Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Göttingen
Gänseliesel fountain and pedestrian zone.
Gänseliesel fountain and pedestrian zone.
Coat of arms Location
Coat of arms of Göttingen
Göttingen (Germany)
Göttingen
Administration
Country Flag of Germany Germany
State Lower Saxony
District Göttingen
City subdivisions 18 districts
Lord Mayor Wolfgang Meyer (SPD)
Basic statistics
Area 117. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ch is pronounced before an s --> lies in north-western Germany and is second German districts (de ''Kreise'' or de ''Landkreise'' in the states of Nordrhein-Westfalen and Schleswig-Holstein, singular de ''Kreis'' and de ''Landreis'' Göttingen (ˈgœtɪŋən is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. The Lord Mayor is the title of the Mayor of a major city with special recognition Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 27 km² (45. 3 sq mi)
Elevation 150 m  (492 ft)
Population 129,686  (31/12/2006)
 - Density 1,106 /km² (2,864 /sq mi)
Other information
Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate GÖ
Postal codes 37001–37085
Area code 0551
Website goettingen.de

Coordinates: 51°32′02″N 09°56′08″E / 51.53389, 9.93556

Göttingen (listen (help·info), IPA: [ˈgœtɪŋən]) is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time German car number plates ( Kfz-Kennzeichen) show the place where the car carrying them is registered __FORCETOC__ Postal codes in Germany, Postleitzahl (plural Postleitzahlen abbreviated to PLZ consist of five digits which indicate the wider area (first two digits and the see also Telephone numbering in Germany for further codes including service numbers cell phones etc A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ch is pronounced before an s --> lies in north-western Germany and is second Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. It is the capital of the district of Göttingen. Göttingen (ˈgœtɪŋən is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. The Leine river runs through the town. The Leine is a river in Thuringia and Lower Saxony, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Aller river (and so of the Weser river In 2006 the population was 129,686.

Contents

General information

The origins of Göttingen lay in a village called Gutingi. This village was first mentioned in a document in 953. Events Europe First documented mention of the village of Aach in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The city was founded between 1150 and 1200 to the north-west of this village and adopted its name. In medieval times the city was a member of the Hanseatic League and hence a wealthy town. The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade

Landmark Gänseliesel fountain at the main market.
Landmark Gänseliesel fountain at the main market. The Gänseliesel (English Goose Girl Goose Lizzy ( Liesel as pet name of Elisabeth is a fountain which was erected in 1901 in front of the mediaeval town hall of Göttingen

Today Göttingen is famous for its old university (Georgia Augusta, or "Georg-August-Universität"), which was founded in 1737 and became the most visited university of Europe. The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. In 1837 seven professors protested against the absolute sovereignty of the kings of Hanover; they lost their offices, but became known as the "Göttingen Seven". The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal Dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg The Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover was established in October of 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian The Göttingen Seven (German Göttinger Sieben; also known in English as the Göttinger filters) were a group of seven professors from Göttingen. They include some well-known celebrities: the Brothers Grimm, Heinrich Ewald, Wilhelm Weber and Georg Gervinus. The Brothers Grimm ( German: Die Gebrüder Grimm) Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Georg Heinrich August Ewald ( November 16, 1803 - May 4, 1875) was a German Orientalist and theologian. Wilhelm Eduard Weber ( October 24, 1804 &ndash June 23, 1891) was a German Physicist. Georg Gottfried Gervinus ( May 20, 1805 &ndash March 18, 1871) was a German literary and political Historian. Also, German chancellors Otto von Bismarck and Gerhard Schröder went to law school at the Göttingen university. Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898) ˌɡeɐ̯haɐ̯t fʁɪʦ kʊɐ̯t ˈʃʁøːdɐ (born 7 April 1944 German politician, was Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005 Karl Barth had his first professorship here. Karl Barth ( May 10, 1886 &ndash December 10, 1968) (pronounced "bart" a Swiss Reformed theologian was one Some of the most famous mathematicians in history, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Bernhard Riemann and David Hilbert were professors at Göttingen. Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (ˈɡaʊs, Gauß Carolus Fridericus Gauss ( 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German David Hilbert ( January 23, 1862 &ndash February 14, 1943) was a German Mathematician, recognized as one of the most

Like other university towns, Göttingen has developed its own folklore. On the day of their doctorate, postgraduate students are drawn in handcarts from the Great Hall to the Gänseliesel-Fountain in front of the Old Town Hall. There they have to climb the fountain and kiss the statue of the Gänseliesel (Goose girl). This practice is actually forbidden by law, but the law is not at all enforced. She is considered to be the most-kissed girl in the world. The impressive lion statues which stand nearby at the steps of the town hall are celebrated in Stephen Clackson’s Märchen "Die Traurigen Löwen von Göttingen" [1] set eight years after the foundation of the University.

