Mobile communication standards

GSM / UMTS (3GPP) Family

GSM (2G) GPRS EDGE (EGPRS) EDGE Evolution CSD HSCSD

UMTS (3G) HSPA HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+ UMTS-TDD TD-CDMA TD-SCDMA FOMA

UMTS Rev. 8 (Pre-4G) LTE HSOPA (Super 3G)

cdmaOne / CDMA2000 (3GPP2) Family

cdmaOne (2G)

CDMA2000 (3G) EV-DO

UMB (Pre-4G)

AMPS Family

AMPS (1G) TACS / ETACS

D-AMPS (2G)

Other Technologies

0G PTT MTS IMTS AMTS OLT MTD Autotel / PALM ARP

1G NMT Hicap CDPD Mobitex DataTAC

2G iDEN PDC CSD PHS WiDEN

Pre-4G iBurst HIPERMAN WiMAX WiBro GAN (UMA)

Channel Access Methods FDMA OFDMA TDMA SSMA CDMA

Frequency bands Cellular GSM UMTS PCS SMR

Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones in the world. A list of Mobile phone standards or generations is given in the table below The 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations to make a globally applicable third generation ( 3G 2G (or 2-G is short for second-generation Wireless Telephone Technology. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS is a Packet oriented Mobile Data Service available to users of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM and Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution ( EDGE) Enhanced GPRS ( EGPRS) or IMT Single Carrier ( IMT-SC) Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution ( EDGE) Enhanced GPRS ( EGPRS) or IMT Single Carrier ( IMT-SC) Circuit Switched Data ( CSD) is the original form of Data transmission developed for the Time division multiple access (TDMA-based Mobile phone High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD, is an enhancement to Circuit Switched Data, the original data transmission mechanism of the GSM Mobile phone system 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and Technology, superseding 2 High Speed Packet Access (HSPA is a collection of Mobile telephony protocols that extend and improve the performance of existing UMTS protocols High-Speed Downlink Packet Access ( HSDPA) is a 3G (third generation Mobile telephony Communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA is a 3G Mobile telephony protocol in the HSPA family with up-link speeds up to 5 Evolved HSPA (also known as HSPA Evolution, HSPA+, I-HSPA or Internet HSPA) is a wireless broadband standard defined in 3GPP UMTS-TDD is a mobile data network standard built upon the UMTS 3G cellular mobile phone standard using a TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA, or other 3GPP-approved UMTS-TDD is a mobile data network standard built upon the UMTS 3G cellular mobile phone standard using a TD-CDMA, TD-SCDMA, or other 3GPP-approved Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access, or TD-SCDMA, is a 3G mobile telecommunications standard being pursued in the People's Republic of China FOMA ( IPA:/'foʊmə/ officially short for Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access, is the brand name for the 3G services being offered by Japanese mobile 4G (also known as Beyond 3G) an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications LTE (Long Term Evolution is the next major step in mobile radio communications and will be introduced in 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP) Release 8 Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access ( E-UTRA) is the air interface of 3GPP 's Long Term Evolution (LTE upgrade path for mobile networks Interim Standard 95 (IS-95, is the first CDMA -based digital cellular standard pioneered by Qualcomm. CDMA2000 is a hybrid 25G / 3G technology of mobile Telecommunications standards that use CDMA, a multiple access scheme for Digital The 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 ( 3GPP2) is a collaboration between telecommunications associations to make a globally applicable third generation ( 3G) Interim Standard 95 (IS-95, is the first CDMA -based digital cellular standard pioneered by Qualcomm. 2G (or 2-G is short for second-generation Wireless Telephone Technology. CDMA2000 is a hybrid 25G / 3G technology of mobile Telecommunications standards that use CDMA, a multiple access scheme for Digital 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and Technology, superseding 2 Evolution-Data Optimized or Evolution-Data only, abbreviated as EV-DO or EVDO and often EV, is a Telecommunications standard for the UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband is the brand name for the project within 3GPP2 to improve the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation applications and requirements 4G (also known as Beyond 3G) an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS is the analog Mobile phone system standard developed by Bell Labs, and officially introduced in the Americas Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS is the analog Mobile phone system standard developed by Bell Labs, and officially introduced in the Americas 1G (or 1-G is short for first-generation Wireless Telephone Technology, Cellphones These are the analog cellphone standards that IS-54 and IS-136 are second-generation ( 2G) mobile phone systems known as Digital AMPS (D-AMPS 2G (or 2-G is short for second-generation Wireless Telephone Technology. Push-to-talk ( PTT) also known as Press-to-Transmit, is a method of conversing on half-duplex communication lines including Two-way radio The Mobile Telephone System (MTS was one of the earliest mobile telephone standards The Improved Mobile Telephone Service ( IMTS) is a " 0G " pre-cellular VHF / UHF Radio system that links to the PSTN The Advanced Mobile Telephone System (not to be confused with Advanced Mobile Phone System) was a 0G method of radio communication mainly used in Japanese portable OLT ( Norwegian for Offentlig Landmobil Telefoni, Public