| Ancient Region of Anatolia Galatia |
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 |
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| Location | Central Anatolia |
| State existed: | 280-64 BC |
| Nation | Gauls |
| Historical capitals | Ancyra |
| Roman province | Galatia |
Ancient Galatia was an area in the highlands of central Anatolia in modern Turkey. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin provincia, pl provinciae) was the basic and until the Tetrarchy (circa Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Galatia, an ancient region of Asia Minor, was named for the immigrant Gauls from Thrace (cf. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Tylis), who settled here and became its ruling caste in the 3rd century BC. Tylis ( Greek: Τύλις or Tyle was a capital of a short-lived Balkan state mentioned by Polybius that was founded by Celts led by Comontorios The 3rd century BC started the first day of 300 BC and ended the last day of 201 BC It has been called the "Gallia" of the East, Roman writers calling its inhabitants Galli. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western [1]
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Geography
Galatia was bounded on the north by Bithynia and Paphlagonia, on the east by Pontus and Cappadocia, on the south by Cilicia and Lycia, and on the west by Phrygia (constructed originally over Hittite land). Description Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which is now known as Sea of Marmara) Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius Geography The greater part of Paphlagonia is a rugged mountainous country but it contains fertile valleys and produces a great abundance of hazelnuts and fruit – particularly plums Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges Cappadocia (or Capadocia, Turkish Kapadokya, from Greek: Καππαδοκία / Kappadokía which in turn is from the Persian: Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria In ancient geography Lycaonia was a large region in the interior of Asia Minor, north of Mount Taurus. In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
The modern capital of Turkey, Ankara (ancient Ancyra), was also the capital of ancient Galatia. Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Theta minor is mentioned in the chronicles Galatia
Celtic Galatia
Seeing something of a Hellenized savage in the Galatians, Francis Bacon and other Renaissance writers inaccurately called them "Gallo-Graeci," and the country "Gallo-Graecia". Francis Bacon 1st Viscount St Alban KC QC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626 was an English Philosopher, Statesman, and author
The Galatians were in their origin a part of the great Celtic migration which invaded Macedon, led by the 'second' Brennus, a word for chief. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Brennus (or Brennos) (d 279 BC was one of the leaders of the army of Gallic invasion of the Balkans, defeated the assembled Greeks at Thermopylae, and The original Celts who settled in Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios circa 270 BC. Thrace (Тракия Trakiya or "Trakija" or Trakia, Θράκη Thráki, Trakya is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe Events By place Roman Republic Rome's subjugation of Italy is completed by the recapture of Rhegium (in southern Italy Three tribes comprised these Celts, the Tectosages, the Trocmii, and the Tolistobogii.
Brennus invaded Greece in 281 BC with a huge war band and was turned back in the nick of time from plundering the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Events By place Asia Minor The Battle of Corupedium in Lydia is the last battle of the Diadochi, the rival successors Delphi ( Greek,) ( pronounce and dialectal forms) is an archaeological site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western At the same time, another Gaulish group of men, women, and children were migrating through Thrace. They had split off from Brennus' people in 279 BC, and had migrated into Thrace under their leaders Leonnorius and Lutarius. Events By place Greece An army of Gauls under Brennus invade Greece. These invaders appeared in Asia Minor in 278–277 BC; others invaded Macedonia, killed the Ptolemaic ruler Ptolemy Ceraunus but were eventually ousted by Antigonus Gonatas, the grandson of the defeated Diadoch Antigonus the One-Eyed. Events By place Seleucid Empire After their defeats in Greece, the Gauls move into Asia Minor. Events By place Greece Antigonus crosses the Hellespont and defeats the Celts under the command of Cerethrius near Lysimachia The Ptolemaic dynasty (sometimes also known as the Lagids, from the name of Ptolemy I's father Lagus) was a Hellenistic Macedonian royal family Ptolemy Keraunos ( Greek Πτολεμαίος Κεραυνός - 279 BC was the King of Macedon from 281 BC to 279 BC Antigonus II Gonatas (lit "knock-knees" ( Greek Αντίγονος B΄ Γονατᾶς ca The Diadochi (plural of Latin Diadochus, from Greek Διάδοχοι, Diadokhoi, "successors" were the rival successors Antigonus I Monophthalmus ("the One-eyed" (382 BC - 301 BC son of Philip from Elimeia, was a Macedonian nobleman general and Satrap
As so often happens in cases of invasion, the invaders came at the express invitation of Nicomedes I of Bithynia, who required help in a dynastic struggle against his brother. Nicomedes I (in Greek Nικoμηδης 278&ndashc 255 BC second king of Bithynia, was the eldest son of Zipoites, whom he succeeded on the Three tribes crossed over from Thrace to Asia Minor. They numbered about 10,000 fighting men and about the same number of women and children, divided into three tribes, Trocmi, Tolistobogii and Tectosages. The Trocmii or Trocmi were one of the three ancient Celtic tribes of Galatia in central Asia Minor, together with the Tolistobogii The Tolistobogii or Tolistobogi or Tolistoboii were one of the three ancient Celtic tribes of Galatia in central Asia Minor, together The Volcae were a Celtic tribal confederation constituted sometime before the Gallic raid of combined Gauls that invaded Macedon in the 270s and defeated the assembled They were eventually defeated by the Seleucid king Antiochus I, in a battle where the Seleucid war elephants shocked the Celts. The Seleucid Empire /sə'lusɪd/ ( 312 - 63 BC) was a Hellenistic empire i Antiochus I Soter (unknown - 261 BC was a king of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire. While breaking the momentum of the invasion, the Galatians were by no means exterminated.
