Gardening is the practice of growing plants for their attractive flowers or foliage, and vegetables or fruits for consumption. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Gardening is a human activity used to produce edible foods and use plants to beautify their local environmental conditions. Its scale ranges: from fruit orchards, to long boulevards plantings with one or more different types of shrubs, trees and herbaceous plants, to residential yards including lawns and foundation plantings, to large or small containers grown inside or outside. A herbaceous plant (or in botanical use a Herb) is a Plant that has leaves and stems that die down at the end of Gardening may often be very specific, with only one type of plant grown, or involve a large number of different plants in mixed plantings. It involves an active participation in the growing of plants and tends to be labor intensive, which differentiates it from farming or forestry. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Forestry is the Art and Science of managing forests tree Plantations and related Natural resources.

Contents 1 History 2 Types of gardening 3 Gardeners 4 Comparison with farming 5 Gardens as art 6 Social aspects 7 Garden pests 8 Restrictions 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 Further watching

History

Part of a series on Horticulture and Gardening
Gardening
Gardening • Garden • Botanical garden • Arboretum • Botany • Plant
Horticulture
Horticulture • Agriculture • Urban agriculture • City farm • Organic farming • Herb farm • Hobby farm • Intercropping • Farm
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Main article: History of gardening

Gardening for food extends far back into prehistory. A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of Plants primarily to categorize and document for scientific purposes An arboretum is a collection of trees Related collections include a fruticetum (from the Latin frutex, meaning shrub and a viticetum a collection of vines Botany, plant science(s, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of Biology and is the scientific study of plant Life Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Urban Agriculture and Peri-Urban Agriculture is the practice of cultivating processing and distributing food in or around (peri-urban a village town or city City farms are community-run projects in Urban areas which involve people working with animals and plants Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on Crop rotation, Green manure, Compost, Biological pest control, and mechanical Cultivation A herb farm is usually a Farm where Herbs are grown for market sale A hobby farm is a Smallholding or small farm that is maintained without expectation of being a primary source of income Intercropping is the agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the same time (Andrews & Kassam 1976 A farm is an area of land including various structures devoted primarily to the practice of producing and managing food ( Produce, Grains, or Livestock A harvest festival is an annual celebration which occurs around the time of the main harvest of a given region Thanksgiving, or Thanksgiving Day, is a traditional North American Holiday, which is a form of harvest festival. Agriculture was developed at least 10000 years ago and it has undergone significant developments since the time of the earliest cultivation A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Weed control is the botanical component of Pest control, stopping weeds from reaching a mature stage of growth when they could be harmful to Domesticated Plants This entry concerns the history of ornamental gardening considered as an amenity of civilized life as a vehicle for style for conspicuous show and even an expression of philosophy Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" Ornamental gardens were known in ancient times, a famous example being the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, while ancient Rome had dozens of gardens. The Ornamental Gardens are located at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 's Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa, Ontario Canada. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC

Types of gardening

Residential gardening takes place near the home, in a space referred to as the garden. A residential garden, or domestic garden, is the most common form of Garden and is generally found in proximity to a residence A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. Although a garden typically is located on the land near a residence, it may also be located on a roof, in an atrium, on a balcony, in a windowbox, or on a patio or vivarium. A roof garden is any Garden on the Roof of a Building. Humans have grown Plants atop structures since antiquity. In modern Architecture, an atrium (plural atria is a large open space often several stories high and having a glazed roof and/or large windows often situated within an Balcony (from Italian balcone, scaffold cf High German balcho, beam balk probably cognate with Persian term بالكانه Windowbox may also refer to Windowbox (film A windowbox or window box is a container for growing Plants usually positioned outside A patio (from the Spanish patio meaning 'back garden' or 'backyard' is an outdoor space generally used for dining or Recreation that often adjoins a A vivarium (Latin literally for "place of life" plural vivaria or vivariums) is an area usually enclosed for keeping and raising animals or

Gardening also takes place in non-residential green areas, such as parks, public or semi-public gardens (botanical gardens or zoological gardens), amusement and theme parks, along transportation corridors, and around tourist attractions and garden hotels. A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human Botanical gardens grow a wide variety of Plants primarily to categorize and document for scientific purposes A zoological garden, shortened to zoo, is an institution in which living animals are exhibited in captivity Theme park is the generic term for a collection of rides and other Entertainment attractions assembled for the purpose of entertaining a large group Theme park is the generic term for a collection of rides and other Entertainment attractions assembled for the purpose of entertaining a large group Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel Many hotels converted from large private residences have gardens designed by famous garden designers or are particularly notable for their gardens In these situations, a staff of gardeners or groundskeepers maintains the gardens. A gardener is any person involved in the growing and maintenance of plants notably in a Garden. A groundskeeper is a person who maintains landscaping gardens or sporting venues (and their vegetation where appropriate for appearance and functionality

Impact Gardening is a way of using small space to great effect, keeping plants close together, which blocks weeds and requires very little upkeep once started.

