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Ancient Galicia
Celtic Gallaecia
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Gallaecia or Callaecia was the name of a Roman province that comprised a territory in the north-west of Hispania (approximately present-day Galicia in Spain, northern Portugal, León (province) and Asturias). The Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited for at least 500000 years first by Neanderthals and then by modern humans Gallaecia (comprising modern Galicia and Northern Portugal) has had human settlers since prehistoric times, dating back to the 30th The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Kingdom of Galicia (410-1833 was a kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula for two distinct periods The Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal was formed in 1065 after the County of Portugal declared Independence following Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. The period of Solidaridad Gallega ("Galician Solidarity" the beginning of the modern Galician nationalist movement, began in 1907 and ended around the From 1990 to 2005, the region's government and parliament the Xunta de Galicia was presided over by the Partido Popular ('People's Party' Spain's Paleolithic 200th millennium BC – In the Paleolithic period the Neanderthal Man enters the Iberian peninsula. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. León is a province of northwestern Spain, in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. The Principality of Asturias ( Spanish: Principado de Asturias, Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies or Asturies) is an The most important city and historical capital of Callaecia was the town of Bracara Augusta, the modern Portuguese Braga. Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese Braga (ˈBrag-uh a city and municipality in northwestern Portugal, is the capital of the district of Braga, the oldest archdiocese

Description

The Romans gave the name Gallaecia to the northwest part of the Iberian peninsula after the Gallaeci (Greek Kallaikoi) tribe (or Gallaecians). The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Gallaeci, Callaeci, or Callaici were a Pre- Roman Celtic single or various tribes living in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly These Gallaeci lived in the Douro Valley with center in Cale in the area that would become the Roman town of Portus Calle, today's Porto. However it is not sure that there was a specific tribe called Callaeci, because the main people between Douro and Lima rivers were the Bracari. The Bracari were an ancient Celtic tribe of Gallaecia, akin to the Calaicians or Gallaeci, living in the northwest of modern Portugal, in

The wild Gallaecian Celts make their entry in written history in the 1^st-century epic Punica of Silius Italicus on the First Punic War:

Fibrarum et pennae divinarumque sagacem

flammarum misit dives Callaecia pubem,

barbara nunc patriis ululantem carmina linguis,

nunc pedis alterno percussa verbere terra,

ad numerum resonas gaudentem plauder caetras. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Silius Italicus, in full Tiberius Catius Silius Italicus (25 or 26 - 101 was a Latin epic Poet. The First Punic War ( 264 to 241 BC) was the first of three major wars fought between Carthage and the Roman Republic. (book III. 344-7)

"Rich Gallaecia sent its youths, wise in the knowledge of divination by the entrails of beasts, by feathers and flames— who, now crying out the barbarian song of their native tongue, now alternately stamping the ground in their rhythmic dances until the ground rang, and accompanying the playing with sonorous caetras" (or gaethas, bagpipes). "Barbarian" is a pejorative term for an uncivilized person either in a general reference to a member of a nation or Ethnos perceived

Gallaecia, as a region, was thus marked for the Romans as much for its Celtic culture, the culture of the castros or castreja — hillforts of Celtic origin—as it was for the lure of its gold mines. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Castro culture ( cultura castreja in Portuguese, cultura castrexa in Galician and cultura castreña in Spanish, A hill fort is a fortified refuge or defended settlement This civilization extended over present-day Galicia, the north of Portugal, the western part of Asturias, the Berço, and Sanabria. Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Principality of Asturias ( Spanish: Principado de Asturias, Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies or Asturies) is an El Bierzo is a region in the province of León, Spain. The Valley has the administrative status of Comarca (Shire and its capital Puebla de Sanabria is a small town located in the North East of the province of Zamora in Spain, between the rivers Tera and Castro