Land Mobile Telephony was the first land mobile telephone network in Norway MTD ( Swedish abbreviation for Mobiltelefonisystem D, or Mobile telephony system D) was a manual Mobile phone system for the 450 MHz frequency Autotel (also called PALM, or Public Automated Land Mobile) is a radiotelephone service which was the "missing link" between earlier MTS / For other meanings of the abbreviation see Arp. ARP ( Autoradiopuhelin, "car radio phone" was the first commercially 1G (or 1-G is short for first-generation Wireless Telephone Technology, Cellphones These are the analog cellphone standards that NMT ( Nordisk MobilTelefoni or Nordiska MobilTelefoni-gruppen, Nordic Mobile Telephony in English is the first fully-automatic Cellular phone Hicap is a mobile technology developed by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone as a higher capacity alternative to their NTT mobile solution. Cellular Digital Packet Data ( CDPD) uses unused bandwidth normally used by AMPS Mobile phones between 800 and 900 MHz to transfer data Mobitex is an OSI based Open standard, national public access wireless packet-switched data network DataTAC is a wireless data network technology originally developed by Motorola and deployed in the United States as the ARDIS network 2G (or 2-G is short for second-generation Wireless Telephone Technology. For other uses of Iden/IDEN see Iden (disambiguation Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN is a mobile telecommunications technology Personal Digital Cellular ( PDC) is a 2G Mobile phone standard developed and used exclusively in Japan. Circuit Switched Data ( CSD) is the original form of Data transmission developed for the Time division multiple access (TDMA-based Mobile phone The Personal Handy-phone System ( PHS) also marketed as the Personal Access System ( PAS) and commercially branded as Xiaolingtong Wideband Integrated Digital Enhanced Network, or WiDEN is a software upgrade developed by Motorola for its IDEN enhanced specialized mobile radio (or ESMR wireless 4G (also known as Beyond 3G) an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications iBurst (or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access is a wireless broadband technology developed by ArrayComm. HiperMAN stands for High Performance Radio Metropolitan Area Network and is a standard created by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI) Broadband WiMAX, an approximate acronym of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, is a Telecommunications technology that provides for the wireless transmission WiBro ( Wi reless Bro adband is a Wireless broadband Internet technology being developed by the South Korean telecoms industry Unlicensed Mobile Access or UMA is the commercial name of the 3GPP Generic Access Network, or GAN standard In Telecommunications and Computer networks, a channel access method or multiple access method allows several terminals connected to the same Frequency Division Multiple Access or FDMA is an Channel access method that is used by radio systems to share a certain Radio spectrum between multiple Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access ( OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the popular Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM digital modulation scheme This article is about the medium access technology The name "TDMA" is also commonly used in the United States to refer to D-AMPS, which is a mobile telephone Spread-spectrum techniques are methods by which Energy generated in a particular bandwidth is deliberately spread in the Frequency domain, resulting Code division multiple access ( CDMA) is a Channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies All cellular phone networks worldwide utilize a portion of the radio frequency spectrum designated as Ultra High Frequency, or "UHF" for the transmission All cellular phone networks worldwide utilize a portion of the radio frequency spectrum designated as Ultra High Frequency, or "UHF" for the transmission GSM frequency bands or frequency ranges are the radio spectrum frequencies designated by the ITU for the operation UMTS frequency bands or frequency ranges are the radio spectrum frequencies designated for the operation of the UMTS / HSDPA / HSUPA / HSPA+ Personal Communications Service or PCS is the name for the 1900  MHz radio band used for Digital Mobile phone services in The Specialized Mobile Radio system (SMR is a conventional Two-way radio system or Trunked radio system, operated by a service in the 800 or 900 MHz bands Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 82% of the global mobile market uses the standard. The GSM Association ( GSMA) is – according to GSMA – the global Trade association representing over 750 GSM Mobile ^[1] GSM is used by over 3 billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. ^[2][3] Its ubiquity makes international roaming very common between mobile phone operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the world. Roaming is a general term in Wireless Telecommunications that refers to the extending of connectivity service in a location that is different from the home location A mobile network operator ( MNO) also known as carriage service provider ( CSP) wireless service provider, wireless carrier, GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signalling and speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system. A digital system uses discrete (discontinuous values usually but not always Symbolized Numerically (hence called "digital" to represent information for 2G (or 2-G is short for second-generation Wireless Telephone Technology. This has also meant that data communication was easy to build into the system.