Indoor gardening is concerned with the growing of houseplants within a residence or building, in a conservatory, or in a greenhouse. A garden is a planned space usually outdoors set aside for the display cultivation and enjoyment of Plants and other forms of Nature. A conservatory is a Glass and Metal structure traditionally found in the Garden of a large house A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse or hothouse) is a building where plants are cultivated Indoor gardens are sometimes incorporated as part of air conditioning or heating systems. The term air conditioning refers to the cooling and dehumidification of indoor air for Thermal comfort.

Water gardening is concerned with growing plants adapted to pools and ponds. Water gardens, also known as aquatic gardens, backyard ponds and Garden ponds, have been made popular by Andy Holt in recent years A pond is a body of water smaller than a Lake, both being examples of Terrain features Although the term pond is universally used to describe waterbodies that Bog gardens are also considered a type of water garden. A bog or mire is a Wetland type that accumulates Acidic Peat, a deposit of dead plant material &ndash usually Mosses but also These all require special conditions and considerations. A simple water garden may consist solely of a tub containing the water and plant(s). Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life.

Container gardening is concerned with growing plants in any type of container either indoors or outdoors. Container gardening is the practice of growing plants exclusively in containers or "pots" instead of planting them in the ground Common containers are pots, hanging baskets, and planters. Container gardening is usually used in atriums and on balconies, patios, and roof tops.

Community gardening is a social activity in which an area of land is gardened by a group of people, providing access to fresh produce and plants as well as access to satisfying labor, neighborhood improvement, sense of community and connection to the environment. A community garden is a piece of land gardened by a group of people ^[1][2] Community gardens are typically owned in trust by local governments or nonprofits. ^[3]

Gardeners

A "gardener" is any person involved in gardening, arguably the oldest occupation, from the hobbyist in a residential garden, the homeowner supplementing the family food with a small vegetable garden or orchard, to an employee in a nursery or the head gardener in a large estate. A hobby is a spare-time Recreational pursuit Etymology A Hobby horse is a wooden or Wickerwork toy made to be A residential garden, or domestic garden, is the most common form of Garden and is generally found in proximity to a residence A vegetable garden (also known as a vegetable patch or vegetable plot) is a Garden that exists to grow Vegetables and other plants An orchard is an intentional planting of Trees or Shrubs maintained for Food production. The head gardener (also known as a Curator) or as a Master Gardener is an individual who manages the staff of a large Garden, Landscape For the architecture of great houses see Mansion. For the great house masonry pueblos see Chaco Culture National Historical Park.

The term gardener is also used to describe garden designers and landscape gardeners, who are involved chiefly in the design of gardens, rather than the practical aspects of horticulture. Garden design is the art and process of Designing and creating plans for layout and planting of Gardens and Landscapes Garden design may be done by the garden Landscape architecture involves the investigation and designed response to the landscape Horticulture is the art and science of plant cultivation Horticulturists (or horticuluralists) work and conduct research in the fields of Plant propagation

Gardening has a long history, and there have been many pioneering gardeners of note, from the great landscape gardeners of the 18th century, to those who created or expanded the idea of the "no-dig" garden. This entry concerns the history of ornamental gardening considered as an amenity of civilized life as a vehicle for style for conspicuous show and even an expression of philosophy This entry concerns the history of ornamental gardening considered as an amenity of civilized life as a vehicle for style for conspicuous show and even an expression of philosophy The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system No-dig gardening is a Cultivation method favored by many Organic gardeners Japanese Masanobu Fukuoka started his pioneering research work in this domain In addition, television lifestyle programs have spawned a number of celebrity gardeners. Gardeners who have achieved fame through their pioneering innovations writing or more often their Television personas may be classed as Celebrity Gardeners.

Comparison with farming

In respect to its food producing purpose, gardening is distinguished from farming chiefly by scale and intent. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Farming occurs on a larger scale, and with the production of saleable goods as a major motivation. Gardening is done on a smaller scale, primarily for pleasure and to produce goods for the gardener's own family or community. There is some overlap between the terms, particularly in that some moderate-sized vegetable growing concerns, often called market gardening, can fit in either category. "Market garden" redirects here For the World War II operation see Operation Market Garden.

