double refraction, is the decomposition of a ray of Light into two rays (the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray Pleochroism is an Optical phenomenon in which grains of a rock appear to be different colors when observed at different angles under a Petrographic microscope. The streak (also called powder color) of a Mineral is the Color of the powder produced when it is dragged across an unweathered surface Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the Density of a given solid or liquid substance to the density of water at a specific temperature and pressure typically 1 - 4. 3
Major varieties
Pyrope	Mg3Al2Si3O12
Almandine	Fe3Al2Si3O12
Spessartite	Mn3Al2Si3O12
Andradite	Ca3Fe2Si3O12
Grossular	Ca3Al2Si3O12
Uvarovite	Ca3Cr2Si3O12

Garnet is a group of minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives. The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Garnets are most often seen in red, but are available in a wide variety of colors spanning the entire spectrum. The name "garnet" comes from the Latin granatus ("grain"), possibly a reference to the Punica granatum ("pomegranate"), a plant with red seeds similar in shape, size, and color to some garnet crystals. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The pomegranate ( Punica granatum) is a Fruit -bearing Deciduous Shrub or small Tree growing to between five and eight metres tall

Six common species of garnet are recognized based on their chemical composition. They are pyrope, almandine, spessartite, grossular (varieties of which are hessonite or cinnamon-stone and tsavorite), uvarovite and andradite. This article is about the mineral For the bird sometimes placed in the monotypic genus Pyrope see Fire-eyed Diucon. Almandine, also known incorrectly as almandite, is a species of mineral belonging to the Garnet Group Spessartine previously named spessartite, is a Nesosilicate, Manganese Aluminium Garnet, Mn 3 Al 2( Grossular, also incorrectly called grossularite, is a Calcium - Aluminium mineral species of the Garnet group with the Formula Hessonite or Cinnamon Stone is a variety of Grossular, a calcium aluminium mineral of the Garnet group with the general Formula Ca3Al2Si3O12 Tsavorite or tsavolite is a variety of the Garnet group species Grossular, a Calcium - Aluminium garnet with the formula Ca Uvarovite is a Chromium bearing Garnet group species with the Formula: Ca 3 Cr 2( Si[[oxygen O]]43 Andradite is a species of the Garnet Group It is a nesosilicate, with formula Ca3Fe2Si3O12 The garnets make up two solid solution series; 1. pyrope-almandine-spessarite and 2. uvarovite-grossular-andradite.

Physical properties

Properties

Garnets species are found in many colors including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, black, pink and colorless. The rarest of these is the blue garnet, discovered in the late 1990s in Bekily, Madagascar. Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern It is also found in parts of the United States, Russia and Turkey. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches It changes color from blue-green in the daylight to purple in incandescent light, as a result of the relatively high amounts of vanadium (about 1 wt. Incandescence is the emission of Light (visible Electromagnetic radiation) from a hot body due to its temperature Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 % V₂O₃). Other varieties of color-changing garnets exist. In daylight, their color ranges from shades of green, beige, brown, gray, and blue, but in incandescent light, they appear a reddish or purplish/pink color. Because of their color changing quality, this kind of garnet is often mistaken for Alexandrite. The Mineral or Gemstone chrysoberyl, not to be confused with Beryl, is an aluminate of Beryllium with the formula BeAl2O4

Garnet species’s light transmission properties can range from the gemstone-quality transparent specimens to the opaque varieties used for industrial purposes as abrasives. The mineral’s luster is categorized as vitreous (glass-like) or resinous (amber-like). Lustre (or luster) is a description of the way light interacts with the surface of a Crystal, rock, or Mineral. Vitreous refers to a material in an Amorphous, Glassy state (in contrast to a Crystalline state

Crystal structure

Molecular model of garnet.

