64 europium ← gadolinium → terbium - ↑ Gd ↓ Cm Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	gadolinium, Gd, 64
Chemical series	lanthanides
Group, Period, Block	n/a, 6, f
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight	157.25(3)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	7. Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 Terbium (ˈtɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tb and Atomic number 65 This article is about the chemical element Curium for the ancient city also called Curium (located in Cyprus see Kourion Curium (ˈkjuːriəm This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Occurrence Scandium yttrium and the Lanthanides (except promethium tend to occur together in the Earth's crust and are relatively abundant compared with most D-block A period 6 element is one of the Chemical elements in the sixth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements, including the Lanthanides The f-block of the Periodic table of the elements consists of those elements (sometimes referred to as the inner transition elements) for which in the The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other Xenon (ˈzɛnɒn or) is a Chemical element represented by the symbol Xe. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 90  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	7. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 4  g·cm−3
Melting point	1585 K (1312 °C, 2394 °F)
Boiling point	3546 K (3273 °C, 5923 °F)
Heat of fusion	10. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 05  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	301. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required 3  kJ·mol−1
Specific heat capacity	(25 °C) 37. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 03  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure (calculated) P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 1836 2028 2267 2573 2976 3535
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	hexagonal
Oxidation states	3 (mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 20 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  593. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 4  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  1170  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  1990  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	180  pm
Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth )	233  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	ferromagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(r.t.) (α, poly) 1. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as Iron) form Permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with Magnets it Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 310 µΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 10. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. 6  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(100 °C) (α, poly) 9. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 4 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 2680 m/s
Young's modulus	(α form) 54. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material 8  GPa
Shear modulus	(α form) 21. In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear 8  GPa
Bulk modulus	(α form) 37. 9  GPa
Poisson ratio	(α form) 0. Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 259
Vickers hardness	570  MPa
CAS registry number	7440-54-2
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of gadolinium iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 152Gd 0. The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1924 by Smith and Sandland as an alternative method to measure the Hardness of materials CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Naturally occurring Gadolinium ( Gd) is composed of 5 stable Isotopes 154Gd 155Gd 156Gd 157Gd and 158Gd Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. The decay energy is the Energy released by a Nuclear decay. The energy difference of the Reactants is often written as Q: where Q In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide 20% 1. 08×1014 y α 2. A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an Atomic nucleus emits an Alpha particle (two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle 205 148Sm 154Gd 2. Samarium (səˈmɛəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Sm and Atomic number 62 18% 154Gd is stable with 90 neutrons 155Gd 14. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 80% 155Gd is stable with 91 neutrons 156Gd 20. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 47% 156Gd is stable with 92 neutrons 157Gd 15. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 65% 157Gd is stable with 93 neutrons 158Gd 24. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 84% 158Gd is stable with 94 neutrons 160Gd 21. Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that are not Radioactive (to current knowledge This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. 86% >1. 3×1021y β-β- 1. A year (from Old English gēr) is the time between two recurrences of an event related to the Orbit of the Earth around the Sun In the process of Beta decay, unstable nuclei decay by converting a Neutron in the nucleus to a Proton and emitting an Electron and an electron 7 160Dy
References

Gadolinium (pronounced /ˌgædəˈlɪniəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Gd and atomic number 64. Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton

Contents 1 Notable characteristics 2 Applications 3 History 4 Biological role 5 Occurrence 6 Value 7 Compounds 8 Isotopes 9 Precautions 10 References 11 General references 12 External links

Notable characteristics

Gadolinium is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth metal with a metallic luster. For malleability in Cryptography, see Malleability (cryptography. Ductility is a mechanical property used to describe the extent to which materials can be deformed plastically or "stretched" into "wires" without Rare earth elements and rare earth metals are according to IUPAC, the collection of seventeen Chemical elements in the Periodic table, namely It crystallizes in hexagonal, close-packed alpha form at room temperature, but, when heated to 1508 K or more, it transforms into its beta form, which has a body-centered cubic structure. Regular hexagon The internal Angles of a regular hexagon (one where all sides and all angles are equal are all 120 ° and the hexagon has 720 degrees The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The cubic crystal system (or isometric) is a Crystal system where the Unit cell is in the shape of a Cube.

Unlike other rare earth elements, gadolinium is relatively stable in dry air. However, it tarnishes quickly in moist air and forms a loosely-adhering oxide that spalls off, and then exposes more surface to oxidation. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Spall are flakes of a material that are broken off a larger solid body and can be produced by a variety of mechanisms including as a result of Projectile impact Corrosion Gadolinium reacts slowly with water, and it is soluble in dilute acids.

