Gabriel Bethlen (de Iktár) (-English, Hungarian: Bethlen Gábor,Romanian: Gabriel Bethlen, German: Gabriel Bethlen von Iktár, Slovak: Gabriel Betlen; 1580-November 15, 1629) was a prince of Transylvania (1613-1629), duke of Opole (1622-1625) and leader of an anti-Habsburg insurrection in the Habsburg Royal Hungary. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Opole (Oppeln is a city in southern Poland on the Oder River (Odra Royal Hungary was the name of a territory of medieval Hungary (together with Kingdom of Croatia) where the Habsburgs were recognized as Kings of Hungary His last armed intervention in 1626 was part of the Thirty Years' War. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. He led an active Protestant-oriented foreign policy. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation.
Gabriel Bethlen, the most famous representative of the Iktári branch of the ancient Hungarian Bethlen family, was born at Marosillye and educated at Szárhegy at the castle of his uncle András Lázár. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Lăzarea (Lăzarea Gyergyószárhegy is a commune in Harghita County, Romania comprising 2 villages Ghiduţ/Güdüc Lăzarea/Gyergyószárhegy Thence he was sent to the court of the Transylvanian Prince Sigismund Báthory, whom he accompanied on his famous Wallachian campaign. For other nobles of the same name please see Sigismund. Sigismund Báthory ( 1572 - March 27, 1613) ( This article is about the region in what is now Southern Romania Subsequently he assisted István Bocskay to become Prince of Transylvania in 1605 and remained his chief counsellor. Stephen Bocskai or István Bocskai (or Bocskay, Bocskai István Štefan Bočkaj Ştefan Bocşa) ( 1 January 1557 - 29 December Bethlen also supported Bocskay's successor Gabriel Báthory (1608-1613), but the prince became jealous of Bethlen's superior abilities and Bethlen was obliged to take refuge with the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. Gabriel Báthory ( Hungarian: Báthory Gábor 15 August, 1589 &ndash 27 October, 1613) was Prince of Transylvania from The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
In 1613, Bethlen led a large army against Prince Báthory, but in the same year Báthory was murdered by two of his officers. Bethlen was placed on the throne by the Otomans in opposition to the wishes of the Austrian Habsburg emperor, who preferred a prince who would incline more toward Vienna than toward Turkish Constantinople. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS On October 13, 1613, the Transylvanian Diet at Kolozsvár, confirmed the choice of the Turkish sultan. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third In 1615, Bethlen was also officially recognized by the Emperor Matthias as the Prince of Transylvania; Bethlen promised in secret that he would help the Habsburgs against the Ottomans. Matthias ( February 24 1557 - March 20 1619) of the House of Habsburg reigned as Holy Roman Emperor from 1612-1619
While avoiding the cruelties and excesses of many of his predecessors, Bethlen established a singular variant of patriarchal but sufficiently enlightened absolutism. An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler He developed mines and industry and nationalised many branches of Transylvania's foreign trade. His agents bought up many products at fixed prices and sold them abroad at a profit, almost doubling his revenues. He built himself a grand new palace in his capital, Gyulafehérvár, kept a sumptuous court, composed hymns, and patronised the arts and learning, especially in connection with his own Calvinist faith. Alba Iulia ( Latin: Apulum, German: Karlsburg / Weißenburg, Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, former Erdel Belgradı Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the He founded an academy to which he invited any pastor and teacher from Royal Hungary; sent students abroad to the Protestant universities of England, the Low Countries, and the Protestant principalities of Germany;, conferred hereditary nobility on all Protestant pastors; and forbade landlords to prevent their serfs from having their children schooled. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
Other parts of his revenue he devoted toward keeping an efficient standing army of mercenaries, with whose help he conducted an ambitious foreign policy. Keeping peace with the Ottoman Porte, he struck out to the north and west. Ottoman Porte (also Sublime Porte, High Porte, or in Ottoman Turkish, Bab-ı Ali) used to refer to the Divan (court
There were several reasons for his anti-Habsburg interventions in neighbouring Royal Hungary (1619-1626) which took place during Central Europe's Thirty Years' War:
- He was partly motivated by personal ambition. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War.