Instead, the migration led to the establishment of a long-lived Celtic territory in central Anatolia, which included the eastern part of ancient Phrygia, a territory that became known as Galatia. Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. There they ultimately settled, and being strengthened by fresh accessions of the same clan from Europe, they overran Bithynia and supported themselves by plundering neighbouring countries. Description Several major cities sat on the fertile shores of the Propontis (which is now known as Sea of Marmara) Nicomedia, Chalcedon, Cius
The Gauls invaded the eastern part of Phrygia on at least one occasion. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western [2]
The constitution of the Galatian state is described by Strabo: conformably to custom, each tribe was divided into cantons, each governed by a chief ('tetrarch') of its own with a judge under him, whose powers were unlimited except in cases of murder, which were tried before a council of 300 drawn from the twelve cantons and meeting at a holy place, twenty miles southwest of Ancyra, which was likely to have been a sacred oak grove, for it was called 'Drynemeton' the "fane of the oaks" drys + nemeton "sacred ground". Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. The local population of Cappadocians were left in control of the towns and most of the land, paying tithes to their new overlords, who formed a military aristocracy and kept aloof in fortified farmsteads, surrounded by their bands.
The Celts were great warriors, respected by Greeks and Romans (illustration, right). They hired themselves out as mercenary soldiers, sometimes fighting on both sides in the great battles of the times. For years the chieftains and their war bands ravaged the western half of Asia Minor, as allies of one or other of the warring princes, without any serious check, until they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax, who reigned in Asia Minor. Antiochus Hierax (in Greek Aντιoχoς Ιεραξ; killed 226 BC so called from his grasping and ambitious character was a separatist ruler of the Greek Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black Hierax tried to defeat king Attalus I of Pergamum (241–197 BC), but instead, the hellenised cities united under his banner, and his armies inflicted several severe defeats upon them, about 232 forcing them to settle permanently and to confine themselves to the region to which they had already given their name. Attalus I ( surnamed Soter ( "Savior" 269 BC &ndash 197 BC ruled Pergamon, a Greek Polis in what is now Turkey Events By place Greece The Eurypontid King of Sparta, Agis IV, is called away from Sparta when Aratus of Sicyon Events By place Greece The Spartan ruler Nabis, acquires the important city of Argos from Philip V of Macedon The theme of the Dying Gaul (a famous statue displayed in Pergamon) remained a favorite in Hellenistic art for a generation. Their right to the district was formally recognized. The three Celtic tribes the Galatians consisted on were settled where they afterwards remained, the Tectosages in the centre, round with their capital Ancyra, the Tolistobogii on the west, round Pessinus as their chief town, sacred to Cybele, and the Trocmi on the east, round their chief town Tavium. The Volcae were a Celtic tribal confederation constituted sometime before the Gallic raid of combined Gauls that invaded Macedon in the 270s and defeated the assembled Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. The Tolistobogii or Tolistobogi or Tolistoboii were one of the three ancient Celtic tribes of Galatia in central Asia Minor, together thumb|Pessinus Area Sivrihisar Eskişehir Turkey Pessinus was the city in Anatolia, the Asian part of Turkey on the upper course of the river Sakarya Originally a Hittite and Phrygian Goddess, Cybele (Κυβέλη was a deification of the Earth Mother and was worshipped in The Trocmii or Trocmi were one of the three ancient Celtic tribes of Galatia in central Asia Minor, together with the Tolistobogii Tavium, or Tavia, was the chief city of the Galatian tribe of Trocmi, one of the three Celtic tribes which migrated from the Danube Each tribal territory was divided into four cantons or tetrarchies. Each of the twelve tetrarchs had under him a judge and a general. Tetrarchy ( Greek: "leadership of four " can be applied to any system of government where power is divided between four individuals A judge, or justice, is an Official who presides over a Court of law A council of the nation consisting of the tetrarchs and three hundred senators was periodically held at a place called Drynemeton, twenty miles southwest of Ancyra.