Garnets are nesosilicates having the general formula X₃Y₂(SiO₄)₃. The silicate minerals make up the largest and most important class of rock-forming Minerals They are classified based on the structure of their silicate Ion group Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The X site is usually occupied by divalent cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺) and the Y site by trivalent cations (Al³⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺) in an octahedral/tetrahedral framework with [SiO₄]⁴⁻ providing the tetrahedra^[2]. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 WikipediaNaming Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 An octahedron (plural octahedra is a Polyhedron with eight faces A tetrahedron (plural tetrahedra) is a Polyhedron composed of four triangular faces three of which meet at each vertex. Garnets are most often found in the dodecahedral crystal habit, but are also commonly found in the trapezohedron habit. A dodecahedron is any Polyhedron with twelve faces but usually a regular dodecahedron is meant a Platonic solid composed of twelve regular Pentagonal In Mineralogy, shape and size give rise to descriptive terms applied to the typical appearance or habit of Crystals The many terms used by mineralogists (Note: the word "trapezohedron" as used here and in most mineral texts refers to the shape called a Deltoidal icositetrahedron in solid geometry. Related polyhedra The deltoidal icositetrahedron is topologically identical to a Cube which has all of its edges bisected ) They crystallize in the cubic system, having three axes that are all of equal length and perpendicular to each other. The cubic crystal system (or isometric) is a Crystal system where the Unit cell is in the shape of a Cube. Garnets do not show cleavage, so when they fracture under stress, sharp irregular pieces are formed. Cleavage, in Mineralogy, is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite planes creating smooth surfaces of which there are several named types

Hardness

Because the chemical composition of garnet varies, the atomic bonds in some species are stronger than in others. As a result, this mineral group shows a range of hardness on the Mohs Scale of about 6. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 5 to 7. 5. The harder species, like almandine, are often used for abrasive purposes.

Garnet group endmember species

Pyralspite garnets - Aluminium in Y site

• Almandine: Fe₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
• Pyrope: Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
• Spessartine: Mn₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃

Almandine

Almandine in gneissic rock

Almandine, sometimes incorrectly called almandite, is the modern gem known as carbuncle (though originally almost any red gemstone was known by this name). An endmember in Mineralogy is a Mineral that is at the extreme end of a mineral series in terms of purity Almandine, also known incorrectly as almandite, is a species of mineral belonging to the Garnet Group This article is about the mineral For the bird sometimes placed in the monotypic genus Pyrope see Fire-eyed Diucon. Spessartine previously named spessartite, is a Nesosilicate, Manganese Aluminium Garnet, Mn 3 Al 2( Manganese (ˈmæŋgəniːz is a Chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. Almandine, also known incorrectly as almandite, is a species of mineral belonging to the Garnet Group The term "carbuncle" is derived from the Latin meaning "live coal" or burning charcoal. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The name Almandine is a corruption of Alabanda, a region in Asia Minor where these stones were cut in ancient times. Alabanda &ndash also hê Alabanda, ta Alabanda, Alabandeus, Alabandensis, Alabandenus, and for a time Antiochia of the Chrysaorians Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Chemically, almandine is an iron-aluminium garnet with the formula Fe₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃; the deep red transparent stones are often called precious garnet and are used as gemstones (being the most common of the gem garnets). Almandine occurs in metamorphic rocks like mica schists, associated with minerals such as staurolite, kyanite, andalusite, and others. Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type the protolith, in a process called Metamorphism, which means "change The word "mica" is thought to be derived from the Latin word la micare, "glitteren" in reference to the brilliant appearance of this mineral (especially The schists form a group of medium-grade Metamorphic rocks chiefly notable for the preponderance of lamellar Minerals such as Micas chlorite Staurolite is a red brown to black mostly opaque nesosilicate Mineral with a white streak Kyanite, whose name derives from the Greek word kyanos, meaning blue is a typically blue Silicate Mineral, commonly found in Aluminium -rich Andalusite is an Aluminium nesosilicate Mineral with the chemical formula Al2SiO5 Almandine has nicknames of Oriental garnet, almandine ruby, and carbuncle.

Pyrope

Pyrope (from the Greek pyrōpós meaning "fire-eyed") is red in color and chemically a magnesium aluminium silicate with the formula Mg₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃, though the magnesium can be replaced in part by calcium and ferrous iron. This article is about the mineral For the bird sometimes placed in the monotypic genus Pyrope see Fire-eyed Diucon. For the Artificial intelligence Androids of the 1990s Science fiction series Space Above and Beyond, see Silicate (AI The color of pyrope varies from deep red to almost black. Transparent pyropes are used as gemstones. A gemstone or gem, also called a precious or semi-precious stone, is a piece of attractive Mineral, which &mdash when cut and polished &mdash