- Habsburg absolutism in Royal Hungary. An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler
- The Habsburgs had started a successful Counter-Reformation in Royal Hungary which confiscated properties of local Protestants. The Counter-Reformation (also Catholic Reformation denotes the period of Catholic revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Bethlen seems also to have been genuinely anxious to protect Protestant liberties.
- The Habsburgs had violated the Peace of Vienna of 1606 that put an end to the anti-Habsburg uprising of Bethlen's "predecessor" István Bocskay. The Treaty of Vienna (also known as the Peace of Vienna) was signed on June 23, 1606 between Stephen Bocskay, a Hungarian noble and Stephen Bocskai or István Bocskai (or Bocskay, Bocskai István Štefan Bočkaj Ştefan Bocşa) ( 1 January 1557 - 29 December
- The Habsburgs had violated the secret agreement with Bethlen of 1615 and prolonged the peace with Ottoman Empire in July 1615, and even entered into an alliance with George Druget, the captain of Upper Hungary (i. e. present-day Slovakia and adjacent territories) against Bethlen.
While Emperor Ferdinand was occupied with the Bohemian rebellion of 1618, Bethlen led his armies into Royal Hungary in August 1619 and occupied the town of Košice in September, where his Protestant supporters declared him "head" of Hungary and protector of the Protestants. Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor ( July 9, 1578 &ndash February 15, 1637) of the House of Habsburg, reigned as Ferdinand II For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. Košice (; Hungarian: Kassa; (also known by other alternative names) is a city in eastern Slovakia. He soon won over the entirety of present-day Slovakia, even securing the capital of Royal Hungary, Pressburg (Bratislava), in October, where the palatine even handed over the Crown of St Stephen to Bethlen. ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading The palatine ( Latin: comes palatii comes palatinus, later palatinus (regni, Hungarian: nádorispán/ nádor, Slovak The Holy Crown of Hungary ( Hungarian: Magyar Szent Korona, German: Stephanskrone, Croatian: Kruna svetoga Stjepana, Bethlen's troops joined with the troops of the Czech and Moravian estates (led by Count Thurn), but they failed to conquer Vienna in November – Bethlen was forced to leave Austria after being attacked by George Druget and Polish mercenaries (lisowczycy) in Upper Hungary. Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Thurn is a municipality in the district of Lienz in Tyrol in Austria. Lisowczycy (also known as Straceńcy ('lost men' or ' Forlorn hope ' or Chorągiew elearska (company of elears or in singular form Although he had conquered most of Royal Hungary, Bethlen was not averse to a peace, nor to a preliminary suspension of hostilities, and negotiations were opened at the conquered towns of Pressburg (Bratislava), Košice and Banská Bystrica. ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Košice (; Hungarian: Kassa; (also known by other alternative names) is a city in eastern Slovakia. Banská Bystrica ( Hungarian:Besztercebánya ( previously known also by several alternative names) is a key City in central Slovakia located Initially, they led to nothing because Bethlen insisted on including the Czechs in the peace, but finally a truce was concluded in January 1620 under which Bethlen received 13 counties in the east of Royal Hungary. On 20 August 1620 the estates elected him King of Hungary at the Diet in Banská Bystrica with the consent of the Ottomans, but Bethlen refused to accept the crown because he wanted to reconcile with the Habsburgs. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine The King of Hungary (magyar király was the Head of state of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 (or 1001 to 1918 However, the war with the Habsburgs resumed in Royal Hungary and Lower Austria in September. Lower Austria (Niederösterreich is one of the nine states or Bundesländer in Austria.
