The Garden Ring, also known as the "B" Ring (Russian: Садо́вое кольцо́, кольцо́ "Б"), is a circular avenue around the centre of Moscow, Russia. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Ring consists of 17 individually named streets[1] and 15 squares. It has a circumference of 16 kilometers. The circumference is the distance around a closed Curve. Circumference is a kind of Perimeter. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand [2] At its narrowest point, Krymsky Bridge, the Ring has 6 lanes; at its widest, Zubovskaya Square, it has 18. Krymsky Bridge or Crimean Bridge (Крымский мост is a steel Suspension bridge in Moscow popularly known as a favourite place for Suicides The Ring emerged in the 1820s, replacing fortifications, in the form of ramparts, that were no longer of military value.
Contents |
History
Skorodom
Garden Ring is a direct descendant of the Skorodom (Скородом, literally Quick Building) and Earth Rampart (Земляной Вал, Zemlyanoy Val) fortifications, erected in the reign of Feodor I of Russia after a disastrous raid by Ğazı II Giray (1591). Fyodor I Ivanovich (Фёдор I Иванович (31 May 1557 - 16/17 January (NS 1598 was the last Rurikid Tsar of Russia (1584 - 1598 son Although Boris Godunov, de-facto regent of Russia, prevented Crimeans from taking the city north of Moskva River, he anticipated future raids and arranged construction of another defense ring. Boris Fyodorovich Godunov (Бори́с Фёдорович Годуно́в (c A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor Crimean Tatars (sg Qırımtatar, pl Qırımtatarlar) or Crimeans (sg The Moskva River (Москва is a river that flows through the Moscow and Smolensk Oblasts in Russia, and is a Tributary of the Oka
Zemlyanoy Val
When the Time of troubles ended, instead of rebuilding Skorodom, Mikhail Romanov government replaced it with a new, taller rampart known as Zemlyanoy Val (Земляной Вал, Earth Rampart), completed in 1630-1638. Sukharev Tower (Сухарева башня was one of the best known landmarks and symbols of Moscow until its destruction by the Soviet authorities in 1934 For the Dungeons & Dragons plotline see Time of Troubles (Forgotten Realms. Its name survives in present-day Zemlyanoy Val Street (former Chkalov Street) in the south-eastern segment of Garden Ring.
Instead of towers, the Rampart had 34 gates for passage. As a defense measure, Streltsy slobodas were located next to these gates, especially in southern Yakimanka and Zamoskvorechye Districts. Streltsy (Стрельцы were the units of Russian guardsmen ( sl Sloboda was a kind of settlement in the history of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. History Old Muscovy This section is based on PVSytin's "History of Moscow Streets" Territories on the right (southern bank of Moskva History Old Muscovy This section is based on PVSytin's History of Moscow Streets' Territories on the right (southern bank of Moskva Effective against Tatar raiders, Streltsy were politically unstable. After Streltsy Uprising of 1698, Peter I arranged mass executions of Streltsy on the Earth Rampart, hanging 36 soldiers at each of Zamoskoverchye gates and 56 at Taganka gates;[3] the remainder of Streltsy troops were disbanded by the end of Peter's reign. The Streltsy Uprising of 1698 (Стрелецкое восстание was an uprising of the Moscow Streltsy Regiments Some Russian In 1683-1718, the Rampart served as Moscow customs border; traders, evading taxation, set numerous markets right outside of city gates;[4] the last of these, Zatsepa Market, was closed in 1970s. This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Eventually, Peter I lifted this taxation in 1722, but it resumed in 1730s at the new city border, Kamer-Kollezhsky Val. Events and trends The Great Awakening - A Protestant religious movement active in the British colonies of North America Kamer-Kollezhsky Val (Камер-Коллежский Вал lit
The rampart lost its military value in 18th century; in fact, many segments of the rampart were built out with private and state properties, including triumphal Red Gates and similat triumphal arch in Triumphalnaya Square (continuously rebuilt in 1721, 1731, 1742, 1762 and 1775). Red Gates ( Russian: Красные Ворота Krasnye Vorota) in Moscow was a Triumphal arch built in an exuberantly Baroque [5] In the same 1775, local authorities entertained the idea of restoring the rampart but were set back by the number of state institutions that had to be demolished. [6] The Fire of Moscow (1812) destroyed these properties, so nothing stood in the way of city development plans. For similar disasters see Fire of Moscow The 1812 Fire of Moscow broke out on September 14, 1812 in Moscow on the
19th century
Instead of rebuilding the useless rampart, the city levelled it; census records set demolition date as 1818-1826. [7] The new free land was developed according to local social status: upper-class western segment of the Ring acquired central boulevards, flanged by side streets. Boulevard ( French, from Bolwerk &ndash bolwark meaning bastion has several generally accepted meanings Present-day streets in this segments are still called Boulevards (Zubovsky Boulevard, etc. ). Elsewhere, Garden Ring was set as a 10-20 sazhen (22-43 meters) wide street; unused side territories were allocated to existing homeowners on condition that they plant and maintain gardens at their own expense. A native system of weights and measures was used in Imperial Russia and after the Russian Revolution, but it was abandoned in 1924 when the Soviet Union adopted the The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International [8] These streets usually have a name beginning with Sadovaya. . , e. g. Sadovo-Triumphalnaya Street. By 1850, all buildings in this street were completely hidden from view by foliage; the street, indeed, was running through a garden. [9] In south-eastern segment (Tagansky District), the Ring was not as wide, thus Zemlyanoy Val name persisted. Taganksky District (Тага́нский райо́н commonly called Taganka (ru Таганка is a district of Central Administrative Okrug Largest square - actually, a combination of two market squares - was created at Red Gates in the north-eastern segment. Red Gates ( Russian: Красные Ворота Krasnye Vorota) in Moscow was a Triumphal arch built in an exuberantly Baroque
In 1830s-1862, Novinsky Boulevard has become a popular amusement park with cheap theaters and carousels. Events and trends Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday. Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday In 1841, local entepreneurs set up a short railroad with a real Mercury tank engine - a pleasure ride for the party crowds. For the game see 1841 (board game. Year 1841 ( MDCCCXLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link A tank locomotive is a Steam locomotive that carries its own fuel and water on it instead of pulling it behind it in a tender.
