| Galena | |
|---|---|
 Galena crystal from Galena, Kansas
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| General | |
| Category | Sulfides |
| Chemical formula | lead sulfide (PbS) |
| Identification | |
| Color | Lead gray, silvery |
| Crystal habit | Cubes and octahedra, tabular and sometimes skeletal crystals |
| Crystal system | Isometric hexoctahedral |
| Cleavage | Cubic |
| Fracture | Flat (when cubic) to even |
| Mohs Scale hardness | 2. In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating Galena is a city in Cherokee County, Kansas, United States. The city was named after the lead ore Galena found here in 1877 A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation In Mineralogy, shape and size give rise to descriptive terms applied to the typical appearance or habit of Crystals The many terms used by mineralogists A crystal system is a category of Space groups which characterize Symmetry of structures in three dimensions with Translational symmetry in three directions The cubic crystal system (or isometric) is a Crystal system where the Unit cell is in the shape of a Cube. Cleavage, in Mineralogy, is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite planes creating smooth surfaces of which there are several named types In the field of Mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a Mineral is broken The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 5 - 2. 75 |
| Luster | Metallic |
| Refractive index | Opaque |
| Pleochroism | None |
| Streak | Lead gray |
| Specific gravity | 7. Lustre (or luster) is a description of the way light interacts with the surface of a Crystal, rock, or Mineral. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium Pleochroism is an Optical phenomenon in which grains of a rock appear to be different colors when observed at different angles under a Petrographic microscope. The streak (also called powder color) of a Mineral is the Color of the powder produced when it is dragged across an unweathered surface Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the Density of a given solid or liquid substance to the density of water at a specific temperature and pressure typically 4 - 7. 6 |
| Fusibility | 2 |
Galena is the natural mineral form of lead sulfide. Fusibility is the ease with which a material will Melt. Materials such as solder require a low melting point so that when heat is applied to a joint the solder will melt before In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. It is the most important lead ore mineral. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining
Galena is one of the most abundant and widely distributed sulfide minerals. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system often showing octahedral forms. The cubic crystal system (or isometric) is a Crystal system where the Unit cell is in the shape of a Cube. An octahedron (plural octahedra is a Polyhedron with eight faces It is often associated with the minerals sphalerite, calcite and fluorite. Sphalerite (( Zn, Fe) S) is a Mineral that is the chief Ore of Zinc. Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of Calcium carbonate ( Ca[[carbon C]] O 3 Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is a Mineral composed of Calcium fluoride, Ca[[Fluorine F2]]
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Lead ore deposits
Galena deposits often contain significant amounts of silver as included silver sulphide mineral phases or as limited solid solution within the galena structure. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen These argentiferous galenas have long been the most important ore of silver in mining. Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body In addition zinc, cadmium, antimony, arsenic and bismuth also occur in variable amounts in lead ores. Selenium substitutes for sulfur in the structure constituting a solid solution series. The lead telluride mineral altaite has the same crystal structure as galena. The telluride Ion is Te 2&minus It is the final stable member of the series of dianions O 2&minus S 2&minus Altaite also known as Lead telluride is a yellowish white mineral with an isometric crystal structure Within the weathering or oxidation zone galena alters to anglesite (lead sulfate) or cerussite (lead carbonate). Weathering is the decomposition of earth rocks, Soils and their Minerals through direct contact with the planet's Atmosphere. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Anglesite is a Lead Sulfate Mineral, PbSO4 It occurs as an oxidation product of primary lead sulfide ore Galena. Cerussite (also known as lead carbonate or White lead ore) is a Mineral consisting of Lead Carbonate (PbCO3