The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been advantageous to both consumers (who benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers without switching phones) and also to network operators (who can choose equipment from any of the many vendors implementing GSM^[4]). GSM also pioneered a low-cost alternative to voice calls, the Short message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is now supported on other mobile standards as well. Short Message Service ( SMS) is a Communications protocol allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile telephone devices. Another advantage is that the standard includes one worldwide Emergency telephone number, 112^[5]. Many countries' public telephone networks have a single emergency telephone number, sometimes known as the universal emergency telephone number or occasionally the This makes it easier for international travellers to connect to emergency services without knowing the local emergency number.

Newer versions of the standard were backward-compatible with the original GSM phones. For example, Release '97 of the standard added packet data capabilities, by means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). The 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations to make a globally applicable third generation ( 3G General Packet Radio Service (GPRS is a Packet oriented Mobile Data Service available to users of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM and Release '99 introduced higher speed data transmission using Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution ( EDGE) Enhanced GPRS ( EGPRS) or IMT Single Carrier ( IMT-SC)

Contents 1 History 2 Technical details 2.1 Network structure 2.2 Subscriber Identity Module 2.3 GSM security 3 Standards information 3.1 GSM 02.07 3.2 GSM 07.07 - Main AT commands 3.3 GSM 07.05 3.4 GSM 07.10 4 See also 5 References 6 Literature 7 External links

History

In 1982, the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (ECPT) created the Groupe Spécial Mobile (GSM) to develop a standard for a mobile telephone system that could be used across Europe. The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT was established on June 26, 1959 as a coordinating body for European state ^[6] In 1987, a memorandum of understanding was signed by 13 countries to develop a common cellular telephone system across Europe. A memorandum of understanding ( MOU or MoU) is a Document describing a Bilateral or multilateral Agreement between parties ^[7][8]

In 1989, GSM responsibility was transferred to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and phase I of the GSM specifications were published in 1990. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI) is an independent non-for-profit Standardization organization of the Telecommunications The first GSM network was launched in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland with joint technical infrastructure maintenance from Ericsson. Radiolinja was a Finnish GSM operator founded on September 19 1988. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Ericsson ( Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson) () one of the largest Swedish companies is a leading provider of telecommunication and data communication systems ^[9] By the end of 1993, over a million subscribers were using GSM phone networks being operated by 70 carriers across 48 countries. ^[10]

Technical details

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. A cellular network is a Radio network made up of a number of radio cells (or just cells) each served by a fixed transmitter known as a Cell GSM networks operate in four different frequency ranges. GSM frequency bands or frequency ranges are the radio spectrum frequencies designated by the ITU for the operation Most GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated.

The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries, notably Scandinavia, where these frequencies were previously used for first-generation systems.

In the 900 MHz band the uplink frequency band is 890–915 MHz, and the downlink frequency band is 935–960 MHz. Uplink An uplink (UL or U/L is the portion of a communications link used for the transmission of signals from an Earth terminal Uplink An uplink (UL or U/L is the portion of a communications link used for the transmission of signals from an Earth terminal This 25 MHz bandwidth is subdivided into 124 carrier frequency channels, each spaced 200 kHz apart. Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per radio frequency channel. Time-Division Multiplexing ( TDM) is a type of Digital or (rarely analog Multiplexing in which two or more signals or bit streams are transferred Radio frequency ( RF) is a Frequency or rate of Oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz There are eight radio timeslots (giving eight burst periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. In Telecommunication, the term burst transmission has the following meanings Any relatively high-bandwidth transmission over a short period of time This article is about the medium access technology The name "TDMA" is also commonly used in the United States to refer to D-AMPS, which is a mobile telephone Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate is 270. 833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4. 615 ms.

The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900.

GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3. A codec is a device or program capable of encoding and/or decoding a Digital Data stream or signal. 1 kHz audio into between 5. 6 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data channel they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate (5. Half Rate or HR or GSM-HR is a Speech encoding system for GSM developed in the early 1990s 6 kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s). Full Rate or FR or GSM-FR was the first digital Speech coding standard used in GSM digital mobile phone system These used a system based upon linear predictive coding (LPC). Linear predictive coding ( LPC) is a tool used mostly in Audio signal processing and Speech processing for representing the Spectral envelope In addition to being efficient with bitrates, these codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the air interface layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal.

GSM was further enhanced in 1997^[11] with the Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) codec, a 12. Enhanced Full Rate or EFR or GSM-EFR is a speech coding standard that was developed in order to improve the quite poor quality of GSM - Full 2 kbit/s codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with the development of UMTS, EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec called AMR-Narrowband, which is high quality and robust against interference when used on full rate channels, and less robust but still relatively high quality when used in good radio conditions on half-rate channels. Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR is an Audio data compression scheme optimized for Speech coding.

There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network—macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. A macrocell is a cell in a mobile phone network that provides radio coverage served by a power cellular base station (tower A microcell is a cell in a mobile phone network served by a low power cellular Base station (tower covering a limited area such as a mall a hotel or a transportation A Picocell is wireless communication system typically covering a small area such as in-building (offices shopping malls train stations etc In Telecommunications, a femtocell &mdashoriginally known as an Access Point Base Station &mdashis a small cellular Base station, typically designed for The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level. The term base station can be used in the context of Land surveying, Wireless computer networking, and Wireless communications. An antenna is a Transducer designed to transmit or Receive electromagnetic waves In other words antennas convert electromagnetic waves into Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the service provider’s network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.

Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of kilometers. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometres (22 mi). There are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing advance. In the GSM cellular mobile phone standard timing advance value corresponds to the length of time a signal from the Mobile phone takes to reach the Base station

Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor picocell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system. A cellular repeater, cell phone repeater, or wireless cellular signal booster, a type of bi-directional amplifier (BDA as commonly munications industry These are typically deployed when a lot of call capacity is needed indoors, for example in shopping centers or airports. However, this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of the radio signals from nearby cells.

The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In Telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying a periodic Waveform, i Frequency-shift keying (FSK is a Frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a Carrier wave In GMSK, the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent channel interference). In Mathematics, a Gaussian function (named after Carl Friedrich Gauss) is a function of the form f(x = a e^{- { (x-b^2 \over 2 A low-pass filter is a filter that passes low- Frequency signals but Attenuates (reduces the Amplitude of signals with frequencies In physics interference is the addition ( superposition) of two or more Waves that result in a new wave pattern

Network structure

The network behind the GSM system seen by the customer is large and complicated in order to provide all of the services which are required. It is divided into a number of sections and these are each covered in separate articles.

• the Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their controllers). The Base Station Subsystem ( BSS) is the section of a traditional cellular telephone network which is responsible for handling traffic and signaling between a The term base station can be used in the context of Land surveying, Wireless computer networking, and Wireless communications.
• the Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network most similar to a fixed network). Network Switching Subsystem, or NSS, is the component of a GSM system that carries out switching functions and manages the communications between Mobile phones This is sometimes also just called the core network.
• the GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet based Internet connections). The GPRS system is used by GSM Mobile phones the most common mobile phone system in the world (as of 2004 for transmitting IP packets
• all of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM services such as voice calls and SMS. GSM services are a standard collection of applications and features available to Mobile phone subscribers all over the world Short Message Service ( SMS) is a Communications protocol allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile telephone devices.

Subscriber Identity Module

Main article: Subscriber Identity Module

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's subscription information and phonebook. A smart card, chip card, or Integrated circuit card ( ICC) is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries. A SIM lock, simlock, network lock or subsidy lock &mdash not to be confused with PIN or PUK code &mdash is a capability

In Australia, Canada, Europe and the United States many operators lock the mobiles they sell. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This is done because the price of the mobile phone is typically subsidised with revenue from subscriptions, and operators want to try to avoid subsidising competitor's mobiles. In Economics, a subsidy (also known as a subvention is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector A subscriber can usually contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee, utilize private services to remove the lock, or make use of ample software and websites available on the Internet to unlock the handset themselves. While most web sites offer the unlocking for a fee, some do it for free. The locking applies to the handset, identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, not to the account (which is identified by the SIM card). The International Mobile Equipment Identity or IMEI (aɪˈmiː is a number unique to every GSM and UMTS and IDEN mobile phone as well as some It is always possible to switch to another (non-locked) handset if such a handset is available.

