The Gadsden Purchase (known as Venta de La Mesilla in Mexico) is a 29,670-square-mile (76,800 km²) region of what is today southern Arizona and New Mexico that was purchased and ratified by the U.S. Senate and signed by President Franklin Pierce on June 24, 1853. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Franklin Pierce (November 23 1804 &ndash October 8 1869 was an American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States, serving from 1853 to Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The purchase included lands south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande. The Gila /'hilə/ River ( O'odham [Pima]: Gila Akimel) is a Tributary of the Colorado River, 650 Miles (1044 Kilometers
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Purpose
The Gadsden Purchase was intended to allow for the construction of a southern route for a transcontinental railroad. On December 30, 1853, U. Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St Year 1853 ( MDCCCLIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common S. Minister to Mexico James Gadsden and Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna agreed on the price of $10 million for the Gadsden land, which valued the included territory at around $340 per square mile ($130/km²) or about 53 cents per acre. James Gadsden ( May 15, 1788 - December 25, 1858) Namesake of the Gadsden Purchase, in which the United States purchased from The Constitutional Citizen President of the United Mexican States (the official title in Spanish is Ciudadano Presidente Constitucional de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón ( February 21, 1794 &ndash June 21, 1876) often known as Santa The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile.
As the railroad age grew, many southerners wanted to develop, or at least provide a route for, a southern transcontinental railroad, linking the South with the Pacific coast and providing expanded trade opportunities (and possibly expansion of slave territory). Transcontinental Railroad is a Railroad that crosses a Continent from "coast-to-coast" However, the topography of the southern portion of the Mexican Cession was too mountainous to allow a direct route, and what possible routes existed tended to run to the north at their eastern ends, which would favor connections with northern railroads. The Mexican Cession is a historical name for the region of the present day southwestern United States that was ceded to the U Interested southerners tended to prefer New Orleans as the eastern terminus of the southern route, but to avoid the mountains, the proposed railroad would have to swing south into what was then Mexican territory. Gadsden, a South Carolinan, was an ardent supporter of a southern railroad, but he envisioned it being built to Charleston, South Carolina. Charleston is a city in Charleston county in the US state of South Carolina. Gadsden was interested in this purchase since he acquired shares of the railroad company that would unite Texas and California.
Controversy
As originally envisioned, the purchase would have encompassed a much larger region, extending far enough south to include most of the current Mexican states of Coahuila, Chihuahua, Sonora, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas as well as all of the Baja California peninsula. Coahuila, formally Coahuila de Zaragoza is one of Mexico 's 31 component states. Sonora is one of the 31 federal states of Mexico and is located in the northwest of the country Nuevo León ( Spanish for "New León " after the former kingdom in Spain) is a state located in northeastern Mexico. Tamaulipas is one of the 31 states of Mexico, it is located in the northeast The Baja California peninsula ( English: Lower California peninsula) is a Peninsula in western Mexico. These original boundaries were opposed not only by the Mexican people but also by anti-slavery U.S. Senators who saw the purchase as tantamount to the acquisition of more slave territory. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Even the small strip of land that was ultimately acquired was enough to anger the Mexican people, who saw Santa Anna's actions as yet another betrayal of their country and watched in dismay as he squandered the funds generated by the Purchase. The Gadsden Purchase helped to end Santa Anna's political career.
Outraged at the reduced size of the purchase, American filibuster William Walker led an army from California into Sonora and declared independence for the Republic of Sonora consisting of the remaining non-purchased state of Sonora and the whole of the Baja California peninsula. A filibuster is someone who engages in an unauthorized military expedition into a foreign country to foment or support a revolution William Walker ( May 8, 1824 &ndash September 12, 1860) was an American filibuster, adventurer and Mercenary The Republic of Sonora On October 16, 1853 with 48 men filibuster William Walker sailed out from San Francisco on his first filibustering Lack of supplies and a strong resistance by the Mexican government quickly forced Walker to retreat. Back in California, he was put on trial for conducting an illegal war but even so the jury only took eight minutes to acquit him.
The purchased lands were initially appended to the existing New Mexico Territory. The Territory of New Mexico became an Organized territory of the United States on September 9, 1850, and it existed until New Mexico To help control the new land, the United States Army established Fort Buchanan on Sonoita Creek in present-day southern Arizona on November 17, 1856. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Fort Buchanan, Arizona was located 3 miles west of present day Sonoita Arizona in what is now called "Hog Canyon" Sonoita Creek is a Stream in Santa Cruz County, Arizona. It originates near and takes its name from the abandoned Pima mission in the high valley Events 284 - Diocletian is proclaimed emperor by his soldiers Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The difficulty of governing the new areas from the territorial capital at Santa Fe led to efforts as early as 1856 to organize a new territory out of the southern portion of the New Mexico Territory. Santa Fe ( Navajo: Yootó is the Capital of the state of New Mexico. Territories of the United States are one type of political division of the United States, administered by the U Many of the early settlers in the region were, however, pro-slavery and sympathetic to the South, resulting in an impasse in Congress as to how best to reorganize the territory. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses
The shifting of the Rio Grande would cause a later dispute over the boundary between Purchase lands and those of the state of Texas. (See Country Club Dispute. The Country Club Area is a suburb of El Paso Texas. It was the object of a lengthy border dispute between Texas and New Mexico. )
U. S. statehood
In 1861, during the American Civil War, the Confederacy formed the Confederate Territory of Arizona, including in the new territory mainly areas acquired by the Gadsden Purchase. Interstate 10 ( I-10) is the southernmost east-west coast-to-coast Interstate highway in the United States. Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) formed as the government set up from 1861 The Arizona Territory of the Confederate States of America was an Organized territory of the Confederacy that existed between 1861 and 1865 In 1863, using a north-to-south dividing line, the Union created its own Arizona Territory out of the western half of the New Mexico Territory. The Territory of Arizona was an Organized territory of the United States that existed between 1863 and 1912 The new U. S. Arizona Territory also included most of the lands acquired in the Gadsden Purchase. This territory would be admitted into the Union as the State of Arizona on February 14, 1912, the last area in the lower 48 to receive statehood. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting The term continental United States refers to the 48 contiguous states located on the North American continent south of the border with Canada plus the District
See also
External links
- Yale Law School's Avalon Project Text of the Gadsden Purchase Treaty
- US Geological Survey Large map
- 1855 map with some proposed railroad routes
- National Park Service Map including route of the Southern Pacific railroad finally built in the 1880s
- US Department of State - Gadsden Purchase, 1853-1854, Office of the Historian
- ISBN 0595329136 Slavery, Scandal, and Steel Rails: The 1854 Gadsden Purchase and the Building of the Second Transcontinental Railroad Across Arizona and New Mexico Twenty-Five Years Later
- Arizona Daily Star Land sale still thorn to Mexico
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