Game Boy Advance
Manufacturer	Nintendo
Product family	Game Boy line
Type	Handheld game console
Generation	Sixth generation era
First available	JP March 21, 2001 NA June 11, 2001 AUS June 22, 2001 EU June 22, 2001
CPU	ARM7TDMI, 16. A console manufacturer is a company that manufactures and distributes Video game consoles It is also known as a first-party Video game publisher. is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Kyoto Japan founded on The line is a line of battery -powered Handheld game consoles sold by Nintendo. A handheld game console is a lightweight portable electronic machine for playing Video games Unlike Video game consoles the controls screen and speakers Video games were introduced as a commercial entertainment medium in 1971, becoming the basis for an important entertainment industry in the late 1970s/early 1980s in the United The sixth-generation era (sometimes referred to as the 128-bit era; see "Number of bits" below refers to the computer and Video games For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Australasia is a Region of Oceania: New Zealand, Australia, Papua New Guinea, and neighbouring Islands in the Pacific Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The ARM7TDMI processor is a 32-bit RISC CPU designed by ARM, and licensed for manufacture by an array of Semiconductor companies 78 MHz
GPU	Custom 2D core
Media	Cartridge
Units sold	Worldwide: 81. In various types of electronic equipment a cartridge can refer one method of adding different functionality or content (e This is a list of Video game consoles and Handheld game consoles that have sold or shipped at least one million units 06 million, all versions combined (as of March 31, 2008). Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Japan: 16. 88 million Americas: 41. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America 64 million Other: 22. 53 million[1]
Best-selling game	Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, 13 million combined (as of November 25, 2004)[2] Pokémon Emerald, 6. This is a list of Video games that have sold or shipped at least one million copies including the top ten best-selling franchises. Pokémon Ruby and Pokémon Sapphire, released in Japan as, are both the third installments of the ''Pokémon'' series of role-playing Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 32 million (as of March 31, 2007)[3]
Backward compatibility	Game Boy, Game Boy Color
Predecessor	Game Boy Color
Successor	Game Boy Advance SP (redesign)

The Game Boy Advance (often shortened to GBA) is a 32-bit handheld video game console developed, manufactured and marketed by Nintendo. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. In Technology, especially Computing (irrespective of platform a product is said to be backward compatible when it is able to take the place of an older product The is a handheld video game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo. The is Nintendo 's successor to the Game Boy and was released on October 21, 1998 in Japan and in November 19, 1998 The, released in February 2003 is an upgraded version of Nintendo 's Game Boy Advance. A handheld game console is a lightweight portable electronic machine for playing Video games Unlike Video game consoles the controls screen and speakers is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Kyoto Japan founded on It is the successor to the Game Boy Color. The is Nintendo 's successor to the Game Boy and was released on October 21, 1998 in Japan and in November 19, 1998 It was released in Japan on March 21, 2001; in North America on June 11, 2001; in Australia on June 22, 2001, in Europe on June 22, 2001; and in the People's Republic of China on June 8, 2004 (excluding Hong Kong). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders

In 1996, magazines including issues 53 and 54 of Total! and the July 1996 issue of Game Informer featured reports of a new Game Boy, codenamed Project Atlantis. Total! was a Video game Magazine published in the United Kingdom by Future Publishing. Game Informer (often abbreviated to GI) is an American -based monthly magazine featuring articles news strategy and reviews of Although the expected release date of "early 1997" would make this machine seem to be the Game Boy Color, it was described as having "a 32-bit RISC processor" and "allowing similar to SNES standard games-playing to be played in the palm of your hand"—a description that more closely matches the Game Boy Advance.

Contents 1 Technical specifications 2 Other Models 2.1 Game Boy Advance SP 2.2 Game Boy Micro 3 Sales 4 Games 5 Accessories 5.1 Official 5.2 Unofficial 6 Competitors 7 Homebrew software development 8 References 9 External links

Technical specifications

The technical specifications of the original Game Boy Advance are, as provided by Nintendo:^[4]