A variety of pyrope from Macon County, North Carolina is a violet-red shade and has been called rhodolite, from the Greek meaning "a rose. Macon County is a County located in the North Carolina. As of 2000 the population was 29811 North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States " In chemical composition it may be considered as essentially an isomorphous mixture of pyrope and almandite, in the proportion of two parts pyrope to one part almandite. Pyrope has tradenames some of which are misnomers; Cape ruby, Arizona ruby, California ruby, Rocky Mountain ruby, and Bohemian garnet from the Czech Republic. A misnomer is a term which suggests an interpretation that is known to be untrue The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Another intriguing find is the blue color-changing garnets from Madagascar, a pyrope spessartine mix. The color of these blue garnets is not like sapphire blue in subdued daylight but more reminiscent of the grayish blues and greenish blues sometimes seen in spinel. Blue is a Colour, the Perception of which is evoked by The spinels are any of a class of Minerals of general formulation XY2 O 4 which Crystallize in the cubic (isometric However, in white LED light the color is equal to the best cornflower blue sapphire, or D block tanzanite; this is due to the blue garnet's ability to absorb the yellow component of the emitted light. Sapphire (antique greek hyacinthos refers to gem varieties of the mineral Corundum, an Aluminium oxide (Al2O3 when it is a color other than Tanzanite is the blue/purple variety of the Mineral Zoisite which was discovered in the Meralani (Merelani Hills of Northern Tanzania in 1967 near

Pyrope is an indicator mineral for high-pressure rocks. The garnets from mantle derived rocks, peridotites and eclogites, commonly contain a pyrope variety. The mantle is a part of an Astronomical object. The interior of the Earth, similar to the other Terrestrial planets, is Chemically divided A peridotite is a dense coarse-grained Igneous rock, consisting mostly of the minerals Olivine and Pyroxene. Eclogite (ˈɛklədʒaɪt is a coarse-grained Mafic ( Basaltic in composition Metamorphic rock.

Spessartine

Spessartine (the yellow mineral)

Spessartine or incorrectly spessartite is manganese aluminium garnet, Mn₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃. Spessartine previously named spessartite, is a Nesosilicate, Manganese Aluminium Garnet, Mn 3 Al 2( Its name is derived from Spessart in Bavaria. The Spessart is a low mountain range in northwestern Bavaria and southern Hesse, Germany. Bavaria ( German:, with an area of 70553 Km² (27241 square miles and almost 12 It occurs most often in granite pegmatite and allied rock types and in certain low grade metamorphic phyllites. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. Pegmatite is a very coarse-grained Igneous rock that has a grain size of 20 mm or more such rocks are referred to as pegmatitic. Phyllite is a type of foliated Metamorphic rock primarily composed of Quartz, Sericite Mica, and chlorite; the rock represents Spessartine of a beautiful orange-yellow is found in Madagascar (see Mandarin garnet). The colour orange occurs Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic) is an Island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern Mandarin garnets, also known as orange spessartite garnets, are naturally occurring stones found primarily in Africa that are known for their orange appearance Violet-red spessartines are found in rhyolites in Colorado and Maine. This page is about a volcanic rock For the ghost town see Rhyolite Nevada, and for the satellite system see Rhyolite/Aquacade. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean .

Ugrandite group - calcium in X site

• Andradite: Ca₃Fe₂(SiO₄)₃
• Grossular: Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃
• Uvarovite: Ca₃Cr₂(SiO₄)₃

Andradite

Andradite (the black mineral)

Andradite is a calcium-iron garnet, Ca₃Fe₂(SiO₄)₃, is of variable composition and may be red, yellow, brown, green or black. Andradite is a species of the Garnet Group It is a nesosilicate, with formula Ca3Fe2Si3O12 Grossular, also incorrectly called grossularite, is a Calcium - Aluminium mineral species of the Garnet group with the Formula Uvarovite is a Chromium bearing Garnet group species with the Formula: Ca 3 Cr 2( Si[[oxygen O]]43 Andradite is a species of the Garnet Group It is a nesosilicate, with formula Ca3Fe2Si3O12 The recognized varieties are topazolite (yellow or green), demantoid (green) and melantite (black). Demantoid is the green Gemstone variety of the Mineral Andradite, a member of the Garnet group of minerals Andradite is found both in deep-seated igneous rocks like syenite as well as serpentines, schists, and crystalline limestone. Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire are rocks formed by solidification of cooled Magma (molten rock Syenite is a coarse-grained intrusive Igneous rock of the same general composition as Granite but with the Quartz either absent or present in relatively Demantoid has been called the "emerald of the Urals" from its occurrence there, and is one of the most prized of garnet varieties. Emeralds are a variety of the Mineral Beryl (Be3Al2(SiO36 colored Green by trace amounts Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye Topazolite is a golden yellow variety and melanite is a black variety.