The key distinction between gardening and farming is essentially one of scale; gardening can be a hobby or an income supplement, but farming is generally understood as a full-time or commercial activity, usually involving more land and quite different practices. One distinction is that gardening is labor-intensive and employs very little infrastructural capital, typically no more than a few tools, e. Infrastructural capital refers to any physical Means of production or Means of protection beyond that which can be gathered or found directly in nature g. a spade, hoe, basket and watering can. A spade is a tool designed primarily for the purpose of digging or removing earth Hoes are Bladed Tools used to agitate the surface of the Soil around Plants to remove weeds pile soil around the base A basket is a container which is traditionally constructed from stiff fibres often made of Willow. A watering can is a portable container usually with a handle and a spout used to water plants by hand By contrast, larger-scale farming often involves irrigation systems, chemical fertilizers and harvesters or at least ladders, e. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant The combine harvester, or simply combine, also known as a thresher is a machine that combines the A ladder is a vertical or inclined set of rungs or steps. There are two types rigid ladders that can be leaned against a vertical surface such as a Wall, and g. to reach up into fruit trees. A fruit tree is a Tree bearing Fruit &mdash the structures formed by the ripened ovary of a Flower containing one or more Seeds. However, this distinction is becoming blurred with the increasing use of power tools in even small gardens.

In part because of labor intensity and aesthetic motivations, gardening is very often much more productive per unit of land than farming. In the Soviet Union, half the food supply came from small peasants' garden plots on the huge government-run collective farms, although they were tiny patches of land. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Food security refers to the availability of food and one's access to it Collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise Some argue this as evidence of superiority of capitalism, since the peasants were generally able to sell their produce. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Others consider it to be evidence of a tragedy of the commons, since the large collective plots were often neglected, or fertilizers or water redirected to the private gardens. The Tragedy of the Commons is the title of an influential article written by Garrett Hardin, first published in the journal Science in 1968.

The term precision agriculture is sometimes used to describe gardening using intermediate technology (more than tools, less than harvesters), especially of organic varieties. Precision farming or precision agriculture is an agricultural concept relying on the existence of in-field variability. Appropriate technology (AT is Technology that is designed with special consideration to the environmental ethical cultural social and economical aspects of the community Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on Crop rotation, Green manure, Compost, Biological pest control, and mechanical Cultivation Gardening is effectively scaled up to feed entire villages of over 100 people from specialized plots. A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet, but smaller than a Town or City. A variant is the community garden which offers plots to urban dwellers; see further in allotment (gardening). A community garden is a piece of land gardened by a group of people Allotment gardens are characterised by a concentration in one place of a few or up to several hundreds of land parcels that are assigned to individual families

Gardens as art

Garden design is considered to be an art in most cultures, distinguished from gardening, which generally means garden maintenance. Garden design is the art and process of Designing and creating plans for layout and planting of Gardens and Landscapes Garden design may be done by the garden In Japan, Samurai and Zen monks were often required to build decorative gardens or practice related skills like flower arrangement known as ikebana. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial Japan. Zen is a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, referred to in Chinese as Chan. Floristry is the general term used to describe the professional floral trade is the Japanese art of Flower arrangement, also known as. Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement In 18th century Europe, country estates were refashioned by landscape gardeners into formal gardens or landscaped park lands, such as at Versailles, France or Stowe, England. A formal garden in the Western gardening tradition is a neat and ordered Garden laid out in carefully planned geometric and symmetric lines Versailles (vɛʀsaj in French) formerly de facto capital of the kingdom of France, is now a wealthy suburb of Paris and is still an important Stowe is a village and also a Civil parish within Aylesbury Vale district in Buckinghamshire, England. Today, landscape architects and garden designers continue to produce artistically creative designs for private garden spaces. A landscape architect is a person involved in the planning design and sometimes oversight of an exterior landscape or space The term Garden designer can refer either to an amateur or a professional

See also: Landscape architecture

Social aspects

In modern Europe and North America, people often express their political or social views in gardens, intentionally or not. Landscape architecture involves the investigation and designed response to the landscape The lawn vs. A lawn is an area of recreational or amenity land planted with grass, and sometimes Clover and other plants which are maintained at a low even height garden issue is played out in urban planning as the debate over the "land ethic" that is to determine urban land use and whether hyper hygienist bylaws (e. The land ethic is a perspective on Environmental ethics first championed by Aldo Leopold in his book A Sand County Almanac. Land use' is also often used to refer to the distinct land use types in Zoning. Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness A bylaw (sometimes also spelled by-law or byelaw) most commonly refers to a city or municipal law or ordinance passed under the authority of a Charter g. weed control) should apply, or whether land should generally be allowed to exist in its natural wild state. Weed control is the botanical component of Pest control, stopping weeds from reaching a mature stage of growth when they could be harmful to Domesticated Plants In a famous Canadian Charter of Rights case, "Sandra Bell vs. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (also known as The Charter of Rights and Freedoms or simply the Charter) is a Bill of rights entrenched in the City of Toronto", 1997, the right to cultivate all native species, even most varieties deemed noxious or allergenic, was upheld as part of the right of free expression, at least in Canada. Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