Gadolinium-157 has the highest thermal neutron capture cross-section of any known nuclide with the exception of Xenon-135, 49,000 barns, but it also has a fast burn-out rate, limiting its usefulness as a nuclear control rod material. The neutron temperature, also called the neutron energy, indicates a free neutron's Kinetic energy, usually given in Electron volts The term Neutron capture is a kind of Nuclear reaction in which an Atomic nucleus collides with one or more Neutrons and they merge to form a heavier nucleus 135Xe is an isotope of Xenon, and a Fission product (yield 63333% which is the most powerful known Neutron -absorbing Nuclear poison and has A barn (symbol b) is a unit of Area. While the barn is not an SI unit it is accepted (although discouraged for use with the SI A control rod is a rod made of Chemical elements capable of absorbing many Neutrons without fissioning themselves

Gadolinium becomes superconductive below a critical temperature of 1. Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain Materials generally at very low Temperatures characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance 083 K. It is strongly paramagnetic at room temperature, and exhibits ferromagnetic properties below room temperature. Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as Iron) form Permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with Magnets it

Gadolinium demonstrates a magnetocaloric effect whereby its temperature increases when it enters a magnetic field and decreases when it leaves the magnetic field. Magnetic refrigeration is a cooling technology based on the magnetocaloric effect. The effect is considerably stronger for the gadolinium alloy Gd₅(Si₂Ge₂) ^[1]. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32

Applications

Gadolinium is used for making gadolinium yttrium garnets, which have microwave applications, and gadolinium compounds are used for making phosphors for colour TV tubes. Gadolinium Yttrium Garnet ( GdYAG) is a variation of with Microwave and Laser applications Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with Wavelengths ranging from 1 mm to 1 m or frequencies between 0 A phosphor is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of Phosphorescence (sustained glowing after exposure to energized particles such as Electrons Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Gadolinium is also used for manufacturing compact discs and computer memory. A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio

Gadolinium is used in nuclear marine propulsion systems as a burnable poison. Nuclear marine propulsion is propulsion of a ship powered by a Nuclear reactor. A nuclear poison, also called a neutron poison is a substance with a large neutron absorption cross-section in applications such as Nuclear reactors The gadolinium slows the initial reaction rate, but, as it decays, other neutron poisons accumulate, allowing for long-running cores. A nuclear poison, also called a neutron poison is a substance with a large neutron absorption cross-section in applications such as Nuclear reactors Gadolinium is also used as a secondary, emergency shut-down measure in some nuclear reactors, particularly of the CANDU type. The CANDU reactor is a Canadian-invented Pressurized heavy water reactor developed initially in the late 1950s and 1960s by a partnership between Atomic Energy of

Gadolinium also possesses unusual metallurgic properties, with as little as 1% of gadolinium improving the workability and resistance of iron, chromium, and related alloys to high temperatures and oxidation. Metallurgy is a domain of Materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Chromium (ˈkroʊmiəm is a Chemical element which has the symbol Cr and Atomic number 24 An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state

Because of their paramagnetic properties, solutions of organic gadolinium complexes and gadolinium compounds are used as intravenous radiocontrast agents to enhance images in medical magnetic resonance imaging. Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism which occurs only in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein. Contrast medium Radiocontrast agents (also simply contrast agents or contrast materials) are compounds used to improve the visibility of internal bodily structures Magnevist is the most widespread example.

Besides MRI, gadolinium (Gd) is also used in other imaging. In X-ray, gadolinium is contained in the phosphor layer, suspending in a polymer matrix at the detector. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. Terbium-doped gadolinium oxysulfide (Gd₂O₂S: Tb) at the phosphor layer is to convert the X-rays releasing from the source into light. Terbium (ˈtɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tb and Atomic number 65 In Semiconductor production doping is the process of intentionally introducing impurities into an extremely pure (also referred to as intrinsic) semiconductor to Gadolinium oxysulfide ( Gd 2 O 2 S) also called gadolinium sulfoxylate or GOS, is an Inorganic compound Gd can emit at 540nm (green light spectrum = 520 – 570nm), which is very useful for enhancing the imaging quality of the X-ray that is exposed to the photographic film. A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. Beside Gd's spectrum range, the compound also has a K-edge at 50 kiloelectron volt (keV), which means its absorption of X-ray through photoelectric interactions is great. X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of Electromagnetic radiation. Introduction When a Metallic surface is exposed to Electromagnetic radiation above a certain threshold Frequency, the light is absorbed and Electrons The energy conversion of Gd is up to 20%, which means, one-fifth of the X-ray striking on the phosphor layer can be converted into light photons.