Grossular

Grossular on display at the US National Museum of Natural History. The National Museum of Natural History is a Natural history Museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution, located on the National

Grossular is a calcium-aluminium garnet with the formula Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃, though the calcium may in part be replaced by ferrous iron and the aluminium by ferric iron. Grossular, also incorrectly called grossularite, is a Calcium - Aluminium mineral species of the Garnet group with the Formula The name grossular is derived from the botanical name for the gooseberry, grossularia, in reference to the green garnet of this composition that is found in Siberia. Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life The gooseberry Ribes uva-crispa ( syn R grossularia) is a species of Ribes, native to Europe, northwestern Africa Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Other shades include cinnamon brown (cinnamon stone variety), red, and yellow. Because of its inferior hardness to zircon, which the yellow crystals resemble, they have also been called hessonite from the Greek meaning inferior. Zircon is a Mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates. Its chemical name is Zirconium silicate and its corresponding chemical formula is Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Grossular is found in contact metamorphosed limestones with vesuvianite, diopside, wollastonite and wernerite. Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type the protolith, in a process called Metamorphism, which means "change Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Vesuvianite, also known as idocrase is a green brown yellow or blue silicate mineral. Diopside is a Monoclinic Pyroxene Mineral with composition MgCaSi2O6 Scapolite (Gr asairos, rod stone is a group of rock-forming Silicate minerals composed of Aluminium, Calcium and Sodium Silicate

One of the most sought after varieties of gem garnet is the fine green grossular garnet from Kenya and Tanzania called tsavorite. Tsavorite or tsavolite is a variety of the Garnet group species Grossular, a Calcium - Aluminium garnet with the formula Ca This garnet was discovered in the 1960s in the Tsavo area of Kenya, from which the gem takes its name.

Uvarovite

Uvarovite

Uvarovite is a calcium chromium garnet with the formula Ca₃Cr₂(SiO₄)₃. Uvarovite is a Chromium bearing Garnet group species with the Formula: Ca 3 Cr 2( Si[[oxygen O]]43 This is a rather rare garnet, bright green in color, usually found as small crystals associated with chromite in peridotite, serpentinite, and kimberlites. Chromite is iron magnesium chromium oxide (Fe MgCr2O4 It is an Oxide Mineral belonging to the Spinel group A peridotite is a dense coarse-grained Igneous rock, consisting mostly of the minerals Olivine and Pyroxene. Serpentinite is a rock composed of one or more Serpentine Minerals Minerals in this group are formed by serpentinization a hydration and metamorphic It is found in crystalline marbles and schists in the Ural mountains of Russia and Outokumpu, Finland. Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of The schists form a group of medium-grade Metamorphic rocks chiefly notable for the preponderance of lamellar Minerals such as Micas chlorite Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Outokumpu is a municipality of Finland. It is located in the province of Eastern Finland and is part of the North Karelia

Less common species

• Calcium in X site
  • Goldmanite: Ca₃V₂(SiO₄)₃
  • Kimzeyite: Ca₃(Zr,Ti)₂[(Si,Al,Fe³⁺)O₄]₃
  • Morimotoite: Ca₃Ti⁴⁺Fe²⁺(SiO₄)₃
  • Schorlomite: Ca₃(Ti⁴⁺,Fe³⁺)₂[(Si,Ti)O₄]₃
• Hydroxide bearing - calcium in X site
  • Hydrogrossular: Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)_3-x(OH)_4x
    • Hibschite: Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)_3-x(OH)_4x (where x is between 0. Vanadium (vəˈneɪdiəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol V and Atomic number 23 Zirconium (zɚˈkoʊniəm /ˌzɝˈkoʊniəm/ is a Chemical element with the symbol Zr and Atomic number 40 Titanium (taɪˈteɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ti and Atomic number 22 Hydrogrossular, is a Calcium Aluminium Garnet series between the species Grossular and Hibschite Ca3Al2(SiO43-x(OH4x 2 and 1. 5)
    • Katoite: Ca₃Al₂(SiO₄)_3-x(OH)_4x (where x is greater than 1. 5)
• Magnesium or manganese in X site
  • Knorringite: Mg₃Cr₂(SiO₄)₃
  • Majorite: Mg₃(Fe,Al,Si)₂(SiO₄)₃
  • Calderite: Mn₃Fe³⁺₂(SiO₄)₃

