Gaochang (Chinese: 高昌) is the site of an ancient oasis city built on the northern rim of the inhospitable Taklamakan Desert in Xinjiang, China. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the In Geography, an oasis (plural oases) or Cienega ( Southwestern United States) is an isolated area of vegetation in a Desert, typically The Taklamakan Desert (Takelamagan Shamo 塔克拉玛干沙漠 also known as Taklimakan, is a Desert in Central Asia, in the Xinjiang Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National A busy trading center, it was a stopping point for merchant traders traveling on the Silk Route. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the The ruins are located 30 km southeast of modern Turpan. Turfan or Tulufan (تۇرپان|Turpan|Turpan Modern Chinese: 吐魯番, Pinyin: Tǔlǔfān is an Oasis city in the ^[1]

Contents 1 History 2 Buddhism 3 Rulers of the Kan Family 4 Rulers of the Zhang Family 5 Rulers of the Ma Family 6 Rulers of the Qu Family 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 External links

History

Gaochang was built in the 1st century BC. The 1st century BC started the first day of 100 BC and ended the last day of 1 BC. It was an important site along the Silk Road. The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the It was burnt down in wars in the 14th century. Old palace ruins and inside and outside cities can still be seen today.

Gao Chang (Pronounced Qara-hoja (قئارئاهوجئا) in Uyghur) is located in present-day Xinjiang Province, 30km from Turpan. Uyghur (/ ug-Latn Uyƣurqə/ug-Cyrl Уйғурчә, or / ug-Latn Uyƣur tili/ug-Cyrl Уйғур Xinjiang ( Uyghur: شىنجاڭ Shinjang;; Postal map spelling: Sinkiang; Turkish: Sincan, Sincan Uygur Özerk Turfan or Tulufan (تۇرپان|Turpan|Turpan Modern Chinese: 吐魯番, Pinyin: Tǔlǔfān is an Oasis city in the It played a key role as a transportation hub in western China. Western China refers to the Western part of China. In the definition of the Chinese Government, Western China covers six provinces: Gansu There is not much documented history surviving today, only stories passed on through oral tradition exist to detail the history. The archaeological remains are just outside the town at a place originally called Idykut-schari or Idikutschari by local residents (see the work of Albert Grünwedel in the external links below). Artistic monuments of the city have been published by A. von Le Coq (see external link below).

In 439, remnants of the Northern Liang fled to Gaochang led by Juqu Wuhui and Juqu Anzhou where they would hold onto power until 460 when they were conquered by the Rouran. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Licinia Eudoxia, wife of the Emperor Valentinian III, is granted the title of ''Augusta'' The Northern Liang ( 397 - 439) was a State of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China. During Juqu Mujian's reign It is not known when Juqu Wuhui was born During Juqu Mujian's reign and Juqu Wuhui's campaign/reign It is not known when Juqu Anzhou was born Events By Place Western Roman Empire Emperor Majorian is defeated by the Visigoths. Rouran ( Wade-Giles: Jou-jan) Ruanruan/Ruru ( also known as Tan Tan ( was the name of a confederation of Nomadic tribes on There were more than ten thousand Han Chinese households in Gaochang, and the Rouran appointed a Han named Kan Bozhou as their vassal King of Gaochang in 460. Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Emperor Majorian is defeated by the Visigoths.

At this time the Gaoche (高車) was rising to challenge power of the Rouran in the Tarim Basin. The Dingling (丁零 or Gaoche (高車 Chile (敕勒, Tiele (鐵勒 were an ancient Siberian people The Tarim Basin ( is a large Endorheic basin occupying an area of more than 400000 km² The Gaoche king Afuzhiluo (阿伏至羅) killed Kan Shougui and appointed a Han from Dunhuang, named Zhang Mengming (張孟明), as his own vassal King of Gaochang. Dunhuang ( also written as 燉煌 till early Qing Dynasty; is a City (pop Gaochang thus passed under Gaoche rule.

Later, Zhang Mengming was killed in an uprising by the people of Gaochang and replaced by Ma Ru (馬儒). In 501, Ma Ru himself was overthrown and killed, and the people of Gaochang appointed Qu Jia (麴嘉) of Jincheng (in Gansu) as their king. Events By Place Asia Qi He Di succeeds Qi Dong Hun Hou as ruler of the Chinese Southern Qi Dynasty. ( is a province located in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. Qu Jia at first pledged allegiance to the Rouran, but the Rouran khaghan was soon killed by the Gaoche, and he had to submit to Gaoche overlordship. Later, when the Göktürks emerged as the supreme power in the region, the Qu dynasty of Gaochang became vassals of the Göktürks. Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. In 640, Gaochang was annexed by the Chinese Tang dynasty and renamed Xizhou (西州). Events By Place Europe Tulga succeeds his father Suinthila as king of the Visigoths. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by

From the mid fifth century until the mid seventh century there existed four independent kingdoms in the narrow Turpan basin. These are known as the Kan Family, Zhang Family, Ma Family, and Qu family. In the second year of Tang Zhen Guan (628 AD), the famous monk Xuanzang passed through Gaochang. See also Xuanzang (fictional character Xuanzang ( pronounced Shwan-dzang) was a famous Chinese Buddhist Monk, scholar traveler In the 13th year of Tang Zhen Guan (640 AD), Gaochang county was established. According to documents from the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Qara-hoja referred to Gao Chang as "Halahezhuo" (哈拉和卓) and Huozhou().