At a far later date, the mythic history that was encapsulated in Lebor Gabála Érenn credited Gallaecia as the point from which the Celts sailed to conquer Ireland, as they had Gallaecia, by force of arms. Portugal is a European Nation whose origins go back to the Early Middle Ages. The Prehistory of the Iberian peninsula begins with the arrival of the first Hominins c In Latin poetry Oestreminis ("Extreme West" was a name given to the territory of what is today modern Portugal, comparable to Finis terrae, the Ophiussa, also spelled Ophiusa, is the ancient name given by the ancient Greeks to what is now Portuguese territory The Gallaeci, Callaeci, or Callaici were a Pre- Roman Celtic single or various tribes living in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula The Lusitanians (or Lusitani in Latin) were an Indo-European people living in the western Iberian Peninsula long before it became the Roman The Celtici were a Celtic tribe of the Iberian peninsula, akin either to the Lusitanians and Gallaecians or the Celtiberians, living The Cynetes or Conii were a one of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, living in today's Algarve and Low Alentejo regions of southern The Roman conquest of Hispania was a historical period that began with the Roman landing at Empúries in 218 BC and ended with the Roman conquest of the Iberian The Second Punic War (referred to as "The War Against Hannibal" by the Romans lasted from 218 to 201 BC and involved combatants in the western The Lusitanian War, called the Purinos Polemos (meaning Fiery War) was a war of resistance fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar This article concerns the Roman province For the ship see RMS Lusitania. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Visigothic kingdom was a Western European power from the fifth to eighth century one of the Successor states to the Western Roman Empire, originally The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" Al-Andalus (الأندلس was the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims or The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period The Kingdom of Asturias was the first Christian political entity to be established in the Iberian peninsula after the collapse of the Visigothic Kingdom of León was an independent kingdom situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. Condado de Portucale was the first County founded in Portugal. The County of Coimbra (Condado de Coimbra was a political entity instituted as a military unit of defense in the borders of the Kingdom of Galicia in the Iberian Peninsula The Kingdom of Galicia and Portugal was formed in 1065 after the County of Portugal declared Independence following Condado Portucalense was the second County founded in Portugal. The Kingdom of Portugal was Portugal 's general designation under the monarchy. The history of Portugal, in most of the 12th and 13th centuries is chiefly that of its origin as a separate state in the process of the Christian The Consolidation of the Monarchy in Portugal ( 1279 - 1415) 1279 Until the Early 14th Century The chief problems now confronting the monarchy For additional context see History of Portugal and Portuguese Empire. The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta This article is a comprehensive list of all the actual possessions of the Portuguese Empire Iberian Union is a modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580–1640 The History of Portugal from the beginning of Maria I's reign in 1777 to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834 spans a complex historic period in which several The Portuguese First Republic (Primeira República spans a complex 16 year period in the history of Portugal, between the end of the Constitutional Monarchy The Ditadura Nacional ( Portuguese for National Dictatorship was the name of the Portuguese regime initiated by the election of President Óscar Carmona Estado Novo ( Portuguese for " New State " pron (ɨʃ'tadu 'novu also known as the Second Republic) is the name of the Portuguese The Portuguese Third Republic is a period in the History of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic regime installed after the Carnation Revolution Euro 2004 Euro 2004 was won by Greece The final match was played by Greece and Portugal. This article covers the economic history of Portugal. Portugal was once one of the largest and most powerful political and economic powers in the world The Military history of Portugal is as long as the history of the country, either before the emergence of the socio-political reality of an independent Portuguese state The Portuguese Empire was the earliest and longest lived of the modern European colonial empires spanning almost six centuries from the capture of Ceuta The Portuguese language developed in the Western Iberian Peninsula from Latin brought there by Roman soldiers and colonists starting in the 3rd century Medieval music Liturgical repertoire In the early days of the Catholic Church several local liturgies developed such as the Gallican in France the Sarum in England This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd century BC Lebor Gabála Érenn ( The Book of the Taking of Ireland) is the Middle Irish title of a loose collection of Poems and Prose narratives Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world

History

Pre-Roman Gallaecia

Strabo in his Geography mentions that the ancient people called Lusitania to the lands north of river Douro, the land that in his own time was known as Gallaecia. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. The Douro or Duero ( Latin: Durius, Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, pron. ^[1]

