The Göttingen Seven (German: Göttinger Sieben; also known in English as the Göttinger filters) were a group of seven professors from Göttingen. Göttingen ( ˈgœtɪŋən, Low German: Chöttingen is a College town in Lower Saxony, Germany. In 1837 they protested against the abolition or alteration of the constitution of the kingdom of Hanover by Ernest Augustus and refused to swear an oath to the new king of Hanover. The Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover was established in October of 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian Ernest Augustus I King of Hanover ( 5 June 1771 &ndash 18 November 1851) also (1799-1851 the Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale [2][3] The company of seven was led by Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann,[4] who himself was one of the key advocates of the unadulterated constitution. Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann ( May 13, 1785 - December 5, 1860) was a German Historian and Politician. The other six were the Germanist brothers Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm (famed fairy tale and folk tale writers and storytellers; known together as the Brothers Grimm),[5] the jurist Wilhelm Eduard Albrecht, the historian Georg Gottfried Gervinus, the physicist Wilhelm Eduard Weber, and the theologian and orientalist Heinrich Georg August Ewald. Wilhelm Carl Grimm ( February 24, 1786 &ndash December 16 1859) was a German author the younger of the Brothers Grimm Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm ( Hanau, January 4, 1785 &ndash September 20, 1863 in Berlin) German Philologist The Brothers Grimm ( German: Die Gebrüder Grimm) Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Wilhelm Eduard Albrecht ( March 4, 1800 &ndash May 22, 1876) was a German Constitutional lawyer jurist and Docent Georg Gottfried Gervinus ( May 20, 1805 &ndash March 18, 1871) was a German literary and political Historian. Wilhelm Eduard Weber ( October 24, 1804 &ndash June 23, 1891) was a German Physicist. Georg Heinrich August Ewald ( November 16, 1803 - May 4, 1875) was a German Orientalist and theologian. [1]
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Background
The constitution that Ernst Augustus later opposed came into effect in 1833, while the later King was still heir presumptive to the Hanoverian throne. Historian and politician Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann, who later contested Ernest Augustus' plans to change the constitution to his liking, contributed to the constitution's framing. Additionally, Dahlmann existed as the representative of the University of Göttingen, in the second chamber of the noble court. The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. [6]
The death of King William IV on June 20, 1837 had a great impact on Hanover's political positioning, relations, and union with the group of constitutional states in the German Confederation. William IV (William Henry 21 August 1765 &ndash 20 June 1837 was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund was the association of Central European states created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to serve as the successor to With William's death, the personal union between Hanover and the United Kingdom ended, and William's brother (Ernest Augustus) took over as ruler of the kingdom of Hanover. A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Augustus' niece Victoria acceded to the throne of the United Kingdom, but could not inherit Hanover due to the Salic Law in force in Hanover, which barred females from ruling. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Salic law ( Lat Lex Salica) was an important body of traditional Law codified for governing the Salian Franks in the Early Middle Ages [6]
About one month after he succeeded to the throne, King Ernst addressed the matter of the Constitution. He stated that he was not bound by it, as his consent had not been asked to it. He also indicated that it would have been different, or perhaps even non-existent, had he been in power at the time of its composition. He declared that it was his aim and ambition to make the necessary changes to the constitution and rewrite it to reflect his values. [7]
Hearing this, Dahlmann, made an attempt to persuade his colleagues at the University of Göttingen senate to disapprove of the king's intent to change the constitution, and take some form of action. A senate is a Deliberative body, often the Upper house or chamber of a Legislature or Parliament. None of his over 40 different colleagues were willing to support Dahlmann's view and possibly cause public confliction or unrest during ongoing festivities of the 100 year anniversary of the Georg-August University of Göttingen. The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. [8]
Protest and aftermath
On November 1 of the same year, Ernest Augustus annulled the constitution. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi This move was met with political criticism from some German states. Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular [9] The move also provoked Dahlmann to again appeal to the university, and compose a protestation in regards to opposing Augustus' decision. This time, he received a better response, six other professors were now willing to sign as opposers. These six, plus Dahlmann, would become known as the Göttingen Seven. Dahlmann's document was published and met with an explosive influence — the students at the university produced many hundreds, or even thousands, of copies and disseminated them across Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
The protest's impact forced the king to take action, and the seven defiant professors were questioned before the university court on 4 December. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Ten days later, the seven were relieved of their posts at the university, and two of them, the Brothers Grimm, were given three days to leave the country. The Brothers Grimm ( German: Die Gebrüder Grimm) Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, [10][11] The university recalled the dismissal as a great loss to the university; confirmed in writings about the event during the time.