Buddhism

Buddhism spread to China from India along the northern branch of the Silk Route predominantly in the 4th and 5th centuries CE at the same time as the beginning of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏 Pinyin: běi wèi 386 - 534) also known as the Tuoba Wei (拓拔魏 Later Wei (後魏 or The building of Buddhist grottos probably began during this period There are clusters close to Gaochang, the largest being the Bezeklik grottos. The Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves ( Simplified Chinese:柏孜克里千佛洞 Hanyu Pinyin: Bózīkèlǐ Qiān Fó Dòng are complex of Buddhist cave grottos dating ^[1]

Rulers of the Kan Family

Temple names	Family names and given name	Durations of reigns	Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
Did not exist	闞伯周 Kàn Bózhōu	460-477	Did not exist
Did not exist	闞義成 Kàn Yìchéng	477-478	Did not exist
Did not exist	闞首歸 Kàn Shǒugūi	478-488? or 478-491?	Did not exist

Rulers of the Zhang Family

Temple names	Family names and given name	Durations of reigns	Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
Did not exist	張孟明 Zhāng Mèngmíng	488?-496 or 491?-496	Did not exist

Rulers of the Ma Family

Temple names	Family names and given name	Durations of reigns	Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
Did not exist	馬儒 Mǎ Rú	496-501	Did not exist

Rulers of the Qu Family

Temple names	Family names and given name	Durations of reigns	Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
Did not exist	麴嘉 Qú Jiā	501-525
Did not exist	麴光 Qú Guāng	525-530	Ganlu (甘露 Gānlù) 525-530
Did not exist	麴坚 Qú Jiān	530-548	Zhanghe (章和 Zhānghé) 531-548
Did not exist	麴玄喜 Qú Xuánxǐ	549-550	Yongping (永平 Yǒngpíng) 549-550
Did not exist	unnamed son of Qu Xuanxi	551-554	Heping (和平 Hépíng) 551-554
Did not exist	麴宝茂 Qú Bǎomào	555-560	Jianchang (建昌 Jiànchāng) 555-560
Did not exist	麴乾固 Qú Qiángù	560-601	Yanchang (延昌 Yánchāng) 561-601
Did not exist	麴伯雅 Qú Bóyǎ	601-613 619-623	Yanhe (延和 Yánhé) 602-613 Zhongguang (重光 Zhòngguāng) 620-623
Did not exist	unnamed usurper	613-619	Yihe (Yìhé 義和) 614-619
Did not exist	麴文泰 Qú Wéntài	623-640	Yanshou (延壽 Yánshòu) 624-640
Did not exist	麴智盛 Qú Zhìshèng	640	did not exist

