Galen (Greek: Γαληνός, Galēnos; Latin: Claudius Galenus; AD 129^[1] –ca. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. 200 or 216) of Pergamon was a prominent ancient Greek^[2] physician, whose theories dominated Western medical science for well over a millennium. Events By Place World Human population reaches about 257 million Events By Place Roman Empire The Baths of Caracalla in Rome are completed Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the The forename "Claudius", absent in Greek texts, was first documented in texts from the Renaissance. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere

Contents 1 Life 2 Legacy 3 Notes 4 See also 5 External links 5.1 Works 5.2 Other

Life

Galen was born in the ancient Greek city Pergamon, Mysia - then part of the Roman Empire - now Bergama, Turkey. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Mysia (Μυσία was a region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor or Anatolia (part of modern Turkey) The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Bergama ( Pargauma /PergamosPeople of High City refers to a city and its surrounding district in İzmir Province, in the Aegean Region of the Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches ^[1] The son of the wealthy architect Nicon, he had eclectic interests — agriculture, architecture, astronomy, astrology, philosophy — before finally concentrating on medicine. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Aeulius Nicon was a wealthy Architect and builder in 2nd century Pergamon. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language

By the age of 20, he had served for four years in the local temple as a therapeutes ("attendant" or "associate") of the god Asclepius. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Asclepius (pronounced /æsˈkliːpiːəs/, Greek, transliterated Asklēpiós; Latin Aesculapius) is the god of Medicine Although Galen studied the human body, dissection of human corpses was against Roman law, so instead he used pigs, apes, and other animals. Roman law is the legal system of Ancient Rome. As used in the West the term commonly refers to legal developments prior to the Roman/Byzantine state's adopting Pigs, also called hogs or' swine', are Ungulates which have been domesticated as sources of food leather and similar products since ancient times The legal limitations forced on him led to quite a number of mistaken ideas about the body. For instance, he thought a group of blood vessels near the back of the brain, the rete mirabile, was common in humans, but it is only in animals. The blood vessels are part of the Circulatory system and function to transport Blood throughout the body The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain A rete mirabile ( Latin for 'wonderful net' plural retia mirabilia) is a complex of arteries and Veins lying very close to each other found in After his father's death in 148/149, he left Pergamon to study in Smyrna, Corinth, and Alexandria for the next 12 years. This article is on the Ancient Greek city of Smyrna principally in connection with the ruins remaining to this day Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια In 157, Galen returned to his native city, where he worked for three or four years as a physician in a gladiator school. Gladiators (gladiatores "swordsmen" or "one who uses a sword" from la ''gladius'' "sword" were professional fighters in Ancient Rome who fought During this time he gained much experience with treating trauma and especially wounds, which he later called "windows into the body". Treatment of physical trauma is described here and in First aid. In Medicine, a wound is a type of Injury in which the Skin is torn cut or punctured (an open wound or where blunt force trauma

Galen performed many audacious operations — including brain and eye surgeries — that were not tried again for almost two millennia. Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain To perform cataract surgery, he would insert a long needle-like instrument into the eye behind the lens; He would then pull the instrument back slightly to remove the cataract. A cataract is a clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the Eye or in its envelope varying in degree from slight to complete opacity The lens is a transparent biconvex structure in the Eye that along with the Cornea, helps to Refract Light to be focused The slightest slip could have caused permanent blindness. Blindness is the condition of lacking Visual perception due to Physiological or Neurological factors

Galen moved to Rome in 162. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 There he lectured, wrote extensively, and performed public demonstrations of his anatomical knowledge. Anatomy (from the Greek anatomia, from ana separate apart from and temnein, to cut up cut open is a branch of Biology that is the consideration He soon gained a reputation as an experienced physician, attracting to his practice a large number of clients. Among them was the consul Flavius Boethius, who introduced him to the imperial court, where he became a physician to Emperor Marcus Aurelius. Consul (abbrev cos; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor Despite being a member of the court, Galen reputedly shunned Latin, preferring to speak and write in his native Greek, a tongue that was actually quite popular in Rome. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 He would go on to treat Roman luminaries such as Lucius Verus, Commodus, and Septimius Severus. Lucius Aurelius Verus ( December 15 130 &ndash 169 born as Lucius Ceionius Commodus, known simply as Lucius Verus, was Roman co-emperor Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus ( August 31, 161 – December 31, 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 (also with Lucius Septimius Severus (or rarely Severus I) ( April 11 145 - February 4 211) was a Roman general and Roman Emperor However, in 166 Galen returned to Pergamon again, where he lived until he went back to Rome for good in 169.

Galen spent the rest of his life at the Roman imperial court, where he was given leave to write and experiment. He performed vivisections of numerous animals to study the function of the kidneys and the spinal cord. Animal testing or animal research is the use of non-human Animals in scientific experimentation. The kidneys are complicated organs that have numerous biological roles The spinal cord is a long thin tubular bundle of Nerves that is an extension of the Central nervous system from the brain and is enclosed in and protected His favorite animal subject was the Barbary Macaque. The Barbary Macaque ( Macaca sylvanus) is a Macaque with just a stub of a tail

Galen identified veins (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. In the Circulatory system, a vein is a Blood vessel that carries Blood back toward the Heart (as opposed to Artery, a blood vessel Arteries are Blood vessels that carry blood away from the Heart. Venous blood was thought to originate in the liver and arterial blood in the heart; the blood flowed from those organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed.