Roman Gallaecia

Roman Gallaecia under Diocletian's reorganization, 293 AD

After the Punic Wars, the Romans turned their attention to conquering Hispania. The tribe of the Gallaicoi 60,000 strong, according to Paulus Orosius, faced the Roman forces in 137 BC in a battle at the river Douro (Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, Latin: Durius), which resulted in a great Roman victory, by virtue of which the Roman proconsul Decimus Junius Brutus returned a hero, receiving the agnomen Gallaicus ("conqueror of the Gallaicoi"). Paulus Orosius (b circa 375 d 418? was a Christian Historian, theologian and disciple of St The Douro or Duero ( Latin: Durius, Spanish: Duero, Portuguese: Douro, pron. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Decimus Junius Brutus may refer to Decimus Junius Brutus Scaeva (consul 325 was consul in 325 BC Decimus Junius Brutus Scaeva (consul 292 By the Republican era and throughout the Imperial era, a Name in Ancient Rome for a male citizen consisted of three parts ( tria From this time, Gallaecian fighters joined the Roman legions, to serve as far away as Dacia and Britain. The final extinction of Celtic resistance was the aim of the violent and ruthless Cantabrian Wars fought under the emperor Octavian from 26 to 19 BC. The Cantabrian Wars or Astur-Cantabrian Wars ( 29 BC - 19 BC) occurred during the Roman conquest of the ancient provinces of Cantabria Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was Year 26 BC was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Year 19 BC was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The resistance was appalling: collective suicide rather than surrender, mothers who killed their children before committing suicide, crucified prisoners of war who sang triumphant hymns, rebellions of captives who killed their guards and returned home from Gaul. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western

For Rome Gallaecia was a region formed exclusively by two conventus—the Lucensis and the Bracarensis — and was distinguished clearly from other zones like the Asturica, according to written sources:

• Legatus iuridici to per ASTURIAE ET GALLAECIAE.
• Procurator ASTURIAE ET GALLAECIAE.
• Cohors ASTURUM ET GALLAECORUM.
• Pliny: ASTURIA ET GALLAECIA

In the 3rd century, Diocletian created an administrative division which included the conventus of Gallaecia, Asturica and, perhaps, Cluniense. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author The 3rd century is the period from 201 to 300 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate This province took the name of Gallaecia since Gallaecia was the most populous and important zone within the province. In 409, as Roman control collapsed, the Suebi conquests transformed Roman Gallaecia (convents Lucense and Bracarense) into the kingdom of Galicia (the Galliciense Regnum recorded by Hydatius and Gregory of Tours). The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" The Kingdom of Galicia (410-1833 was a kingdom of the Iberian Peninsula for two distinct periods Hydatius or Idacius (c 400— c 469 Bishop of Aquae Flaviae in the Roman province of Gallaecia (almost certainly the modern Saint Gregory of Tours ( November 30, c 538 &ndash November 17, 594) was a Gallo-Roman historian and bishop of Tours

In Beatus of Liébana (d. Saint Beatus of Liébana (c 730 - c 800 was a Monk, Theologian and Geographer from the Kingdom of Asturias, in northern Spain who worked 798), Gallaecia refers to the Christian part of the Iberian peninsula, whereas Hispania refers to the Muslim one. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The emirs found it not worth their while to conquer these mountains filled with fighters and lacking oil or wine.

In Charlemagne's time, bishops of Gallaecia attended the Council of Frankfurt in 794. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his During his residence in Aachen, he received embassies from Alfonso II of Asturias, according to the Frankish chronicles. ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French, Alfonso II (759-842 called the Chaste, was the King of Asturias from 791 to his death the son of Fruela I and the Basque Munia

Sancho III of Navarre in 1029 refers to Vermudo III as Imperator domus Vermudus in Gallaecia. Sancho III Garcés (late 10th century &ndash 18 October 1035) called the Great ( Spanish: el Mayor or el Grande) was

See also

• Suebi kingdom of Gallaecia
• Timeline of Portuguese history
  • Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd Century BC)
  • Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia (3rd Century BC to 4th Century AD)
• Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula

References

1. ^ Strabo, Geography, Book III, Chapter 4

Bibliography

• Coutinhas, José Manuel (2006), Aproximação à identidade etno-cultural dos Callaeci Bracari, Porto. The Suebi or Suevi (from Proto-Germanic * swēbaz based on the Proto-Germanic root * swē- meaning "one's own" This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Pre-Roman Western Iberia (Before the 3rd century BC This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Pre-Roman Western Iberia Paleolithic This is a historical timeline of Portugal. See also History of Portugal Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia 3rd century BC This is a list of the Pre- Roman peoples of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania - modern Andorra, Portugal and Spain

External links

• Alfonso Carbonell Lombardero, "The Gaels in Gallaecia"
• Luís Magarinhos Igrejas, "Sobre a origem e significado das palavras Portugal e Galiza"
• Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
• Rutas Arqueolóxicas do Eixo Atlántico - Roteiro Arqueológico do Eixo Atlântico