Gala Dalí (7 September [O.S. 26 August] 1894 – 10 June 1982), usually known simply as Gala, was the wife of first Paul Éluard, then Salvador Dalí, and an inspiration for them and many other writers and artists. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece. Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Year 1894 ( MDCCCXCIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Paul Éluard was the Pen name of Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ( 14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952) a French Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating
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Early years
Gala was born Elena Ivanovna Diakonova[1] in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia, to a family of intellectuals. Kazan (Каза́нь Казан tt Qazan) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities Republic of Tatarstan (Респу́блика Татарста́н Татарстан Республикасы|Tatarstan Respublikası is a federal subject of the Russian Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Among her childhood friends was the poet Marina Tsvetaeva. Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva (Мари́на Ива́новна Цвета́ева Marina Ivanovna Cvetaeva ( &ndash 31 August 1941 was a Russian and Soviet Poet As a young woman, living in Moscow, she graduated as a schoolteacher in 1915.
Marriage to Éluard
In 1913 she was sent to a sanatorium in Clavadel, Switzerland for the treatment of tuberculosis. Year 1913 ( MCMXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common She met Paul Éluard while in Switzerland and fell in love with him. Paul Éluard was the Pen name of Eugène Émile Paul Grindel ( 14 December 1895 – 18 November 1952) a French In 1916, during WWI she travelled from Russia to Paris to reunite herself with him; they were married one year later. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Their daughter, Cécile, was born in 1918. Gala detested being a mother, mistreating and ignoring her child all of her life. [2]
With Éluard, Gala became involved in the Surrealist movement. Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Gala was an inspiration for many artists including Éluard, Louis Aragon, Max Ernst and André Breton. Louis Aragon lwi aʁaˈgɔ̃ in French ( October 3, 1897 &ndash December 24, 1982) French Poet and Novelist Max Ernst ( 2 April 1891 &ndash 1 April 1976) was a German painter, Sculptor, Graphic artist, and André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, Breton, the "ideologue of surrealisme" later despised her, claiming she was a destructive influence on the artists she befriended.
In early August 1929, Éluard and Gala with some friends visited a young Surrealist painter in Spain, the emerging Salvador Dalí. Year 1929 ( MCMXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist An affair quickly developed between Gala and Dalí, who was about 10 years younger than Gala. Nevertheless, even after the breakup of their marriage, Éluard and Gala continued to be close.
Marriage to Dalí
After living together since 1929, Dalí and Gala married in a civil ceremony in 1934, and remarried in a Catholic ceremony in 1958 in Montrejic. They needed to receive a special dispensation by the Pope because Gala had been previously married to Éluard. In the Canon Law of the Roman Catholic Church, a dispensation is the suspension by competent authority of general rules of law in particular cases Dalí, because of his phobia of female genitalia was said to be a virgin when they met at Costa Brava, Spain in 1929. The Costa Brava is a coastal region of northeastern Catalonia, Spain, in the comarques of Alt Empordà, Baix Empordà and Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. [2] Around that time she was found to have uterine fibroids for which she underwent a hysterectomy in 1936. Uterine fibroids (singular Uterine Fibroma) ( leiomyomata, singular leiomyoma) are Benign Tumors which grow from the muscle layers of A hysterectomy (from Greek hystera "womb" is the surgical removal of the Uterus, usually performed by a gynecologist.
She was a muse for Dalí, who said that she was the one who saved him from madness and an early death. In the early 1930s, Dalí started to sign his paintings with his and her name as "(i)t is mostly with your blood, Gala, that I paint my pictures"[2] Behind his artistic genius Dalí was a troubled, insecure, and disorganised man, and it was Gala who acted as his ruthless agent, the interface between the genius and the real world. In doing so she hurt many sensitivities, and was accused of being materialistic and a megaera.