The defeat of the Czech rebels by Ferdinand II’s troops at the Battle of White Mountain on 8 November 1620 (to which Bethlen had sent 3,000 delayed troops which however came too late) gave a new turn to Bethlen’s insurrection against the Habsburgs. Czechs (Češi ˈt͡ʃɛʃɪ archaic Čechové) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic The Battle of White Mountain, November 8, 1620 ( Bílá hora is the name of White Mountain in Czech was an early Battle in the Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Ferdinand II took a fearful revenge upon the Protestant nobility in Bohemia and reconquered Royal Hungary (Pressurg reconquered in May 1621, central part of the country with the mining towns in June 1621). Because the Protestant nobles had not received the confiscated property of the Catholics on Bethlen's territory and thus rescinded their support for Bethlen, and because Bethlen was not directly supported by the Ottomans, Bethlen started peace negotiations. As a result, the Treaty of Nikolsburg was concluded on December 31, 1621, under which Bethlen renounced the royal title on condition that Ferdinand confirmed the 1606 Peace of Vienna (which had granted full liberty of worship to the Protestants) and engaged to summon a general diet within six months). The Peace of Nikolsburg or Peace of Mikulov was signed on December 31 1621 in Nikolsburg Moravia (now Mikulov in the Czech Republic Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. The treaty granted full liberty of worship to the Protestants of Transylvania and agreed on the summoning of a general diet within six months. In addition, Bethlen secured the (purely formal) title of “Imperial Prince“ (of Transylvania), seven counties around the Upper Tisza River (in present-day Slovakia, Ukraine, Hungary and Romania), the fortresses of Tokaj, Munkács, and Ecsed, and a duchy in Silesia. "Tisa" redirects here For other uses see Tisa (disambiguation and Tisza (disambiguation. Tokaj is a historical Town in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county Northern Hungary, 54 kilometers from county capital Miskolc. Mukachevo or Mukacheve (Мукачево Мукачеве See name section) is a City located in the valley of the Liatorytsia river in Ecsed is a small village in present day Hungary. The Blood Countess Elizabeth Bathory, was raised in Ecsed at Ecsed Castle Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people
Subsequently Bethlen twice (1623-1624 and 1626) launched further campaigns against Ferdinand to the territory of present-day Slovakia, this time as a direct ally of the anti-Habsburg Protestant powers. The first war was concluded by the 1624 Peace of Vienna, the second by the 1626 Peace of Pressburg- both confirmed the 1621 Peace of Nikolsburg. The Peace of Pressburg refers to four peace treaties concluded in Pressburg (today Bratislava, Slovakia) After the second of these campaigns, Bethlen attempted a rapprochement with the court of Vienna on the basis of an alliance against the Turks and his own marriage with an archduchess of Austria, but Ferdinand rejected his overtures. Bethlen was obliged to renounce his anti-Turkish projects, which had always remained a goal of his. Accordingly, on his return from Vienna he wedded Catherine, the daughter of the elector of Brandenburg, and still more closely allied himself with the Protestant powers, including his brother-in-law Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, who, he hoped, would aid him in obtaining the Polish crown. Brandenburg ( Lower Sorbian: Bramborska; Upper Sorbian: Braniborska) is one of the sixteen states of Germany. For the other Swedish kings known as Gustavus Adolphus see Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden or Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Poland, or at least its nucleus was ruled at various times either by książęta (Dukes(ca Bethlen died on November 15, 1629 before he could accomplish any of his great designs, having previously secured the election of his wife Catherine as princess. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. His first wife, Zsuzsanna Károlyi, died in 1622.
Gabriel Bethlen was one of the most striking and original personages of his century. The forint ( Currency code HUF) is the Currency of Hungary. It is divided into 100 Fillér, although fillér coins have not been A zealous Calvinist who boasted he had read the Bible twenty-five times, he was not a bigot and had helped the Jesuit György Káldy to translate and print his version of the Scriptures. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the The Society of Jesus ( Latin: Societas Iesu, SJ and SI or SJ, SI) is a Catholic religious order He was in communication all his life with the leading contemporary statesmen, so that his correspondence is one of the most interesting and important of historical documents. He also composed hymns.
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