People often surround their house and garden with a hedge. A hedge is a line of closely spaced Shrubs and bushes planted and trained in such a way as to form a barrier or to mark the boundary of an area Common hedge plants are privet, hawthorn, beech, yew, leyland cypress, hemlock, arborvitae, barberry, box, holly, oleander, forsythia and lavender. This article is about the privet plant in the genus Ligustrum. Hawthorn ( Crataegus) is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in For the babyfood see Beech-Nut. Beech ( Fagus) is a genus of ten Species of Deciduous Trees in the Taxus is a Genus of yews small coniferous Trees or Shrubs in the yew family Taxaceae. The Leyland Cypress, X Cupressocyparis leylandii (syn Callitropsis × leylandii) is often referred to as just Leylandii. Tsuga (from ツガ ja 栂 the name for Tsuga sieboldii) is a genus of conifers in the family Pinaceae. Thuja occidentalis (Eastern Arborvitae Northern Whitecedar is an Evergreen coniferous Tree, in the cypress family Cupressaceae Berberis ( Bér-be-ris, barberry, pepperidge bush) a Genus of about 450-500 species of Deciduous and Evergreen Buxus is a Genus of about 70 species in the family Buxaceae. Common names include box (majority of English-speaking countries or boxwood Holly ( Ilex) is a Genus of about 600 Species of Flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only Oleander ( Nerium oleander) is an Evergreen Shrub or small Tree in the dogbane family Apocynaceae. Forsythia is of Flowering plants in the family Oleaceae (olive family The Lavenders Lavandula are a Genus of about 25–30 species of Flowering plants in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean The idea of open gardens without hedges may be distasteful to those who enjoy privacy. This may have an advantage to local wildlife by providing a habitat for birds, animals, and wild plants. Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants animals and other organisms Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs.

Gardening is thus not only a food source and art, but also a right. The Slow Food movement has sought in some countries to add an edible schoolyard and garden classrooms to schools, e. The Slow Food movement was founded by Carlo Petrini in Italy to combat Fast food. In general terms eating (formally ingestion) is the process of consuming Food to provide for the Nutritional needs of an Animal, particularly A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" A yard (abbreviation yd) is a unit of Length in several different systems including English units Imperial units and United Rm46jpg|thumb|Classroom in St Eunan's College, Letterkenny, Ireland]] A classroom is a Room in which Teaching or Learning activities g. in Fergus, Ontario, where these were added to a public school to augment the kitchen classroom. Fergus is the largest community in Centre Wellington, a township within Wellington County in Ontario, Canada. For the Banana Yashimoto novel see Kitchen (novel A kitchen, is a room or part of a room (sometimes called "kitchen

In US and British usage, the production of ornamental plantings around buildings is called landscaping, landscape maintenance or grounds keeping, while international usage uses the term gardening for these same activities. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land including but not limited to living elements, such as

Garden pests

• A garden pest is what one considers a pest. The beautiful Tropaeolum speciosum can be considered a pest if it seeds and starts to grow where it is not wanted. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored As the root is well below ground, pulling it up does not remove it: it simply grows again and becomes what may be considered a pest.
• In lawns, moss can become dominant and be impossible to eradicate. A lawn is an area of recreational or amenity land planted with grass, and sometimes Clover and other plants which are maintained at a low even height In some lawns, lichens, especially very damp lawn lichens such as Peltigera lactucfolia and P. Lichens (ˈlaɪkən or /lɪtʃən/ are symbiotic associations of a Fungus (the mycobiont with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont also known as Lichens of the genus Peltigera are often terricolous (growing on soil but can also occur on moss trees rocks and many other substrates in many parts of the world membranacea, can become difficult and be considered pests.
• Other garden pests include insects. There are several ways to remove unwanted pests from a garden.

Restrictions

Governments of most countries are restricting imports of plant material. In the past, someone could send such things as lily seeds and bulbs to friends in any country. Today, most of those avenues are closed, due to the threat of invasive species. Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions

See also

• List of gardening topics
• Museum of Garden History
• Rock garden
• Arboretum
• House plants
• Exotic plants

References

Further reading

• J. L. Budd. American Horticultural Manual Vol1. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople

• J. L. Budd. American Horticultural Manual Vol2. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople

• Arizona Master Gardener Manual. Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona. The University of Arizona (also referred to as UA, U of A, or Arizona) is a Land-grant and space-grant public institution Retrieved on 2007-08-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.

• Thomas Joseph Dwyer. Guide To Hardy Fruits And Ornamentals. T. J. Dwyer & Son. Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople

• Robert Hogg. The Fruit Manual. Cottage Gardener Office. Retrieved on 2008-05-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople

Further watching

• ANOTHER WORLD IS PLANTABLE!- FILMS on Community Gardens world wide

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