Galena deposits are found in Wales, France, Romania, Austria, Belgium, Italy, Gorno northern Italy, Spain, Scotland, England, Australia, and Mexico. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest "Gorno" is a portmanteau of "gore" and " porno " which refers to a Splatter film. Related categories Central Italy Southern Italy Insular Italy Northeast Italy Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Noted deposits include those at Freiberg, Saxony; Cornwall, Derbyshire, and Cumberland, England; the Sullivan Mine of British Columbia; and Broken Hill, Australia. Freiberg (ie free mountain) is a city in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, capital of the Mittelsachsen district Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle Cumberland is one of the 39 Historic counties of England. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1915 and now forms part of England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Sullivan Mine is an underground mine located in Kimberley British Columbia, Canada; it has a complex Diatreme hosted orebody, made British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C For the Local Government Area of Broken Hill see City of Broken Hill Broken Hill is an isolated Mining city and Local Government Area For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Galena also occurs at Mount Hermon in Northern Israel. Mount Hermon ( הר חרמון Har Hermon, جبل الشيخجبل حرمون Jabal el-Shaiykh, Jabal Haramon For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. In the United States it occurs most notably in the Mississippi Valley type deposits of the Lead Belt in southeastern Missouri, and in similar environments in Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc ore deposits are important and highly valuable concentrations of lead and zinc sulfide Ores hosted within carbonate ( Limestone The Lead Belt is a Lead mining district in the southeastern part of Missouri. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The State of Iowa ( is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States of America. Wisconsin ( or wɪˈskɑnsɨn (French Ouisconsin) is one of the fifty United States of America, located in the north central part of the United States Galena also was a major mineral of the zinc-lead mines of the tri-state district around Joplin in southwestern Missouri and the adjoining areas of Kansas and Oklahoma. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. Galena is also an important ore mineral in the silver mining regions of Colorado, Idaho, Utah and Montana. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. The State of Idaho ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. Montana ( is a state in the Western United States. One-third of the state in the western part contains numerous mountain ranges (approximately 77 named of the northern Of the latter, the Coeur d'Alene district of northern Idaho was most prominent. Coeur d'Alene (ˌkɔr dəˈlein is the County seat and largest city of Kootenai County, Idaho, United States.
Galena is the official state mineral of the U. Not every state has an official state mineral rock stone or gemstone S. states: Missouri and Wisconsin.
Galena uses
One of the earliest uses of galena was as kohl, which in Ancient Egypt, was applied around the eyes to reduce the glare of the desert sun and to repel flies, which were a potential source of disease. Kohl is a mixture of Soot and other ingredients used predominantly by Middle Eastern North African Sub-Saharan African and South Asian Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now [1]
Galena is a semiconductor with a small bandgap of about 0. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that 4 eV which found use in early wireless communication systems. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or " Wires quot For example, it was used as the crystal in crystal radio sets, in which it was used as a point-contact diode to detect the radio signals. Dioden2jpg|thumb|right|150px|Figure 2 Various semiconductor diodes The galena crystal was used with a safety pin or similar sharp wire, and was known as a "cat's whisker". Cat’s whisker refers to a thin Wire that lightly touches a semiconducting crystal to make an imperfect contact-junction detector in a Crystal radio Making such wireless sets was a popular home hobby in the North of England during the 1930s. Derbyshire was one of the main areas where Galena was mined. Scientists that were linked to this application are Karl Ferdinand Braun and Sir Jagdish Bose. Karl Ferdinand Braun ( 6 June 1850 in Fulda, Germany &ndash 20 April 1918 in New York City, U Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, CSI, CIE, FRS (জগদীশ চন্দ্র বসু Jôgodish Chôndro Boshu) ( November 30 In modern wireless communication systems, galena detectors have been replaced by more reliable semiconductor devices, though silicon point-contact microwave detectors still exist in the market. Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14
See also
References
- Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. This is a List of Minerals for which there are Wikipedia articles Hurlbut, Jr. (1985) Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley, 2nd ed. , pp. 274–276, ISBN 0-471-80580-7
- Webmineral data
- Mindat with location data
- Franklin and Sterling Hill mineral deposits
- Mineral Data Publishing - PDF
Notes
- ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt. (New York: The Museum, 2005), p. 10, ISBN 1-58839-170-1
External links
- Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM): Lead Toxicity
- ToxFAQs: Lead
- Mineral information institute entry for lead
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