Knorringite

Knorringite is a magnesium chromium garnet species with the formula Mg₃Cr₂(SiO₄)₃. Knorringite is a mineral species belonging to the Garnet group and forms a series with the species Pyrope. Majorite is a type of Mineral found in the upper mantle of the Earth Calderite is a Mineral in the Garnet group with the chemical formula ( Mn 2+ Ca)3( Fe 3+ Al Knorringite is a mineral species belonging to the Garnet group and forms a series with the species Pyrope. Pure endmember knorringite never occurs in nature. An endmember in Mineralogy is a Mineral that is at the extreme end of a mineral series in terms of purity Knorringite is only formed under high pressure and is often found in kimberlites. Kimberlite is a type of potassic Volcanic rock best known for sometimes containing Diamonds It is named after the town of Kimberley in South Africa It is used as an indicator mineral in the search for diamonds. In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in

Synthetic garnets

In yttrium iron garnet (YIG), Y₃Fe₂(FeO₄)₃, the five iron(III) ions occupy two octahedral and three tetrahedral sites, with the yttrium(III) ions coordinated by eight oxygen ions in an irregular cube. Yttrium iron garnet ( YIG) is a kind of synthetic Garnet, with chemical composition 32(Fe43 or Y3Fe5O12 Yttrium (ˈɪtriəm is a Chemical element with symbol Y and Atomic number 39 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the An octahedron (plural octahedra is a Polyhedron with eight faces A tetrahedron (plural tetrahedra) is a Polyhedron composed of four triangular faces three of which meet at each vertex. The iron ions in the two coordination sites exhibit different spins, resulting in magnetic behaviour. In Quantum mechanics, spin is a fundamental property of atomic nuclei, Hadrons and Elementary particles For particles with non-zero spin In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. YIG is a ferrimagnetic material having a Curie temperature of 550 K. In Physics, a ferrimagnetic material is one in which the Magnetic moment of the atoms on different sublattices are opposed as in Antiferromagnetism; however The Curie point ( Tc) or Curie temperature, is a term in Physics and Materials science, named after Pierre Curie (1859-1906 The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic By substituting specific sites with rare earth elements, for example, interesting magnetic properties can be obtained. Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely

One example for this is gadolinium gallium garnet, Gd₃Ga₂(GaO₄)₃, which is synthesized for use in magnetic bubble memory. Gadolinium Gallium Garnet ( GGG, 3512 is a synthetic Crystalline material of the Garnet group with good mechanical thermal Gadolinium (ˌgædəˈlɪniəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Gd and Atomic number 64 Gallium (ˈgæliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ga and Atomic number 31 Gallium (ˈgæliəm is a Chemical element that has the symbol Ga and Atomic number 31 Prehistory twistor memory Bubble memory is largely the brainchild of a single person Andrew Bobeck.

Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG), Y₃Al₂(AlO₄)₃, is used for synthetic gemstone. YAG redirects here For the IATA airport code see Fort Frances Municipal Airport. YAG redirects here For the IATA airport code see Fort Frances Municipal Airport. In Chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of Chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products A gemstone or gem, also called a precious or semi-precious stone, is a piece of attractive Mineral, which &mdash when cut and polished &mdash When doped with neodymium (Nd³⁺), these YAl-garnets are useful as the lasing medium in lasers. Neodymium (ˌniːoʊˈdɪmiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Nd and Atomic number 60 NdYAG ( neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet; NdY3Al5O12) is a Crystal that is used as a lasing medium

Geological importance of garnet

The Garnet group is a key mineral in interpreting the genesis of many igneous and metamorphic rocks via geothermobarometry. Igneous rocks (etymology from Latin ignis, fire are rocks formed by solidification of cooled Magma (molten rock Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type the protolith, in a process called Metamorphism, which means "change Geothermobarometry is the science of measuring the previous pressure and temperature history of a Metamorphic or intrusive Igneous rocks Diffusion of elements is relatively slow in garnet compared to rates in many other minerals, and garnets are also relatively resistant to alteration. Diffusion is the net movement of particles (typically molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by uncoordinated random movement Metasomatism is the chemical alteration of a rock by Hydrothermal and other fluids Hence, individual garnets commonly preserve compositional zonations that are used to interpret the temperature-time histories of the rocks in which they grew. Garnet grains that lack compositional zonation commonly are interpreted as having been homogenized by diffusion, and the inferred homogenization also has implications for the temperature-time history of the host rock.