Some providers will unlock the phone for free if the customer has held an account for a certain time period. Third party unlocking services exist that are often quicker and lower cost than that of the operator. In most countries, removing the lock is legal. United States-based T-Mobile provides free unlocking services to their customers after 3 months of subscription. T-Mobile is a Mobile network operator headquartered in Bonn, Germany. ^[12]

In some countries such as Belgium, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Malaysia, all phones are sold unlocked. However, in Belgium, it is unlawful for operators there to offer any form of subsidy on the phone's price. This was also the case in Finland until April 1, 2006, when selling subsidized combinations of handsets and accounts became legal, though operators have to unlock phones free of charge after a certain period (at most 24 months). Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

GSM security

GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system was designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and challenge-response. In Cryptography, a pre-shared key or PSK is a Shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some Secure channel before In Computer security, challenge-response authentication is a family of protocols in which one party presents a question ("challenge" and another party must provide Communications between the subscriber and the base station can be encrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an optional USIM, that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user - whereas GSM only authenticated the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no non-repudiation. Non-repudiation is the concept of ensuring that a party in a dispute cannot repudiate or refute the validity of a statement or Contract.

GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. A5/1 is a Stream cipher used to provide over-the-air communication Privacy in the GSM cellular telephone standard A5/2 is a Stream cipher used to provide voice privacy in the GSM cellular telephone protocol In Cryptography, a stream cipher is a symmetric key Cipher where plaintext bits are combined with a Pseudorandom cipher bit stream ( Keystream A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. Serious weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time with a ciphertext-only attack, and in February 2008, Pico Computing, Inc revealed its ability and plans to commercialize FPGAs that allow A5/1 to be broken with a rainbow table attack [1]. In Cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack (COA or known ciphertext attack is an Attack model for Cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed A rainbow table is a Lookup table offering a time-memory tradeoff used in recovering the Plaintext Password from a password hash generated by The system supports multiple algorithms so operators may replace that cipher with a stronger one.

Standards information

You can find a full list of GSM/3GPP standards at ETSI site ^[13] (or in the light-weight ETSI site^[14]). The 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations to make a globally applicable third generation ( 3G

GSM 02. 07

See GSM02.07. The SMG GSM 0207 Technical Specification (Version 710 Release 1998 called Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+ Mobile Stations (MS features defines

GSM 07. 07 - Main AT commands

GSM 07. 07 "AT command set for GSM Mobile Equipment (ME)" describes the Main AT commands to communicate via a serial interface with the GSM subsystem of the phone. ^[15]

For more, see Hayes command set. The Hayes command set is a specific command-language originally developed for the Hayes Smartmodem 300 Baud modem

Note that the descendant of this specification is 3GPP TS 27. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project ( 3GPP) is a collaboration between groups of telecommunications associations to make a globally applicable third generation ( 3G 007 - AT command set for User Equipment (UE) ^[16].

GSM 07. 05

Additional AT commands for SMS and CBS . Short Message Service ( SMS) is a Communications protocol allowing the interchange of short text messages between mobile telephone devices. CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. ^{[17] [18]}

GSM 07. 10

Multiplexing. For multiplexing in electronics and signal processing see Multiplexer. ^[19]

See also

• Core technology:
  • 2G
  • 2.5G
  • 3G
  • 3.5G
  • 4G
• Future Alternatives to GSM
  • Mobile VoIP
• Architectural elements:
  • Base Station Controller (BSC)
  • Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
  • Home Location Register (HLR)
  • Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
  • Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
  • Visitors Location Register (VLR)
  • Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
• Radio:
  • GSM frequency ranges
  • Cellular Frequencies
• Cellular traffic
• Services:
  • GSM localization
  • GSM services
    • GSM codes for supplementary services
  • Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
  • Short message service (SMS)
  • Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
  • General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
  • Cell Broadcast
• Standards:
  • Comparison of mobile phone standards
  • European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)
  • Intelligent network (IN)
  • Parlay
• Common terms:
  • International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
  • International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
  • Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN)
  • Handoff
• Related technologies:
  • GSM-R (GSM-Railway)
• List of device bandwidths

References

Literature

External links

• GSM Association – the group representing GSM operators (official site) – includes coverage maps for all members
• 3GPP - The current standardization body for GSM with free standards available.
• Most Widely Used Cellular Channelizations

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