• Size: Approximately 3. 2 inches (81 mm) x 5. 69 inches (145 mm) x 0. 97 inches (25 mm).
• Weight: Approximately 140 grams (5 ounces).
• Screen: 2. 9 inches reflective thin-film transistor (TFT) color LCD. A thin film transistor liquid crystal display ( TFT-LCD) is a variant of Liquid crystal display (LCD which uses Thin film transistor (TFT technology to
• Power: 2 AA batteries. A AA battery (double a or /ˈdʌbəl eɪ/ is a dry cell-type battery commonly used in portable Electronic devices
• Battery life: The average battery life is approximately 15 hours while playing Game Boy Advance games (also dependent on the Game Pak being played and the volume setting). ^[5]
• CPU: 16. 8 MHz 32-bit ARM7TDMI with embedded memory. The ARM7TDMI processor is a 32-bit RISC CPU designed by ARM, and licensed for manufacture by an array of Semiconductor companies
• Memory: 32 kilobyte + 96 kilobyte VRAM (internal to the CPU), 256 kilobyte WRAM (external to the CPU).
• Resolution: 240 x 160 pixels. In Digital imaging, a pixel ( pict ure el ement is the smallest piece of information in an image
• Color support: 15-bit RGB (16-bit color space using 5 bits depth per channel), capable of displaying 512 simultaneous colors in "character mode" and 32,768 (2^15) simultaneous colors in "bitmap mode".

Backward compatibility for Game Boy and Game Boy Color games is provided by an 8. The is a handheld video game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo. The is Nintendo 's successor to the Game Boy and was released on October 21, 1998 in Japan and in November 19, 1998 4 MHz Z80 co-processor, while a link port at the top of the unit allows it to be connected to other devices via use of a Nintendo Game Link cable or GameCube cable. The Zilog Z80 is an 8-bit Microprocessor designed and sold by Zilog from July 1976 onwards The Nintendo Game Link Cable is an accessory for the Game Boy line of handheld video game systems allowing players to connect Game Boys of all types for The Nintendo GameCube Game Boy Advance Cable is a cable used to connect the Nintendo GameCube (GCN and the Game Boy Advance (GBA When playing Game Boy or Game Boy color games on the Game Boy Advance, the L and R buttons can be used to toggle between a stretched widescreen format (240x144) and the original screen ratio of the Game Boy (160x144).

All future Nintendo portable systems (the Game Boy Advance SP, Game Boy Micro, DS, and DS Lite) have included a built-in light and rechargeable battery.

Other Models

Game Boy Advance SP

Main article: Game Boy Advance SP

In early 2003, Nintendo introduced a new Game Boy Advance (model AGS-001), with an internal front-light that can be turned on or off, a rechargeable lithium ion battery, as well as a folding case approximately half the original size. The, released in February 2003 is an upgraded version of Nintendo 's Game Boy Advance. Lithium-ion batteries (sometimes abbreviated Li-ion batteries) are a type of Rechargeable battery in which a Lithium ion moves between the Anode It was designed to address some common complaints with the original Game Boy Advance which was criticized for being very uncomfortable. The Game Boy Advance SP also came with a new and much brighter LCD screen for improved playability.

Around the same time as the release of the Game Boy Micro, Nintendo released a new backlit version of the SP (model AGS-101) in North America (commonly referred to as the "GBA SP+"). is a Handheld game console The switch that controls the light now toggles between "normal" (which itself is already brighter than the original Game Boy Advance SP's screen), and "bright," an intense brightness level similar to an LCD television set. The, released in February 2003 is an upgraded version of Nintendo 's Game Boy Advance.

Game Boy Micro

Main article: Game Boy Micro

In September 2005, Nintendo released a second redesign of the Game Boy Advance. is a Handheld game console This model, dubbed the Game Boy Micro, is similar in style to the original Game Boy Advance's horizontal orientation, but is much smaller and sleeker. The Game Boy Micro also allows the user an ability to switch between several colored faceplates to allow customization, a feature which Nintendo advertised heavily around the Game Boy Micro's launch. Nintendo also hoped that this "fashion" feature will help target audiences outside of typical video game players, much like its new Wii. Unlike the previous Game Boy Advance models, Game Boy Micro is unable to support Game Boy and Game Boy Color titles. The is a handheld video game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo. The is Nintendo 's successor to the Game Boy and was released on October 21, 1998 in Japan and in November 19, 1998 The Game Boy Micro did not make much of an impact in the video game market, as it was overshadowed by Nintendo's other portable, the Nintendo DS. The is a dual-screen Handheld game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo.