It has been reported that Galen employed 20 scribes to write down his words. In 191, a fire in the Temple of Peace destroyed some of his records. Because of a reference in the 10th century Suda lexicon, the year of Galen's death has traditionally been placed at around 200. The Suda or Souda ( also, Suidas) is a massive 10th century Byzantine Greek historical encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean However, since some scholars argue that textual evidence shows Galen writing as late as 207, they contend that he lived longer, the latest year proposed being 216. ^[3]

Legacy

Of Galen’s 600 books, just 20 survive. They were lost in the destruction of the library at Alexandria and in the general chaos associated with the collapse of the Roman empire. The Royal Library of Alexandria or Ancient Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was once the largest library in the ancient world The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Arabs captured and preserved some ancient medical texts during the golden age and expansion of the Arab Empire - only those works exist today. ^[4]

Hunayn ibn Ishaq's translation (c. Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Hunein Bit Ishak أبو زيد حنين بن إسحاق العبادي; known in Latin as Johannitius (809-873 was a famous and influential 830-870) of 129 of Galen's works into Arabic, in particular Galen's insistence on a rational systematic approach to medicine, set the template for Islamic medicine, which rapidly spread throughout the Arab Empire. Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Arabs held Galen in highest regard. ^[5] As the title "Doubts on Galen" of a book by Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) (d. 925) makes clear, as well as the writings of Ibn al-Nafis, the works of Galen were not taken on unquestioningly, but as a challengeable basis for further enquiry. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi ( Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena A strong emphasis on experimentation and empiricism led to new results and new observations, which were contrasted and combined with those of Galen by writers such as Razi, Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulasis), Ibn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) and Ibn al-Nafis. In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (died 982-994 also known as Masoudi or Latinized as Haly Abbas, was a Persian Physician and TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi (936 - 1013 (أبو القاسم بن خلف TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> ( Persian /ابو علی الحسین ابن عبدالله ابن سینا (born Abū Merwān ’Abdal-Malik ibn Zuhr ( أبو مروان عبد الملك بن زهر) (also known as Ibn Zuhr, Avenzoar, Abumeron or Ibn-Zohr

Constantine the African helped reintroduce Greek medicine to Europe. Constantine the African ( Latin Constantinus Africanus c 1020 Carthage or Sicily&ndash1087 monastery of Monte Cassino, near Cassino Principality The first known Greek medical school opened in Cnidus in 700 BC His translations of Arabic versions of Hippocrates and Galen first gave the West a view of Greek medicine as a whole. Hippocrates of Cos II or Hippokrates of Kos ( ca. 460 BC – ca The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings ^[6]

Later, in medieval Europe, Galen's writings on anatomy became the mainstay of the medieval physician's university curriculum. Unlike pagan Rome, Christian Europe did not forbid the dissection and autopsy of the human body and such examinations were carried out regularly from at least the 14th century. However, Galen's influence, as in the Arab world, was so great that when dissections discovered anomalies in Galen's anatomy, the physicians often tried to fit these into the Galenic system. An example of this is Mondino de Liuzzi, who describes rudimentary blood circulation in his writings but still asserts that the left ventricle should contain air. Mondino dei Liuzzi (1258 - 1326 was a medical professor at Bologna and a pioneer of Anatomy in practice

In the 1530s, Belgian anatomist and physician Andreas Vesalius took on a project to translate many of Galen's Greek texts into Latin. Andreas Vesalius ( Brussels, December 31, 1514 - Zakynthos, October 15, 1564) was an anatomist, Physician Vesalius' most famous work, De humani corporis fabrica, was greatly influenced by Galenic writing and form. De humani corporis fabrica libri septem ( On the fabric of the human body in seven books) is a textbook of human anatomy written by Andreas Vesalius Seeking to examine critically Galen's methods and outlook, Vesalius turned to human cadaver dissection as a means of verification. Galen's writings were frequently disproved by Vesalius, who demonstrated Galen's errors through books and hands-on demonstrations. The examinations of Vesalius also disproved medical theories of Aristotle and Mondino de Liuzzi. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. Mondino dei Liuzzi (1258 - 1326 was a medical professor at Bologna and a pioneer of Anatomy in practice

Since some of Galen's writings were translated into Arabic, the Middle East knows and reveres him as "Jalinos". Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. ^[7]

Galen's emphasis on bloodletting as a remedy for almost any ailment remained influential until well into the 1800s. Bloodletting (or blood-letting, in modern medicine referred to as phlebotomy) was a tremendously popular medical practice from antiquity up to the late

Notes

See also

• Aeschrion of Pergamon
• Antonine Plague
• Galenic formulation
• Timeline of medicine and medical technology

External links

Works

• Galen, On the Natural Faculties English translation
• Galen, Commentary on Hippocrates "On the nature of man"
• Galen, Exhortation to the Study of the Arts especially Medicine: To Menodotus
• Galen, On diagnosis from dreams

Other

• Galen: A Biographical Sketch
• Galen
• Galen University
• Greek Biology and Medicine by Henry Osborn Taylor (1922)
• Greek Biology and Medicine by Henry Osborn Taylor (1922): Chapter 5 - "The Final System: Galen"
• Galen, University of Dayton

Aeschrion ( Gr) of Pergamon was a physician in the 2nd century AD. The Antonine Plague, 165 - 180 AD  also known as the Plague of Galen, was an ancient Pandemic, either of Smallpox or Measles Galenic formulation deals with the principles of preparing and compounding medicines in order to optimize their absorption Timeline of Medicine and Medical technology Antiquity c 2600s BC - Imhotep wrote texts on Ancient Egyptian

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