But the power of the Galatians was not yet broken. The Attalid Pergamene king himself soon employed their services in the increasingly devastating wars of Asia Minor; another band deserted from their Egyptian overlord Ptolemy IV after a solar eclipse had broken their spirits. Ptolemy IV Philopator ( Greek:, Ptolemaĩos Philopátōr, reigned 221-205 BC son of Ptolemy III and Berenice II of Egypt was A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth so that the Sun is wholly or partially obscured
In the early 2nd century BC they proved terrible allies of Antiochus the Great, the last Seleucid king trying to regain suzerainty over Asia Minor, but after the defeat of the Seleucid king to the Romans, Rome at last proved a worthy protection against them. The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. Antiochus III the Great, ( Greek; ca 241&ndash187 BC ruled 222&ndash187 BC younger son of Seleucus II Callinicus Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black
In 189 BC an expedition was sent against them under Gnaeus Manlius Vulso, who defeated them. Events By place Roman Republic Cato the Elder criticizes the Consul Marcus Fulvius Nobilior for giving awards to Gnaeus Manlius Vulso (f 189 BC) was a Roman Consul for the year 189 BC, together with Marcus Fulvius Nobilior. It was dominated by Rome through regional rulers in 189 BC. Henceforward their military power declined and they fell at times under Pontic ascendancy, from which they were finally freed by the Mithridatic Wars, in which they heartily supported Rome. Geography The Black Sea region loosely called Pontus by various scholars has a steep rocky coast with rivers that cascade through the gorges of the coastal ranges There were three Mithridatic Wars between Rome and Pontus in the first century BC
In the settlement of 64 BC Galatia became a client-state of the Roman empire, the old constitution disappeared, and three chiefs (wrongly styled “tetrarchs“) were appointed, one for each tribe. Year 64 BC was a year of the pre-Julian calendar. Events By place Rome Servilius Rullus, Roman Tribune But this arrangement soon gave way before the ambition of one of these tetrarchs, Deiotarus, the contemporary of Cicero and Julius Caesar, who made himself master of the other two tetrarchies and was finally recognized by the Romans as 'king' of Galatia. Deiotarus I of Galatia (in Galatian and Gallic Deiotarix I, in Greek Deiotaros I Philoromaios) (ca 105 BC &ndash 42 BC 41 BC or Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Galatia was a region of Central Anatolia settled by the Gauls after their invasions in the mid 3rd Century BC.
Roman and Christian Galatia
On the death of the third king Amyntas in 25 BC, however, Galatia was incorporated by Octavian Augustus in the Roman empire, becoming a Roman province, though near his capital Ancyra (modern Ankara) Pylamenes, the king's heir, rebuilt a temple of the Phrygian goddess Men to venerate Augustus (the Monumentum Ancyranum), as a sign of fidelity. Amyntas (from the Greek transcription Ἀμύντας) Tetrarch of the Trocmi was a King of Galatia and several of Year 25 BC was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. Augustus ( Latin: IMPERATOR·CAESAR·DIVI·FILIVS·AVGVSTVS September 23 63 BC – August 19 AD 14) born Gaius Octavius Thurinus, was The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. The name Monumentum Ancyranum refers to the Temple of Augustus and Rome in Ancyra (modern Ankara, Turkey) or to the inscription Res It was on the walls of this temple in Galatia that the major source for the Res Gestae of Augustus were preserved for modernity. Res Gestae Divi Augusti, ( Latin: "The Deeds of the Divine Augustus" is the funerary inscription of the first Roman emperor, Augustus Few of the provinces proved more enthusiastically loyal to Rome. The Galatians also practiced a form of Romano-Celtic polytheism, common in Celtic lands.
During his second missionary journey Paul, accompanied by Silas and Timothy (Acts 16:6), visited the "region of Galatia," where he was detained by sickness (Epistle to Galatians 4:13), and had thus the longer opportunity of preaching to them the gospel. Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and Saint Silas or Saint Silvanus (flourished 1st century was a leading member of the first Christian community in Jerusalem and later became a companion For other uses of "Timothy" see Timothy (disambiguation. The Epistle to the Galatians is a book of the New Testament. It is a letter from Paul of Tarsus to a number of early Christian communities in the Roman province of On his third journey he went over "all the country of Galatia and Phrygia in order" (Acts 18:23). In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. During the journeys of Paul he was received with enthusiasm in Galatia. In Acts 14:8-23, at Lystra the multitude could scarcely be restrained from sacrificing to Paul, assuming that he and Barnabas were gods (calling them Hermes and Zeus) after Paul healed a man who "was crippled from birth and had never walked" (Acts 14:8). Lystra was a city in what is now modern Turkey. It is mentioned six times in the New Testament of the Bible and was visited a few times by the Apostle It is reported that even "the priest of Zeus, whose temple was at the entrance to the city, brought oxen and garlands to the gates and wanted to offer sacrifice with the crowds" (14:13). Paul emphatically urged them not to do so; he was later stoned by a crowd of Galatians (Acts 14:18-19) and left for dead. Despite this, a portion of the Galatians seem to have retained belief in the gospel Paul preached to them (Gal. 1:2b, where the plural phrase "churches of Galatia" is used). Crescens was sent thither by Paul toward the close of his life (2 Timothy 4:10).