Sales

On December 1, 2006, Nintendo of America released launch-to-date information indicating that the Game Boy Advance series had sold 33. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. is a Multinational corporation headquartered in Kyoto Japan founded on 6 million units in the United States. ^[6] In a Kotaku article published on January 18, 2008, Nintendo revealed that the Game Boy Advance series has sold 36. Kotaku is a Blog which focuses on Video games Kotaku is part of Gawker Media 's "Glocker" network of sites which also includes Gizmodo Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 2 million units in the United States, as of January 1, 2008. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common ^[7] As of March 31, 2008, the Game Boy Advance series has sold 81. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 1 million units worldwide, of which 43. 2 million are Game Boy Advance SP units. The, released in February 2003 is an upgraded version of Nintendo 's Game Boy Advance. ^[1]

Games

See also: List of Game Boy Advance games

The Game Boy Advance became the modern flagship of sprite-based games. This is a list of games for the Game Boy Advance handheld game system, organized alphabetically by name With hardware superior to the Super NES it had proven that sprite-based technology could improve and live side by side with the 3D games of the day's consoles. The Super Nintendo Entertainment System or Super NES (also called SNES and Super Nintendo) is a 16-bit Video game console that was The Game Boy Advance not only has typical platformers, but also a huge collection of SNES-style RPGs. A computer role-playing game ( CRPG) is a broad Video game genre originally developed for personal computers and other home computers It has also become a popular system for old-school gamers due to the increasing amount of games ported from various 8-bit and 16-bit systems of the previous era, including the popular Super Mario Advance series, as well as its compatibility will all earlier Game Boy titles. A school (in the sense of old school) is a grouping of people who share common characteristics of opinion or outlooks of philosophy craft or belief Super Mario Bros 2 (SMB2 is a platforming Video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System

Accessories

Official

Nintendo has released many add-ons for the Game Boy Advance. These include:

• Wireless Adapter: Released in 2004, this adapter hooks up to the back of the Game Boy Advance. Like the Game Boy Advance Game Link Cable, this device allows for multiplayer gaming with the Game Boy Advance and attaches via the External Extension Connector It replaces link cables and allows many people to link up to each other. It markets for US$20 and came included with Pokémon FireRed and Pokémon LeafGreen. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been and, are Enhanced remakes of the original ''Pocket Monsters Red'' and ''Pocket Monsters Green'' Video games the latter of which was released exclusively Because it was released so late in the Game Boy Advance's life, fewer than 20 games support this hardware. The adapter's usefulness is most evident in Pokémon; FireRed/LeafGreen and Emerald feature a "Union Room" where up to forty people can enter to battle or trade Pokémon. A Game Boy Micro version has also been released – it can interact fully with both models of the Wireless Adapter.
• Game Boy Advance Infra-Red Adapter: This adapter was included with the game Cyberdrive Zoids, as it is only compatible with this game and the latest GBA Pokémon games. The adaptor was not sold separately. This is also currently the only Game Boy Advance accessory that has not been remade for the Game Boy Micro.
• Play-Yan: The Play-Yan is an MP3/MPEG4 player for the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS. The Play-Yan (trademarked PLAY-YAN) is a media player for the Nintendo DS / Game Boy Advance. The is a dual-screen Handheld game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo. The cartridge is slightly bigger than a normal Game Boy Advance cartridge and includes a built-in headphone port as well as an SD Card slot. Secure Digital ( SD) is a non-volatile Memory card format developed by Matsushita, SanDisk, and Toshiba for use in Music or videos that users have downloaded from the Internet can be transferred onto an SD Card and slotted into the Play-Yan device. Nintendo has released several mini games for the Play-Yan that can be downloaded from their website, although Nintendo later removed all mini-game functionality through a firmware update. The Play-Yan was initially available in Japan only, but was released in Europe as the Nintendo MP3 Player on 8 December 2006, with the MPEG4 functionality removed. Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Play-Yan never had a North American release.
• e-Reader: The e-Reader is a rather bulky scanning device that plugs into the game cartridge slot of the Game Boy Advance. Specialized cards with codes along the side and bottom are slid through the slot, scanning the card into the Game Boy Advance. Many ideas for the e-Reader include cards that scan classic games like Donkey Kong and Excitebike onto the handheld ready to play, as well as a collaboration with Super Mario Advance 4 and Pokémon Ruby and Saphire to have cards that unlock content. is an Arcade game developed by Nintendo, and released in. It is an early example of the platform genre as the Gameplay focuses on maneuvering the main is a Motocross racing Video game franchise made by Nintendo. It first debuted as a game for the Famicom in Japan in 1984 for a price of is the fifth release in the Super Mario Video game series It was first released for the Famicom in Japan and later on the NES Nintendo GameCube games like Animal Crossing have cards with unlockable content as well, and the Pokémon Trading Card Game playing cards also adopt the e-Reader codes. The, often abbreviated as GCN, is Nintendo 's fourth home Video game console and is part of the sixth generation console era. Animal Crossing, known as in Japan, is a life simulation Video game developed by Nintendo EAD and published by Nintendo. The Pokémon Trading Card Game (Pokémon TCG is a Collectible card game based on the Pokémon Video game series first introduced in Japan in The e-Reader works with the Game Boy Player and Game Boy Advance SP, but cannot fit into the Nintendo DS's Game Boy slot (however it can fit into the Nintendo DS Lite's Game Boy slot). The Game Boy Player is a device made by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube which enables Game Boy (although Super Game Boy enhancements are ignored Nintendo continues to manufacture the accessory and sell it at its Online Store. It is still quite popular in Japan. It was not released in Europe.
• Game Boy Advance Video: These cartridges contain two episodes of thirty minute cartoon programs. Game Boy Advance Video is a format for putting video onto Game Boy Advance cartridges. First released in North America in May 2004, they were US$19. 99 at the time of release and included cartoons such as Pokémon, SpongeBob SquarePants, Sonic X, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles,Yugi Oh . Pokémon (abbreviated from in Japan) is an ongoing Japanese animated series which has since been adapted for the North American and European SpongeBob SquarePants is an American animated television series and Media franchise. is a Japanese Anime that is adapted from the Sonic the Hedgehog video game series is a Japanese Manga created by Kazuki Takahashi, which has spawned a franchise including multiple Anime series a trading card game and numerous video The movies Shrek, Shrek 2, and Shark Tale are also available for Game Boy Advance Video and all three movies are in full. Shrek is a 2001 computer-animated American Comedy film, directed by Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson, and Shrek 2, released in the United States on 19 May 2004, is the 2004 Academy Award nominated Sequel to the Shark Tale is a 2004 CGI comedy produced by DreamWorks Animation. Due to the Game Boy Advance screen ratio, the three movies are in their widescreen format. These cartridges display an error when inserted into a GameCube via a Game Boy Player. These Game Boy Advance Videos are no longer available at most major retailers.
• Cleaning cartridge - A white cartridge that has a soft cloth inside so that it cleans the connectors of the Game Boy Advance when inserted. It can also be used to clean Slot 2 of the Nintendo DS or DS Lite.