While the actual, direct effects of the protest were limited, public sensation and media interest that occurred in Germany and much of Europe was high, and the seven were popular among the general public. [1][12] While each of the seven had their own personal reasons for defying the king, the fact that they had done so was the central catalyst for the media and public attention. The efforts of the Göttingen Seven outlived each of them, and the impact they caused on German politics at large can be, in some part, attributed to the creation of a liberal republic in Germany. Politics of Germany takes place in a framework of a federal parliamentary representative democratic Republic, whereby the Federal Chancellor Liberalism is a broad array of related ideas and theories of Government that consider individual Liberty to be the most important political goal A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its [13]
See also
References
- Notes
- ^ a b c Donald R. Constitutional law is the study of foundational or basic Laws of nation states and other political organizations Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Despite the lack of a German nation state prior to 1871 the History of Germany dates back to the era of the Germanic tribes. Hettinga The Brothers Grimm: Two Lives, One Legacy. Clarion Books, 2001. ISBN 0618055991
- ^ Suzanne L Marchand Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750-1970. Princeton University Press, 1996. ISBN 0691114781
- ^ Margaret B. W. Tent The Prince of Mathematics: Carl Friedrich Gauss. A K Peters, 2006. ISBN 1568812612
- ^ Fanny Lewald, Hanna Ballin Lewis A Year of Revolutions: Fanny Lewald's Recollections of 1848. Berghahn Books, 1997. ISBN 1571810994
- ^ Christa Jungnickel, Russell McCormmach Intellectual Mastery of Nature: Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein. University of Chicago Press, 1986. ISBN 0226415821
- ^ a b This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone
- ^ Gregory A. Kimble, Michael Wertheimer, C. Alan Boneau, Charlotte White Portraits of pioneers in psychology. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0805821988
- ^ Constance Reid Hilbert. Springer, 1996. ISBN 0387946748.
- ^ Marshall Dill Germany: A Modern History. University of Michigan Press, 1970. ISBN 0472071017
- ^ Hajo Holborn A History of Modern Germany: 1840-1945. Hajo Holborn (b Berlin, May 18, 1902, d Bonn, June 20, 1969) was a German-American historian and specialist in modern Princeton University Press, 1982. ISBN 0691007977
- ^ E. Michael Iba & Thomas L. Johnson The German Fairy Tale Landscape. ISBN 3980871487
- ^ John Derbyshire Prime Obsession: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics. Joseph Henry Press, 2003. ISBN 0309085497
- ^ Klaus Hentschel Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources. Birkhäuser, 1996. ISBN 3764353120
- General
- Present day (German)
- Literature
- See, Klaus von (October 2000). Die Göttinger Sieben. Kritik einer Legende (The Göttinger filters. Criticism of a legend) (in German). Universitätsverlag Winter. ISBN 978-3825310585.
- Hunger, Ulrich (2002), “Die Georgia Augusta als hannoversche Landesuniversität. Von der Gründung bis zum Ende des Königreichs (The Georgia Augusta as hanoverian national university. From its establishment to the end of the kingdom)”, in Denecke, Dietrich & Böhme, Ernst, ISBN 3-525-36197-1
- Lampe, Jörg H. (2002), “Politische Entwicklungen in Göttingen vom Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts bis zum Vormärz (Political developments in Goettingen of the beginning 19. Century up to the Vormärz)”, in Denecke, Dietrich & Böhme, Ernst, Göttingen: Geschichte einer Universitätsstadt (Goettingen: history of a university town), ISBN 3-525-36197-1
- Fulbrook, Mary (1997). German History Since 1800. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0340692006.
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