See also

• Jiaohe Ruins
• Flaming Mountains
• Trade route

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b} The Silk Road. Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as Chinese family name is one of the hundreds or thousands of Family names that have been historically used by Han Chinese and Sinicized Chinese ethnic Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Events By Place Western Roman Empire Emperor Majorian is defeated by the Visigoths. Events By Place Europe Huneric becomes king of Vandals. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Events By Place Europe Huneric becomes king of Vandals. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Events By Place Byzantine Empire Verina, mother-in-law of emperor Zeno, attempts to kill Isaurian general Illus Events By Place Byzantine Empire Verina, mother-in-law of emperor Zeno, attempts to kill Isaurian general Illus Events By Place Europe Theodoric the Great becomes king of the Ostrogoths. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Verina, mother-in-law of emperor Zeno, attempts to kill Isaurian general Illus For the film see 491 (film. Events By Place Europe Ælle besieges and conquers the fortified town of Anderitum Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as Chinese family name is one of the hundreds or thousands of Family names that have been historically used by Han Chinese and Sinicized Chinese ethnic Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Events By Place Europe Theodoric the Great becomes king of the Ostrogoths. Events By Place Europe Battle of Tolbiac: Clovis I defeats the Alamanni, and is baptized into the Catholic For the film see 491 (film. Events By Place Europe Ælle besieges and conquers the fortified town of Anderitum Events By Place Europe Battle of Tolbiac: Clovis I defeats the Alamanni, and is baptized into the Catholic Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as Chinese family name is one of the hundreds or thousands of Family names that have been historically used by Han Chinese and Sinicized Chinese ethnic Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Events By Place Europe Battle of Tolbiac: Clovis I defeats the Alamanni, and is baptized into the Catholic Events By Place Asia Qi He Di succeeds Qi Dong Hun Hou as ruler of the Chinese Southern Qi Dynasty. Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean ( Goryeo and Joseon periods and Vietnamese (such dynasties as Chinese family name is one of the hundreds or thousands of Family names that have been historically used by Han Chinese and Sinicized Chinese ethnic Personal Names in Chinese culture follow a number of conventions different from those of personal names in Western cultures. Events By Place Asia Qi He Di succeeds Qi Dong Hun Hou as ruler of the Chinese Southern Qi Dynasty. Events Dionysius Exiguus proposes a calendar based on the birth of Jesus Christ Events Dionysius Exiguus proposes a calendar based on the birth of Jesus Christ For the California area code see Area code 530 Events By Place Byzantine Empire Battle of Daras: Events Dionysius Exiguus proposes a calendar based on the birth of Jesus Christ For the California area code see Area code 530 Events By Place Byzantine Empire Battle of Daras: For the California area code see Area code 530 Events By Place Byzantine Empire Battle of Daras: Events By Place Byzantine Empire Belisarius is relieved of command over the Byzantine forces in Italy and replaced by Events By Place Byzantine Empire April 19 — Belisarius is defeated at the Battle of Callinicum; Mundus Events By Place Byzantine Empire Belisarius is relieved of command over the Byzantine forces in Italy and replaced by Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Ostrogoths under Totila recapture Rome. Events By place Byzantine Empire January 16 — Gothic War (535–552: The Ostrogoths, under King Totila Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Ostrogoths under Totila recapture Rome. Events By place Byzantine Empire January 16 — Gothic War (535–552: The Ostrogoths, under King Totila Events By Place Byzantine Empire Beirut is destroyed by an Earthquake and Tsunami. Events By Place Byzantine Empire General Narses reconquers all of Italy Events By Place Byzantine Empire Beirut is destroyed by an Earthquake and Tsunami. Events By Place Byzantine Empire General Narses reconquers all of Italy Events By Place Byzantine Empire An Earthquake devastates Latakia. Events By Place Europe Ceawlin of Wessex becomes King of Wessex (traditional date Events By Place Byzantine Empire An Earthquake devastates Latakia. Events By Place Europe Ceawlin of Wessex becomes King of Wessex (traditional date Events By Place Europe Ceawlin of Wessex becomes King of Wessex (traditional date Events By Place Byzantine Empire Peter (Byzantine General defeats the Eurasian Avars. Events By Place Europe Clotaire I dies and the Frankish kingdom is divided Sigebert I becomes king of Austrasia Events By Place Byzantine Empire Peter (Byzantine General defeats the Eurasian Avars. Events By Place Byzantine Empire Peter (Byzantine General defeats the Eurasian Avars. Events By Place Europe Clotaire II reunites the Frankish kingdoms by ordering the murder of Sigebert II. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Avars attack Constantinople. Events By Place Europe Clotaire II, king of the Franks, makes his son Dagobert I king of Austrasia Events By Place Byzantine Empire Maurice, at war with the Avars and always dealing with the lack of money decrees that the army should Events By Place Europe Clotaire II reunites the Frankish kingdoms by ordering the murder of Sigebert II. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Slavs attack Thessaloniki. Events By Place Europe Clotaire II, king of the Franks, makes his son Dagobert I king of Austrasia Events By Place Europe Clotaire II reunites the Frankish kingdoms by ordering the murder of Sigebert II. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Avars attack Constantinople. Events By Place Europe The Palace of Diocletian is damaged by the Avars who sack nearby Salona. Events By Place Byzantine Empire The Avars attack Constantinople. Events By Place Europe Clotaire II, king of the Franks, makes his son Dagobert I king of Austrasia Events By Place Europe Tulga succeeds his father Suinthila as king of the Visigoths. Events By Place Byzantine Empire After 70 years of Visigothic rule the Byzantine Empire recaptures Andalusia Events By Place Europe Tulga succeeds his father Suinthila as king of the Visigoths. Events By Place Europe Tulga succeeds his father Suinthila as king of the Visigoths. The Jiaohe Ruins ( is the site of ancient Chinese ruins found in the Yarnaz Valley, 10 km west of the city of Turfan, Xinjiang province The Flaming Mountains ( Chinese: 火焰山 Pinyin: huǒyànshān are barren eroded red Sandstone hills in the Tian Shan Mountain range in A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo ess. uci. edu. Retrieved on 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.

External links

• Online version of Albert Grünwedel's initial work in the area
• Online version of Grünwedel's further work in the area
• Online version of Le Coq's work on monuments of Gaochang

Coordinates: 42°51′10″N 89°31′45″E / 42.85278, 89.52917

A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system.

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