Rails for horsecars (called konka (конка) in Russian) were installed in Moscow since 1872, however, the first lines were built on radial streets; rail construction on Garden Ring peaked in 1891. A horsecar was an animal-powered Streetcar or Tram. The first passenger services in the world were started by the Oystermouth Railway in Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Year 1891 ( MDCCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [10] Likewise, the first electrical tram was launched in 1899, but Garden Ring was electrified in 1907-1910[11]. A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train Year 1899 ( MDCCCXCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1907 ( MCMVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Circular line traversing the Ring was known as the "B" route (or a "bug" (букашка) in popular language). Gradually, new rental housing of 4-5-6 storey buildings replaced old two-story blocks; Moscow's tallest "skyscraper", an 8-story Art Nouveau Afremov Building, was inaugurated in Sadovaya-Spasskaya Street in 1904. Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international [12]
Modern history
1935 Stalin's master plan of Moscow provided for expansion of Garden Ring to at least 30-40 meter width, and demolition of buildings set at the ends of Garden Ring boulevards to create wide open squares. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party [13] Grand stalinist buildings, envisioned on all the ring, where initially planned only for major squares like Kursky Rail Terminal Square and Triumphalnaya Square. Kursky Rail Terminal (Ку́рский вокза́л Kursky vokzal) is one of the nine rail terminals in Moscow. [14] However, one end-of-boulevard block survives, precisely on Triumphalnaya Square, atop the six-lane tunnel. The same plan required removal of tram tracks in line with Moscow Metro construction. The Moscow Metro (Московское метро which spans almost the entire Russian capital, is the world's second most heavily used Rapid-transit [15] In fact, removal of tram tracks proceeded well in advance of subway construction; by 1938, tram remained only in southern and south-eastern segments of the Ring (this segment was closed in 1961 [16]). Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Air raids in 1941 destroyed the historical Gagarin mansion in Novinsky boulevard, Zatsepa market and many lesser buildings. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Gagarin (Гагарин is a Rurikid princely family descending from sovereign rulers of Starodub-on-the-Klyazma In 1944, the ring saw a march of thousands of German prisoners, captured during Operation Bagration. Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Operation Bagration (Oперация Багратион Operatsiya Bagration) was the Codename for the Soviet 1944 Belorussian Strategic
Stalinist construction proceeded after World War II, notably the three skyscrapers (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Kudrinskaya Square and Red Gates Square buildings of 1947-1954). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including However, no part of the Ring was completely rebuilt in stalinist style (or any other style). Any street of the Ring is a mixture of different style and sizes, from single-story 1820s mansions to recently built shopping malls and the 162-meter Swissotel in Red Hills (2005). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [17]
Since 1990s, the City Hall proposes conversion Garden Ring to a one-way street, completely separated from radial street traffic. Public and professionals equally reject the idea of a one-way, 18-lane street.
Footnotes
- ^ Two of these streets, Korovy Val and Zhitnaya Street, are parallel frontage roads that run along the same stretch of the Ring in an underground tunnel. A frontage road (also access road, feeder, service drive, service road, outer road, and especially surface road) is A tunnel is an underground passageway The definition of what constitutes a tunnel is not universally agreed upon
- ^ Russian: Энциклопедия "Москва", 1997
- ^ Russian: П. В. Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", 1948 (Sytin), p. 209
- ^ Sytin, p. 209
- ^ Sytin, p. 232
- ^ Sytin, p. 236
- ^ Sytin, p. 235
- ^ Sytin, p. 217
- ^ Sytin, p. 235
- ^ Russian: Иванов, М. Д. , "Московский Трамвай: Страницы Истории", М, 1999, гл. 2 tram.ruz.net
- ^ Ibid. , ch. 3 and 5
- ^ Historical postcard and elevation: www.moskva.kotoroy.net
- ^ Russian: Постановление СНК СССР и ЦК ВКП(б) от 10 июля 1935 г, раздел "Планировка", п. 8
- ^ Russian: Постановление СНК СССР и ЦК ВКП(б) от 10 июля 1935 г, раздел "Планировка", п. 9
- ^ Russian: Постановление СНК СССР и ЦК ВКП(б) от 10 июля 1935 г, раздел "Строительство и реконструкция городского хозяйства Москвы", п. 2
- ^ Russian: Иванов, М. Д. , "Московский Трамвай: Страницы Истории", М, 1999, гл. 14 tram.ruz.net
- ^ Height referenced to [www.emporis.com]
See also
- Boulevard Ring in Moscow
- Ringstraße and Gürtel in Vienna
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic