Gamla Uppsala ("Old Uppsala") is a parish and a village outside Uppsala in Sweden. Uppsala ˈɵpˌsɑːla (older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County ( Uppsala län) and the fourth largest city of "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. It had 16,231 inhabitants in 1991. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar.
As early as the 3rd century AD and the 4th century AD and onwards, it was an important religious, economic and political centre. The 3rd century is the period from 201 to 300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 4th century (per the Julian calendar and Anno Domini / Common era) was that Century [1] Early written sources show that already during pre-history, Gamla Uppsala was well-known in Northern Europe as the residence of the Swedish kings of the legendary Yngling dynasty. Ynglings were the oldest known Scandinavian dynasty It can refer to the following clans: The Scylfings ( Old Norse: Skilfingar) the [2] In fact, the oldest Scandinavian sources, such as Ynglingatal, the Westrogothic law and the Gutasaga talk of the king of Sweden as the "King at Uppsala". Controversy The historicity of the matter in Ynglingatal has been a contention among scholars since the 19th century See also Medieval Scandinavian laws Västgötalagen or the Westrogothic law is the oldest Swedish text written in the Latin script The Gutasaga is a saga treating the history of Gotland before its Christianization. The monarch is the Head of state of the Kingdom of Sweden. Sweden being a Constitutional monarchy with a Representative democracy based on a [3]
During the Middle Ages, it was the largest village of Uppland, the eastern part of which probably originally formed the core of the complex of properties belonging to the Swedish Crown, the so called Uppsala öd, of which the western part consisted of the royal estate itself, kungsgården. Uppland ( is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden, just north of Stockholm, the capital Uppsala öd, Old Norse: Uppsala auðr or Uppsala øðr ( Uppsala domains or wealth of Uppsala) was the name given to the collection [4]
It was also the location of the Thing of all Swedes which was a thing (general assembly) held from pre-historic times to the Middle Ages, at the end of February or early March. Thing of all Swedes ( allra Svía þing, Þing allra Svía, or Disaþing, Kyndilþing) was the thing (general assembly which was held See also Medieval Scandinavian laws A thing or ting ( Old Norse, Old English and Icelandic: þing; other modern [5] It was held in conjunction with a great fair called Disting, and a pagan celebration called Dísablót. The Disting is an annual market which is held in Uppsala, Sweden, since pre-historic times The Dísablót was the Blót (sacrificial holiday which was held in honour of the female powers called Dísir (they include the Norns ref name="nordisk">The [6][7] The Law of Uppland informs that it was at this assembly that the king proclaimed that the leidang would be summoned for warfare during the summer, and all the crews, rowers, commanders and ships were decided. The institution known as leiðangr ( Old Norse) leidang ( Norwegian) leding, ( Danish) ledung [8]
It was not only the pagan cultic centre, it also became Sweden's first archbishopric in 1164. In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead [9]
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Geographical description
Gamla Uppsala lies on Fyris Wolds, a cultivated plain in the valley of the River Fyris which is densely populated in its southern part, while the northern part consists of farms. Fyrisvellir, Fyris Wolds or Fyrisvallarna was the marshy plain ( vellir) south of Gamla Uppsala where travellers had to leave the ships and walk Fyrisån (in English 'the Fyris river' is a river in the Swedish province of Uppland, which passes through the city of Uppsala and ends in Lake
Religious importance
Medieval Scandinavians held Gamla Uppsala to one of the oldest and most important locations in Scandinavia. The Temple at Uppsala was a religious site in Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala near modern Uppsala, Sweden, that was created to worship the Norse gods The Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus held Odin himself to have resided in Gamla Uppsala far back in the mists of time:
- At this time there was one Odin, who was credited over all Europe with the honour, which was false, of godhead, but used more continually to sojourn at Upsala; and in this spot, either from the sloth of the inhabitants or from its own pleasantness, he vouchsafed to dwell with somewhat especial constancy. "Saxo" redirects here For the car see Citroën Saxo and for the bank see Saxo Bank Saxo Grammaticus (c Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism. [10]
This tradition was also known by the Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson, who, however had Odin reside in nearby Fornsigtuna, whereas the god Freyr lived in Gamla Uppsala[11]. Snorri Sturluson (1178 – September 23, 1241) was an Icelandic historian poet and politician Fornsigtuna ( forn means ancient) Old Sigtun, Sithun, Sign(hildsberg or Signesberg ( is located in the parish of "Frey" redirects here For other uses of Frey and Freyr, see Frey (disambiguation. Freyr founded two of the central institutions of Iron Age Sweden, the Uppsala öd and the Temple at Uppsala:
- Frey took the kingdom after Njord, and was called drot by the Swedes, and they paid taxes to him. Uppsala öd, Old Norse: Uppsala auðr or Uppsala øðr ( Uppsala domains or wealth of Uppsala) was the name given to the collection The Temple at Uppsala was a religious site in Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala near modern Uppsala, Sweden, that was created to worship the Norse gods He was, like his father, fortunate in friends and in good seasons. Frey built a great temple at Upsal, made it his chief seat, and gave it all his taxes, his land, and goods. Then began the Upsal domains, which have remained ever since. [11]
The Danish chronicler Saxo Grammaticus adds that Freyr began the human sacrifices at Gamla Uppsala:
- Also Frey, the regent of the gods, took his abode not far from Upsala, where he exchanged for a ghastly and infamous sin-offering the old custom of prayer by sacrifice, which had been used by so many ages and generations. "Saxo" redirects here For the car see Citroën Saxo and for the bank see Saxo Bank Saxo Grammaticus (c For he paid to the gods abominable offerings, by beginning to slaughter human victims. [12]
The sacrifices at the Temple at Uppsala are described through an eye-witness account by Adam of Bremen:
- At this point I shall say a few words about the religious beliefs of the Swedes. The Temple at Uppsala was a religious site in Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala near modern Uppsala, Sweden, that was created to worship the Norse gods Adam of Bremen (also Adam Bremensis) was one of the most important German Medieval Chroniclers He lived and worked in the second half of the That nation has a magnificent temple, which is called Upsala, located not far from the city of Sigtuna. In this temple, built entirely of gold, the people worship the statues of three gods[13].
- A general festival for all the provinces of Sweden is customarily held at Upsala every nine years. Participation in this festival is required of everyone. Kings and their subjects, collectively and individually, send their gifts to Upsala; - and – a thing more cruel than any punishment – those who have already adopted Christianity buy themselves off from these ceremonies. The sacrifice is as follows; of every kind of male creature, nine victims are offered. By the blood of these creatures it is the custom to appease the gods. Their bodies, moreover, are hanged in a grove which is adjacent to the temple. This grove is so sacred to the people that the separate trees in it are believed to be holy because of the death or putrefaction of the sacrificial victims. There even dogs and horses hang beside human beings. (A certain Christian told me that he had seen seventy-two of their bodies hanging up together. ) The incantations, however, which are usually sung in the performance of a libation of this kind are numerous and disgraceful, and it is better not to speak of them[13].
In the scolia, there is an additional description:
- Near that temple is a very large tree with widespread branches which are always green both in winter and summer. What kind of tree it is nobody knows. There is also a spring there where the pagan are accustomed to perform sacrifices and to immerse a human being alive. As long as his body is not found, the request of the people will be fulfilled. A golden chain encircles that temple and hangs over the gables of the building. Those who approach see its gleam from afar off because the shrine, which is located on a plain, is encircled by mountains so situated as to give the effect of a theatre. For nine days feasts and sacrifices of this kind are celebrated. Every day they sacrifice one human being in addition to other animals, so that in nine days there are 72 victims which are sacrificed. This sacrifice takes place about the time of the vernal equinox[13].
It was a symbolic moment when Pope John Paul II visited Scandinavia in 1989 and held an open-air mass at the royal mounds in Gamla Uppsala, as this was a pagan cultic centre, which became Sweden's first archbishopric in 1164[14]. Pope Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead
In 2000, the Swedish AsatruSociety restarted the tradition of holding blóts at Gamla Uppsala. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Neopaganism in Scandinavia is dominated by revivals of Norse paganism ( Asatru, Forn Sed, Nordisk Sed, Folketro) The blót ( Old Norse plural same as singular refers to Norse pagan sacrifice to the Norse gods and Elves. This was the first public blót at the place for more than 900 years. About 90-100 people attended the event. The event made frontpage news in the local newspaper Uppsala Nya Tidning as well as a full page in Expressen. Upsala Nya Tidning or UNT is a regional daily Newspaper published in Uppsala (older spelling Upsala) Sweden. Expressen is a Swedish centre-right Tabloid newspaper founded in 1944.
History
It is a testimony to the sanctity of the location in the mindset of medieval Norse pagans that Gamla Uppsala was the last stronghold of pagan Germanic kingship. Germanic monarchy, also called barbarian monarchy, was a monarchical systemof government which was predominant among the Germanic tribes of Late Antiquity During the 1070s and 1080 there appears to have been a pagan renaissance with the magnificent Temple at Uppsala described in a contested account through an eye-witness by Adam of Bremen. The Temple at Uppsala was a religious site in Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala near modern Uppsala, Sweden, that was created to worship the Norse gods Adam of Bremen (also Adam Bremensis) was one of the most important German Medieval Chroniclers He lived and worked in the second half of the Adam of Bremen relates of the Uppsala of the 1070s and describes it as a pagan cult centre with the enormous Temple at Uppsala containing wooden statues of Odin, Thor and Freyr. The Temple at Uppsala was a religious site in Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala near modern Uppsala, Sweden, that was created to worship the Norse gods Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism. Thor ( Old Norse: Þórr) is the red-haired and bearded God of Thunder in Germanic paganism and its subset Norse paganism "Frey" redirects here For other uses of Frey and Freyr, see Frey (disambiguation.
Sometime in the 1080s the Christian king Ingi was exiled for refusing to perform the sacrifices. Inge Stenkilsson ( Old Norse Ingi Steinkelsson) was a King of Sweden. Instead Blot-Sweyn was elected, but he was murdered by Ingi. Blot-Sven (Blot-Sven "Sweyn the Sacrificer" was a Swedish king c One last pagan king appears to have been elected whose cognomen gave a lasting commentary of his function as king and of how he performed his duty: Eirik Arsale. Eric of Good Harvests or Eirik Arsale ( Swedish: Erik Årsäll, Old Norse: Eiríkr hinn ársæli) was a semi-historical king of
It is a testimony of Gamla Uppsala's great importance in Swedish tradition, that when Sweden received its Archbishopric in 1164, it was located in Gamla Uppsala. In practice, it had, however, lost its strategic importance due to the constant land elevation. Post-glacial rebound (sometimes called continental rebound, isostatic rebound, isostatic adjustment or post-ice-age isostatic recovery)
Archaeology
People have been buried in Gamla Uppsala for 2,000 years, since the area rose above water. Originally there were between 2,000 and 3,000 mounds in the area but most have become farmland, gardens and quarries. Today only 250 barrows remain.
In the parish there are more than 1,000 preserved archaeological remains, but many more have been removed by agriculture. There are cairns of splintered stone that reveal that the area was settled during the Nordic Bronze Age, but most of the grave fields are from the Iron Age and the Viking Age. The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age) is the name given by Oscar Montelius to a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian This article is about the archaeological period known as the Iron Age for the mythological Iron Age see Ages of Man. Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 700 to 1066 in European history.
The great grave field south of the Royal Mounds is from the Roman Iron Age and the Germanic Iron Age. The Roman Iron Age ( 1 - 400) is the name that Swedish Archaeologist Oscar Montelius gave to a part of the Iron Age in The Germanic Iron Age is the name given to the period AD 400 –A Near the vicarage, a few unburnt graves from the Viking Age have been excavated. Viking Age is the term denoting the years from about 700 to 1066 in European history.
Under the present church in Gamla Uppsala have been found the remains of one or several large wooden buildings. Some archaeologists believe that they are the remains of the Temple of Uppsala, while others hold that comes from an early Christian wooden church. The Temple at Uppsala was a religious site in Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala near modern Uppsala, Sweden, that was created to worship the Norse gods Churches were often built on pre-Christian sacred sites, though.
Adjacent to the present church there is a plateau of clay, the Plateau of the Royal Estate (Kungsgårdsplatån), on which archaeologists have found the remains of a large hall. Several things are commonly known as Halls or halls. For the development of meaning of the word 'hall' see Hall (concept.
The Royal Mounds
The Royal mounds (Swedish: Kungshögarna) is the name for the three large barrows which are located in Gamla Uppsala. A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a Mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves They are dated to the 5th and 6th centuries. The 5th century is the period from 401 to 500 in accordance with the Julian calendar in Anno Domini / Common Era. The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. As Sweden's oldest national symbols they are even depicted on the covers of books about the Swedish national identity.
In the 6th century, Gamla Uppsala was the location of royal burials. The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. The location was chosen carefully and in order to make them majestic. The tumuli were constructed on top of the ridge.
By burning the dead king and his armour, he was moved to Valhalla by the consuming force of the fire. See also Death in Norse paganism In Norse mythology, Valhalla (from Old Norse Valhöll "hall of the slain" is a majestic enormous The fire could reach temperatures of 1500 °C. The remains were covered with cobblestones and then a layer of gravel and sand and finally a thin layer of turf.
- Thus he (Odin) established by law that all dead men should be burned, and their belongings laid with them upon the pile, and the ashes be cast into the sea or buried in the earth. Odin (ˈoʊdɪn from Old Norse Óðinn) is considered the chief god in Norse paganism. Thus, said he, every one will come to Valhalla with the riches he had with him upon the pile; and he would also enjoy whatever he himself had buried in the earth. For men of consequence a mound should be raised to their memory, and for all other warriors who had been distinguished for manhood a standing stone; which custom remained long after Odin's time. [. . . ] It was their faith that the higher the smoke arose in the air, the higher he would be raised whose pile it was; and the richer he would be, the more property that was consumed with him. (Ynglinga saga)
An old controversy and its solution
In the 1830s, some scholars claimed that the mounds were pure natural formations and not barrows. The Ynglinga saga was originally written in Old Norse by the Icelandic poet Snorri Sturluson about 1225. For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display This affront to ancient Swedish national symbols could not be accepted by the future Swedish king Karl XV and in order to remove any doubt, he decided to start an excavation. Biography He was born in Stockholm Palace and dubbed Duke of Skåne at birth
The task was given to Bror Emil Hildebrand, the director-general of the National Archives. In 1846, he undertook the excavation of the nine metres tall Eastern mound with the hope of finding the grave of a Swedish king of old. For the game see 1846 (board game. Year 1846 ( MDCCCXLVI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display
The Eastern Mound (or Aun's mound)
The excavation was complex and generated a lot of publicity. A 25-metre long tunnel was dug into the cairn, where they found a pot of clay filled with burnt bones and around it there were the remains of the charred grave offerings. A cairn ( carn in Irish is an artificial pile of stones often in a conical form
Among the most important finds in the Eastern mound were many fragments of decorated bronze panels with a dancing warrior carrying a spear. These panels have probably adorned a helmet of the Vendel Age type, common in Uppland (the only foreign example being the one in Sutton Hoo). Swedish prehistory the Vendel era ( 550 - 793) is the name given to a part of the Germanic Iron Age (or more generally the Age of Migrations Uppland ( is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden, just north of Stockholm, the capital Sutton Hoo near Woodbridge, Suffolk, England, is the site of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries There were also finds of gold which probably had adorned a scramasax, but according to another interpretation, they were part of a belt. Seax (also Hadseax, Sax, Seaxe, Scramaseax and Scramsax) in The dead was also given several glass beakers, a tafl game, a comb and a hone. A comb is a device made of solid material generally flat always toothed and is used in hair care for straightening and cleaning hair or other fibers A hone is a Machine tool used in the manufacture of precision bores to improve the geometry surface finish and dimensional control of the finished part
Most scholars agree that the mound was either raised for a woman or for a young man and a woman, but as Hildrebrand reburied most of the remains, a new excavation is to be undertaken before the controversy can be settled. What is quite certain is that the dead belonged to a royal dynasty.
The Western Mound (or Adils' Mound)
In 1874, Hildebrand started an excavation of the Western mound and opened an enormous shaft right into the cairn in the centre of the mound. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Under the cobble stones, there were the charred remains of the funeral fire.
In the western mound were found the remains of a man and animals, probably for food during the journey. The remains of a warrior equipment were found. Luxurious weapons and other objects, both domestic and imported, show that the buried man was very powerful. These remains include a Frankish sword adorned with gold and garnets and a board game with Roman pawns of ivory. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Ivory is formed from Dentine and constitutes the bulk of the Teeth and Tusks of animals such as the Elephant, Hippopotamus, He was dressed in a costly suit made of Frankish cloth with golden threads, and he wore a belt with a sumptuous buckle. There were four cameos from the Middle East which were probably part of a casket. For the "brief appearance" see Cameo appearance. For the "chemical emergency software" see Computer-Aided Management of Emergency The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. The finds show the distant contacts of the House of Yngling in the 6th century. Ynglings were the oldest known Scandinavian dynasty It can refer to the following clans: The Scylfings ( Old Norse: Skilfingar) the The 6th century is the period from 501 to 600 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era.
The church
The church was the Archbishopric of Sweden prior to 1273, when the archbishopric was moved to Östra Aros (Östra Aros was then renamed Uppsala due to a papal request). In Christianity, an archbishop is an elevated Bishop. In the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and others this means that they lead Uppsala ˈɵpˌsɑːla (older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County ( Uppsala län) and the fourth largest city of The old cathedral was probably built in the 11th century, but finished in the 12th century. The stone building may have been preceded by a wooden church and probably by the large Temple at Uppsala. The Temple at Uppsala was a religious site in Gamla Uppsala (Old Uppsala near modern Uppsala, Sweden, that was created to worship the Norse gods After a fire in 1240, the nave and transepts of the cathedral were removed leaving only the choir and central tower, and with the addition of the sacristy and the porch gave the church its present outer appearance. In the 15th century, vaults were added as well as chalk paintings. Among the medieval wooden sculptures there are three crucifixes from the 12th, 13th and 15th centuries.
 The church from the west |
 From the south-east |
 Plan (1908) showing the present church in black. Year 1908 ( MCMVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year |
Notes
- ^ Hadenius, Stig; Nilsson, Torbjörn & Åselius, Gunnar. (1996). Sveriges historia. Centraltryckeriet, Borås. ISBN 91-34-51-857-6 p. 83:
Uppsala, från 200- och 300-talen ett betydande ekonomiskt, religiöst och politiskt centrum i Mälardalen [. . . ]. Translation: Uppsala, was from the 3rd and 4th centuries an important economic, religious and political centre in the Mälaren basin [. . . ]. - ^ The article Gamla Uppsala, subsection Historia, in Nationalencyklopedin (1992):
Tidiga skriftliga källor visar att G. Nationalencyklopedin ( NE) is the most comprehensive contemporary Swedish language Encyclopedia, initiated by a government grant redan under forntiden var vittberömt i Norden som säte för sveakungarna av den mytomspunna Ynglingaätten. Translation: Early written sources show that G. as early as pre-historic times was widely famous in the Nordic countries as the residence of the Swedish kings of the legendary Yngling dynasty. - ^ Thunmark-Nylén, Lena (1995), “Gamla Uppsala”, Vikingatidens ABC, Swedish Museum of National Antiquities, ISBN 9171929843, <http://histvarld.historiska.se/histvarld/sok/artikel.asp?id=10358>. Swedish Museum of National Antiquities (known in Swedish as Historiska museet or more formally Statens historiska museum) is a Museum located Retrieved on 9 August 2007:
Svearikets kung omtalas som kungen i Uppsala bl a i Ynglingatal, Gutasagan och Äldre Västgötalagens bihang om gränsdragning. Translation: Sweden's king is mentioned as the king at Uppsala in for instance Ynglingatal, the Gutasaga and in the Westrogothic law's appendix on the establishment of the border. - ^ The article Gamla Uppsala, subsection Historia, in Nationalencyklopedin (1992):
Under medeltiden var G. Nationalencyklopedin ( NE) is the most comprehensive contemporary Swedish language Encyclopedia, initiated by a government grant Upplands största by, vars östra del ursprungligen torde ha bildat kärnan i det s. k. Uppsala öd, kronans godskomplex, och vars västra del utgjorde själva kungsgården. Translation: During the Middle Ages, G. was the largest village of Uppland, whose eastern part originally should have been the core of the so-called Uppsala öd, the complex of estates of the Crown, and whose western part consisted of the royal estate itself. - ^ Folin, Nina (2001), “Landsting”, Medeltidens ABC, Swedish Museum of National Antiquities, ISBN 9151839261, <http://histvarld.historiska.se/histvarld/sok/artikel.asp?id=20990>
- ^ The article Disatinget, in the encyclopedia Nordisk familjebok
- ^ The article Disablot, in the encyclopedia Nordisk familjebok. Swedish Museum of National Antiquities (known in Swedish as Historiska museet or more formally Statens historiska museum) is a Museum located
- ^ Söderberg, Werner. (1896). "Några studier rörande Disasagan", in Samlaren. p. 67.
- ^ "KG Hammar fick vänta", Kyrkans Tidning, nr 14, 2005. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Saxo Grammaticus: Gesta Danorum (book 1), translated by Oliver Elton, at the Online Medieval & Classical Library.
- ^ a b Snorri Sturluson: Ynglinga saga, translated by Samuel Laing, at Northvegr.
- ^ Saxo Grammaticus: Gesta Danorum (book 3), translated by Oliver Elton, at the Online Medieval & Classical Library.
- ^ a b c Adam of Bremen, History of Hamburg's Bishops, short online text. English.
- ^ "KG Hammar fick vänta", Kyrkans Tidning, May 14, 2005. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
External links
- Archeological information Gamla Uppsala, by the Swedish National Heritage Board.
- Uppsala official site.
- Gamla Uppsala is at coordinates Coordinates:
References
- Klingmark, Elisabeth: Gamla Uppsala, Svenska kulturminnen 59, Riksantikvarieämbetet. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system.
- Nationalencyklopedin
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