Garnets are also useful in defining metamorphic facies of rocks. Metamorphism can be defined as the solid state recrystallisation of pre-existing rocks due to changes in heat and/or pressure and/or introduction of fluids i For instance, eclogite can be defined as a rock of basalt composition, but mainly consisting of garnet and omphacite. Eclogite (ˈɛklədʒaɪt is a coarse-grained Mafic ( Basaltic in composition Metamorphic rock. Basalt (bəˈsɔːlt ˈbeisɔːlt ˈbæsɔːlt is a common Extrusive Volcanic rock. Omphacite is a member of the Pyroxene group of Silicate minerals with formula ( Ca, Na)( Mg, Fe 2+ Al Pyrope-rich garnet is restricted to relatively high-pressure metamorphic rocks, such as those in the lower crust and in the Earth's mantle. This article is about the mineral For the bird sometimes placed in the monotypic genus Pyrope see Fire-eyed Diucon. In Geology, a crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet or moon The mantle is a part of an Astronomical object. The interior of the Earth, similar to the other Terrestrial planets, is Chemically divided Peridotite may contain plagioclase, or aluminium-rich spinel, or pyrope-rich garnet, and the presence of each of the three minerals defines a pressure-temperature range in which the mineral could equilibrate with olivine plus pyroxene: the three are listed in order of increasing pressure for stability of the peridotite mineral assemblage. A peridotite is a dense coarse-grained Igneous rock, consisting mostly of the minerals Olivine and Pyroxene. Plagioclase is a very important series of tectosilicate Minerals within the Feldspar family The spinels are any of a class of Minerals of general formulation XY2 O 4 which Crystallize in the cubic (isometric The Mineral olivine (when gem-quality also called Peridot) is a Magnesium Iron silicate with the formula ( Mg The pyroxenes are a group of important rock-forming Silicate minerals found in many Igneous and metamorphic rocks. Hence, garnet peridotite must have been formed at great depth in the earth. Xenoliths of garnet peridotite have been carried up from depths of 100 km and greater by kimberlite, and garnets from such disaggegated xenoliths are used as a kimberlite indicator minerals in diamond prospecting. This article concerns the geologic term for other uses see Xenolith (disambiguation A xenolith ( Greek: 'foreign rock' is a rock Kimberlite is a type of potassic Volcanic rock best known for sometimes containing Diamonds It is named after the town of Kimberley in South Africa Kimberlite is a type of potassic Volcanic rock best known for sometimes containing Diamonds It is named after the town of Kimberley in South Africa In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in At depths of about 300 to 400 km and greater, a pyroxene component is dissolved in garnet, by the substitution of (Mg,Fe) plus Si for 2Al in the octahedral (Y) site in the garnet structure, creating unusually silica-rich garnets that have solid solution towards majorite. Majorite is a type of Mineral found in the upper mantle of the Earth Such silica-rich garnets have been identified as inclusions within diamonds.

Uses of garnets

Pendant in uvarovite, a rare bright-green garnet.

Pure crystals of garnet are used as gemstones. A gemstone or gem, also called a precious or semi-precious stone, is a piece of attractive Mineral, which &mdash when cut and polished &mdash Garnet sand is a good abrasive, and a common replacement for silica sand in sand blasting. An abrasive is a material often a Mineral, that is used to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the workpiece being worn away Mixed with very high pressure water, garnet is used to cut steel and other materials in water jets. A water jet cutter is a tool capable of slicing into Metal or other materials using a jet of Water at high velocity and pressure or a mixture of water and an Garnet sand is also used for water filtration media. Water purification is the process of removing contaminants and other harmful microorganisms from a raw water source

• In the USA it is known as the birthstone for January. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Early civilizations such as India and Babylon have attributed gemstones with magical properties ^[1]
• It is the gemstone for the 2nd wedding anniversary^[3]
• It is the state mineral of Connecticut. A wedding anniversary is the Anniversary of the date on which a Wedding took place Not every state has an official state mineral rock stone or gemstone Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. ^[4]
• It is also New York's gemstone. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous ^[5]

References

External links

• USGS Garnet locations - USA
• Garnets from Madagascar with a Color Change of Blue-Green to Purple
• http://www.gemstone.org/gem-by-gem/english/garnet.html
• http://www.mindat.org/min-10272.html