Josephus related the biblical figure Gomer to Galatia (or perhaps to Gaul in general). Josephus (AD 37 – c 100 also known as Yosef Ben Matityahu (Joseph son of Matthias and after he became a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus Gomer ( גֹּמֶר, Standard Hebrew Gómer, Tiberian Hebrew Gōmer, go'mer) is the eldest son of Japheth, and father "For Gomer founded those whom the Greeks now call Galatians, [Galls,] but were then called Gomerites. " Antiquities of the Jews, I:6. Antiquities of the Jews ( Antiquitates Judaicae in Latin) was a work published by the important Jewish historian Flavius Josephus about the Although others have related Gomer to Cimmerians. See Cimmeria (Conan or Cimmeria (Poem for the fiction of Robert E
The Galatians were still speaking the Celtic Galatian language in the time of St. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. Galatian is an extinct Celtic language once spoken in Galatia in Asia Minor (modern Turkey) from the 3rd century BC up to the Jerome (347–420 AD), who wrote that the Galatians of Ancyra and the Treveri of Trier (in what is now the German Rhineland) spoke the same language (Comentarii in Epistolam ad Galatos, 2. Jerome (c 347 – September 30, 420) ( Latin: Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος Events By Topic Religion Council of Sardica: An attempt is made to resolve the Arian controversy and ground rules for bishops Events By Place Europe Pharamond leads the Franks across the Rhine. Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. The Treveri or Treviri were a tribe of Gauls who inhabited the lower valley of the Moselle, within the southern fringes of the Arduenna Silva Trier (Trèves Luxembourgish: Tréier; Augusta Treverorum is a City in Germany on the banks of the Moselle River. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Rhineland ( Rheinland in German) is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. Gaulish or Gallic is the name given to the Celtic language that was spoken in Gaul before the Vulgar Latin of the late Roman Empire became 3, composed c. 387).
In an administrative reorganisation about 386-95 two new provinces succeeded it, Galatia Prima and Galatia Secunda or - Salutaris, which included part of Phrygia. In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey.
The fate of the Galatian people is a subject of some uncertainty, but they seem ultimately to have been absorbed into the Greek-speaking populations of west-central Anatolia. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly
There was a short-lived eleventh century attempt to re-establish an independent Galatia by Roussel de Bailleul. Roussel de Bailleul (also Roscelin or Roskelin de Baieul) called Phrangopoulos, a Norman adventurer (or exile travelled to
Notes
External references
- Encyclopedia, MS Encarta 2001, under article "Galatia".
- Barraclough, Geoffrey, ed. HarperCollins Atlas of World History. 2nd ed. Oxford: HarperCollins, 1989. 76-77.
- John King, Celt Kingdoms, pg. 74-75
- The Catholic Encyclopedia, VI:Epistle to the Galatians
This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
External links
- A detailed map of Celtic settlements in GalatiaPDF (1. 60 MiB)
- UNRV.com: Galatia
- David Rankin, (1987) 1996. A mebibyte (a contraction of me ga bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, abbreviated MiB. Celts and the Classical World (London: Routledge): Chapter 9 "The Galatians"
- Livy
- Polybius
- Strabo
- Pliny's Natural History 5. Titus Livius (traditionally 59 BC &ndash AD 17 known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome Polybius (ca 203 &ndash 120 BC, Greek) was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. 42
- Stephen Mitchell, 1993. Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor vol. 1: "The Celts and the Impact of Roman Rule. " (Oxford: Clarendon Press) 1993. ISBN 0-19-814080-0. Concentrates on Galatia; volume 2 covers " "The Rise of the Church". (Bryn Mawr Classical Review)
- Celtic Galatians, a dedicated site for Galatian research, (Celtic Galatians)
| Historical regions of Anatolia | |
|---|---|
| Aeolis | Cappadocia | Caria | Cilicia | Bithynia | Galatia | Ionia | Lycaonia | Lycia | Lydia | Mysia | Pamphylia | Paphlagonia | Phrygia | Pisidia | Pontos | Troad | |
Dictionary
Galatia
-proper noun
- A region of ancient Asia Minor, in what is now central Turkey; a province of ancient Rome.
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