Unofficial

• Afterburner: The Afterburner was an internal front-lighting system. The Afterburner lighting kit by Triton Labs is an aftermarket modification to the Game Boy Advance in which a A frontlight is a means of illuminating a Display device, usually a Liquid crystal display (LCD which would otherwise be viewed in ambient light The installation consisted of disassembling the system, removing some plastic from the interior of the case, attaching the lighting mechanism to the screen, and soldering two wires to the motherboard for power. Optionally, a potentiometer or an integrated circuit could be added to allow adjusting the brightness of the light. A potentiometer is a three-terminal Resistor with a sliding contact that forms an adjustable Voltage divider. Microchipsjpg|right|thumb|200px|Microchips ( EPROM memory with a transparent window showing the integrated circuit inside When the Game Boy Advance SP was released, it included a very similar lighting system.
• Halo Light: The Halo light was an external front-lighting system that replaced the screen protector / lens of the GBA. A frontlight is a means of illuminating a Display device, usually a Liquid crystal display (LCD which would otherwise be viewed in ambient light The Halo had an external power adapter that connected to the link port, it featured on/off functions with a dimmer and a pass-through connector so other devices could be connected to the link port.
• GBA Movie Player: The GBA Movie Player is a versatile gaming cartridge that allows users to play NES/Famicom games, watch movies, read .txt files, listen to sound clips, etc. The GBA Movie Player, abbreviated GBAMP, is a device that reads CompactFlash or Secure Digital cards to upload data onto the Game Boy Advance The Nintendo Entertainment System (often abbreviated as NES or simply Nintendo) is an 8-bit Video game console that was released by The GBA Movie Player does not actually play MPEGS or MP3s directly, a freeware conversion software is needed, that converts an array of formats into GBM and GBS formats that are compatible with the GBA Movie Player. There are two forms of the GBA Movie Player with one using a CF (CompactFlash) card and one using an SD (SecureDigital) card, though different companies have made their own devices similar to the GBA Movie Player.
• GBA TV Tuner: It makes the portable system into a portable television. There are several versions (made by different companies) available. The most popular TV Tuner requires a cartridge inserted in the Tuner to start up. The TV Tuners can store up to 99 channels.
• GameShark: The Game Boy Advance version of the GameShark. GameShark is the brand name of a line of video game cheat cartridges and other products for a variety of console video game systems and Windows based computers Programmed only to work with Game Boy Advance games as making the device accept Game Boy Color cartridges too would have made it expensive. This cheat device allowed users to hack their games. Codes could be entered by hand or uploaded to the device itself with the provided USB cable and software.
• Action Replay: A cheating device like the GameShark, sold mainly in Europe. Action Replay is the Brand name of a series of devices created by Datel, primarily used for changing the behavior of Video games Currently Action Replay Had a few extra features as well as an updated interface.
• Action Replay MAX Duo: This was an update to the Action Replay for Game Boy Advance. Not only did it function as an Action Replay, but for DS users, it could hold premade game saves or "powersaves" that could be downloaded from the Action Replay site as well as user made saves. It did not, however function as a cheat device for Nintendo DS games, it was only for data backup. The is a dual-screen Handheld game console developed and manufactured by Nintendo.
• Worm Cam: this device by Nyko attached to the top of the Game Boy Advance and connected into the link port of the GBA. Nyko is a manufacturer of third-party accessories for various gaming consoles This device functioned as a digital camera which allowed digital pictures to be taken. The snapshots could then be uploaded to a PC with the USB cable and software provided. This camera's strange shape prevented it from being used with the GBA SP.
• DigiCam SP: This camera attachment was also made by Nyko and was essentially the Worm Cam for the Game Boy Advance SP. This add-on would slide on to the top half of the GBA SP (behind the screen) and a small plug would be connected into the link port.
• DataBoy: This cartridge plugs into the GBA game slot and converts the Game Boy into an RS-232 data scope (also known as serial line monitor or protocol analyzer). Users can play GB games, GBC games and GBA games on it.

Competitors

Nintendo's competitors in the handheld market were the Neo Geo Pocket Color, Bandai Swan Crystal, Game Park 32, Tapwave Zodiac and the Nokia N-Gage. The Neo-Geo Pocket Color (or NGPC) was released on March 16, 1999 in Japan and was released in the United States on August 6, The is the third and final version of Bandai 's WonderSwan Handheld game console brand succeeding the WonderSwan and WonderSwan Color. The GP32 (GamePark 32 is a Hand held console built by the Korean company Game Park. Tapwave, founded in Mountain View California in May 2001 introduced the Zodiac mobile entertainment The N-Gage is a Mobile telephone and Handheld game system based on the Nokia Series 60 platform Despite the competitors' best efforts, Nintendo maintained its majority market share with the Game Boy Advance.

Homebrew software development

Many people have developed their own software to run on the Game Boy Advance. This is typically tested using emulators, and later written to flash cartridges to run on real consoles. Most such developers use a version of the GNU Compiler Collection (gcc) and program in either C or C++, though recently some developers have started using either Visual HAM or Free Pascal. The GNU Compiler Collection (usually shortened to GCC) is a set of Compilers produced for various Programming languages by the GNU Project Free Pascal (or FPK Pascal or FPC is a free, portable, Open source, Pascal and Object Pascal Compiler. ^[8]

References

External links

• Official website
• Game Boy Advance at Nintendo. com (archived versions at the Internet Archive Wayback Machine)
• Game Boy Advance at the Open Directory Project

The Internet Archive ( IA) is a Nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line Library and archive of Web and The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory

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