Before Dali met Gala, the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca had been infatuated with Dalí. Federico García Lorca' ( 5 June 1898 &ndash 19 August 1936) was a Spanish Poet and dramatist also remembered as However, their friendship ended when Dalí and filmmaker Luis Buñuel released the surrealist film Un Chien Andalou (1929), which Lorca interpreted as an attack on him personally. Luis Buñuel Portolés (22 February 1900 &ndash 29 July 1983 was a Spanish -born Filmmaker and naturalized Mexican who worked mainly in Mexico Un chien andalou ( An Andalusian Dog) is a 1928 short Surrealist film made in France by two Spanish auteurs the Aragonian Events The days of the Silent film were numbered A mad scramble to provide synchronized sound was on Dalí recognized that his future as an artist would be greatly enhanced if he were married to a woman such as Gala who could promote him and manage his business affairs.
Dalí's attachment to Gala was sexually poor and she, according to the accounts, had an above average sexual urge and throughout her life had numerous extramarital affairs (among them with her former husband Paul Éluard), to which Dalí did not object, but encouraged, since he was a practitioner of candaulism. Candaulism is a sexual practice or Fantasy in which a man exposes his woman or pictures of her to other people for their voyeur pleasure She had a fondness for young artists, and in her old age she often gave expensive gifts to those who associated with her. [2]
In her late seventies, Gala developed a passion for Jeff Fenholt whom she invited to Castle Pubol. Jeffrey Craig Fenholt (born 1951 is a Singer noted for his performance as the title character in the Broadway theatre adaptation She lavished him with gifts including Dali's paintings and a million dollar home on Long Island. Long Island is an island located in southeastern New York, USA, its western shores directly across from Manhattan, from which the island stretches Fenholt, who later became a televangelist, denied that he ever had a sexual relationship with Gala. Televangelism is the use of Television to communicate the Christian faith
Gala died in Port Lligat in the early morning of 10 June 1982 and was buried in the Castle of Púbol in Girona which Dalí had bought for her. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) The Castle of Púbol is located in Girona, in the Baix Empordà region of Catalonia, Spain.
Gala as model
Gala is a frequent model in Dalí's work, often in religious roles such as the Blessed Virgin Mary in the painting The Madonna of Port Lligat. This ecumenical article is about general Christian views on and veneration of the Virgin Mary The Madonna of Port Lligat is the name of two Paintings by Salvador Dalí. Dalí's numerous paintings of her show his great love for her, and some are perhaps the most affectionate and sensual depictions of a middle-aged woman in Western art. Among the paintings she served as a model for are: Imperial Monument to the Child-Woman, Gala; Memory of the Child-Woman; The Angelus of Gala; Gala and "The Angelus" of Millet before the Imminent Arrival of the Conical Anamorphoses; William Tell and Gradiva; The Old Age of William Tell; The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus; The Ecumenical Council; Corpus Hypercubus; and more. The Discovery of America by Christopher Columbus is the name of a painting by artist Salvador Dalí, begun in 1958 and finished in 1959
In Portrait of Galerina (1940-45) Gala's face is shown severe and confrontational, her bared breast meant to depict bread, and the snake on the arm a gift of Dali's sponsor Edward James. Edward William Frank James (1907&ndash1984 was a British Poet known for his Patronage of the surrealist art movement
References
- ^ Gala's correct birth name, Elena Ivanovna Diakonova, the one that is listed in Gala's Russian diploma of school-teacher gradutation issued by the M. G. Brukhonenko Female Institute of Moscow in 1915. It adds also that she was born in Kazan on August 26, 1894 (Julian calendar) which corresponds to September 7, 1894 of the Gregorian calendar. Her religion was Russian Orthodox and she was the daughter of a high-ranking officer of the Russian administration. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure (Source: Article 'Gala Dalí: los secretos de una musa' by J. J. Navarro Arisa, "El País Semanal", Madrid, Spain, August 14, 1994. )
- ^ a b c d Francine Prose. Francine Prose (born in 1947 in Brooklyn New York) is an American Novelist. Th Lives of Muses. Perennial (2003).
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