Gadolinium oxyorthosilicate (Gd₂SiO₅, GSO; usually doped by 0. 1-1% of Ce) is a single crystal that is used as a scintillator in medical imaging equipment like as Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and for detecting neutrons. Cerium (ˈsɪəriəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ce and Atomic number 58 A scintillator is a substance that absorbs high-energy (ie Ionizing) electromagnetic or charged Particle radiation then in response fluoresces Positron emission tomography ( PET) is a Nuclear medicine imaging technique which produces a three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the

Gadolinium gallium garnet (Gd₃Ga₅O₁₂) is a material with good optical properties, and is used in fabrication of various optical components and as substrate material for magneto–optical films. Gadolinium Gallium Garnet ( GGG, 3512 is a synthetic Crystalline material of the Garnet group with good mechanical thermal

In the future, gadolinium ethyl sulfate, which has extremely low noise characteristics, may be used in masers. A maser is a device that produces coherent Electromagnetic waves through amplification due to Stimulated emission. Furthermore, gadolinium's high magnetic moment and low Curie temperature (which lies just at room temperature) suggest applications as a magnetic component for sensing hot and cold. The Curie point ( Tc) or Curie temperature, is a term in Physics and Materials science, named after Pierre Curie (1859-1906

Due to extremely high neutron cross-section of gadolinium, this element is very effective for use with neutron radiography.

History

In 1880, Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac observed spectroscopic lines due to gadolinium in samples of didymium and gadolinite; French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran separated gadolinia, the oxide of Gadolinium, from Mosander's yttria in 1886. Year 1880 ( MDCCCLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac ( April 24, 1817 &ndash April 15, 1894) was a Swiss chemist whose work with Didymium (twin element is a mixture of the elements Praseodymium and Neodymium. Gadolinite is a Mineral of a nearly black color and vitreous luster, and consisting principally of the silicates of Cerium, Lanthanum This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Paul Émile ( François) Lecoq de Boisbaudran ( April 18, 1838 - May 28, 1912) was a French Chemist born Gadolinium(III oxide ( Gd2[[Oxygen O3]] is a Chemical compound. An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Yttrium oxide is Y 2 O 3 It is an air-stable white substance Yttrium oxide is used as a common starting material for both Year 1886 ( MDCCCLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The element itself was isolated only recently.

Gadolinium, like the mineral gadolinite, is named after Finnish chemist and geologist Johan Gadolin. Gadolinite is a Mineral of a nearly black color and vitreous luster, and consisting principally of the silicates of Cerium, Lanthanum Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. A geologist is a contributor to the Science of Geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system

In older literature, the natural form of the element is often called an earth, meaning that the element came from Earth. In fact, gadolinium is the element that comes from the earth, gadolinia. Earths are compounds of the element and one or more other elements. The two most common combining-elements are oxygen and sulfur. For example, gadolinia contains gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃).

Biological role

Gadolinium has no known native biological role, but in research on biological systems it has a few roles. It is used as a component of MRI contrast agents, as, in the 3+ oxidation state, the metal has 7 unpaired f electrons. This causes water around the contrast agent to relax quickly, enhancing the quality of the MRI scan. Second, as a member of the lanthanides, it is used in various Ion Channel electrophysiology experiments, where it is used to block sodium leak channels, as well as to stretch activated ion channels. Terminology The Trivial name " Rare earths " is sometimes used to describe all the lanthanoids together with Scandium and Yttrium

Occurrence

Gadolinium is never found in nature as the free element, but is contained in many rare minerals such as monazite and bastnäsite. In Geology, the Mineral monazite is a reddish-brown Phosphate -containing rare earth metals and an important source of Thorium The mineral bastnäsite is one of a family of three Carbonate - Fluoride minerals It occurs only in trace amounts in the mineral gadolinite, which was also named after Johan Gadolin. Gadolinite is a Mineral of a nearly black color and vitreous luster, and consisting principally of the silicates of Cerium, Lanthanum Today, it is prepared by ion exchange and solvent extraction techniques, or by the reduction of its anhydrous fluoride with metallic calcium. Ion exchange is an exchange of Ions between two Electrolytes or between an electrolyte Solution and a complex. Liquid-liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20

Value

In 1994, the cost of gadolinium was about US$ 0. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 12 per gram, and it has only increased in value by about US$ 0. For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. 01 per gram since then. ^[2]:

1994. . . . . $55 per pound (or $0. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass 121 per gram)

1995. . . . . $55 per pound (or $0. 121 per gram)

1996. . . . . $115 per kilogram (or $0. 115 per gram)

1997. . . . . $115 per kilogram (or $0. 115 per gram)

1998. . . . . $115 per kilogram (or $0. 115 per gram)

1999. . . . . $115 per kilogram (or $0. 115 per gram)

2000. . . . . $130 per kilogram (or $0. 13 per gram)

2001. . . . . $130 per kilogram (or $0. 13 per gram)

2002. . . . . $130 per kilogram (or $0. 13 per gram)

2003. . . . . $130 per kilogram (or $0. 13 per gram)

2004. . . . . $130 per kilogram (or $0. 13 per gram)

2005. . . . . $130 per kilogram (or $0. 13 per gram)

Compounds

Compounds of gadolinium include:

• Fluorides: GdF₃
• Chlorides: GdCl₃
• Bromides: GdBr₃
• Nitrates: Gd(NO₃)₃
• Iodides: GdI₃
• Oxides: Gd₂O₃
• Sulfides: Gd₂S₃
• Nitrides: GdN
• Organics: gadodiamide

See also gadolinium compounds. Fluoride is the reduced form of Fluorine. Both organic and Inorganic compounds containing the element fluorine are considered fluorides The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus Gadolinium(III chloride, also known as gadolinium trichloride, is GdCl3. A bromide Ion is a Bromine atom with charge of −1 Compounds with bromine in formal Oxidation state −1 are called bromides In Inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of Nitric acid with an Ion composed of one Nitrogen and three Oxygen atoms Gadolinium nitrate is an inorganic compound of Gadolinium. It is used as a water-soluble Neutron poison in Nuclear reactors Use Gadolinium An iodide Ion is an iodine atom with a &minus1 charge. Compounds with iodine in formal Oxidation state &minus1 are called iodides An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Gadolinium(III oxide ( Gd2[[Oxygen O3]] is a Chemical compound. The term sulfide ( sulphide in British English) refers to several types of Chemical compounds containing Sulfur in its lowest Oxidation In chemistry a nitride is a compound of Nitrogen with a less Electronegative element where nitrogen has an Oxidation state of -3 An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Gadodiamide is a Gadolinium based Contrast agent used in MR imaging procedures to assist in the visualization of blood vessels

Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of gadolinium

Naturally-occurring gadolinium is composed of 5 stable isotopes, ¹⁵⁴Gd, ¹⁵⁵Gd, ¹⁵⁶Gd, ¹⁵⁷Gd and ¹⁵⁸Gd, and 2 radioisotopes, ¹⁵²Gd and ¹⁶⁰Gd, with ¹⁵⁸Gd being the most abundant (24. Naturally occurring Gadolinium ( Gd) is composed of 5 stable Isotopes 154Gd 155Gd 156Gd 157Gd and 158Gd Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created 84% natural abundance). In Chemistry, natural abundance (NA refers to the abundance Isotopes of a Chemical element as naturally found on a planet

Thirty radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁶⁰Gd with a half-life of more than 1. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 3×10²¹ years (the decay has not been observed - only the lower limit on the half-life is known), alpha-decaying ¹⁵²Gd with a half-life of 1. 08×10¹⁴ years, and ¹⁵⁰Gd with a half-life of 1. 79×10⁶ years. All of the remaining isotopes are radioactive, having half-lives less than 74. 7 years. The majority of these have half-lives less than 24. 6 seconds. Gadolinium isotopes have 4 metastable isomers, with the most stable being ^143mGd (t_½ 110 seconds), ^145mGd (t_½ 85 seconds) and ^141mGd (t_½ 24. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies 5 seconds).

The primary decay mode at atomic weights lower than the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁵⁸Gd, is electron capture, and the primary mode at higher atomic weights is beta decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The primary decay products for isotopes of weights lower than ¹⁵⁸Gd are the element Eu (europium) isotopes and the primary products at higher weights are the element Tb (terbium) isotopes. In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Europium (jʊˈroʊpiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Eu and Atomic number 63 Terbium (ˈtɝbiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Tb and Atomic number 65

Gadolinium-153 has a half-life of 240. 4 ±10 days and emits gamma radiation with strong peaks at 41keV and 102keV. It is used as a gamma ray source in x-ray absorptiometry or bone density gauges for osteoporosis screening, and in the Lixiscope portable x-ray imaging system. Osteoporosis is a Disease of Bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture.

Precautions

As with the other lanthanides, gadolinium compounds are of low to moderate toxicity, although their toxicity has not been investigated in detail. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Also, in patients on dialysis, there are data suggesting that it may cause nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy^[3] as a side effect of MRI investigations that require the use of a gadolinium based contrast agent. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis ( NSF) or Nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy is a rare and serious Syndrome that involves Fibrosis of skin joints

References

1. ^ Karl Gschneidner, Jr. and Kerry Gibson (December 7, 2001). MAGNETIC REFRIGERATOR SUCCESSFULLY TESTED. Ames Laboratory News Release. Ames Laboratory. Retrieved on 2006-12-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila
2. ^ James B. Hedrick (1994). "Rare Earths". USGS Commodity Statistics and Information: 72. [1].  
3. ^ Grobner T. (2006-01-23). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor "Gadolinium — a specific trigger for the development of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis?". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 21 (4): 1104-8.  

General references

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Gadolinium

External links

• WebElements.com – Gadolinium
• Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis – Complication of Gadolinium MR Contrast
• It's Elemental – Gadolinium
• refrigerator uses gadolinium metal that heats up when exposed to magnetic field
• FDA Advisory on Gadolinium-Based Contrast

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