Nearly untouched by Allied bombing in World War II (the informal understanding during the war was that Germany wouldn't bomb Cambridge and Oxford and the Allies wouldn't bomb Heidelberg and Göttingen), the inner city of Göttingen is now an attractive place to live with many shops, cafes and bars. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The city of Cambridge (ˈkeɪmbrɪdʒ is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England Oxford is currently bidding for the 2010 Wikimania Conference Oxford () is a city, and the County town of Oxfordshire, Heidelberg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. As of 2006 over 140000 people live within the city's area For this reason, many university students live in the inner city and give Göttingen a young face. In 2003, 45% of the inner city population was only between 18 and 30 years of age.

Economically, Göttingen is noted for its production of optical and fine mechanical machinery, including the light microscopy division of Carl Zeiss, Inc. Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples or objects Carl Zeiss ( September 11, 1816 &ndash December 3, 1888) was an Optician commonly known for the company he founded Carl Zeiss — the region around Göttingen advertises itself as "Measurement Valley". Unemployment in Göttingen was at 12. 6% (2003).

The city's railway station to the west of the city centre is on Germany's main north-south railway. Göttingen railway station, known in German as Bahnhof Göttingen, is an InterCityExpress stop on Germany's domestic long-distance rail network

Göttingen has two professional Basketball teams; both the men's and women's play in the Basketball-Bundesliga. For the season 2007/2008 both teams will play in the 1st division.

History

St. Albani church today.
St. Albani church today.
Memorial at Grona fortress site.
Memorial at Grona fortress site.

Early history

The origins of Göttingen can be traced back to a village named Gutingi to the immediate south-east of the eventual city. The name of the village probably derives from a small creek, called the Gote, that once flowed through it. Since the ending -ing denoted "living by", the name can be understood as "along the Gote". Archaeological evidence points towards a settlement as early as the 7th century AD. Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The 7th century is the period from 601 to 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian / Common Era. It is first historically mentioned in a document by the Holy Roman Emperor Otto I in 953 AD, in which the emperor gives some of his belongings in the village to the Moritz monastery in Magdeburg. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke Magdeburg ( Low Saxon: Meideborg ˈmaˑɪdebɔɐx the Capital city of the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany Archaeological findings point to extensive commercial relations with other regions and a developed craftsmanship in this early period.

Palatinate fortress of Grone

In its early days, Gutingi was overshadowed by Grona, historically documented from the year 915 AD as a newly built fortress, lying opposite Gutingi across the Leine river. Gröna is a municipality in the district of Salzlandkreis, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was subsequently used as an Ottonian palatinate fortress, with 18 visits of kings and emperors documented between 941 and 1025 AD. The Ottonian dynasty was a dynasty of Germanic Kings (919-1024 named after its first emperor but also known as the Saxon dynasty after the family's origin This article gives details on the history of the Count Palatine in Mediaeval European Palatinate regions and social structure The last Holy Roman Emperor to use fortress Grona (said to have been fond of the location), Heinrich II (1002-1024), also had a church built in the neighboring Gutingi, dedicated to Saint Alban. Saint Henry II ( May 6, 973 &ndash July 13, 1024) called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy Saint Alban was the first British Christian Martyr. Along with his fellow Saints Julius and Aaron, Alban is one of three martyrs remembered The current church building that occupies this site, the St. Albani church, was built in 1423.

The fortress then lost its function as palatinate in 1025, after Heinrich II died there after having retreated to it in ill health. It was subsequently used by the lords of Grone. The fortress was destroyed by the then citizens of Göttingen between 1323 and 1329 AD, and subsequently leveled to the ground by Duke Otto I during his feuds with the city of Göttingen in 1387 AD.

Founding of the City Göttingen

With time, a trading settlement started to form at the river crossing of the Leine to the west of the village, which took over its name. It is this settlement that was eventually given city rights. The original village remained recognizable as a separate entity until about 1360 AD at which time it was included within the town's fortification.

Watermill from early 13th century.
Watermill from early 13th century.

Likely between 1150 and 1180 AD the present city was founded, although the exact circumstances are not known. It is presumed that Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria, founded the city. Henry the Lion ( German: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129 &ndash 6 August 1195) was a member of the Guelph dynasty and Duke of Saxony The mediæval Duchy of Saxony was a late Early Middle Ages "Carolingian Stem duchy " covering the greater part of Northern Germany. The following is a list of rulers during the History of Bavaria. The configuration of the streets in the oldest part of the town are in the shape of a pentagon, and it has been proposed that the inception of the town followed a planned design. Regular pentagons The term pentagon is commonly used to mean a regular convex pentagon, where all sides are equal and all interior angles are equal (to At this time the town was known by the name Gudingin or also Gotingen. Its inhabitants obeyed welfish ownership and ruling rights, and the first Göttingen burghers are mentioned, indicating that Göttingen was already organised as a true city. See also Elder House of Welf The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European Dynasty that has included many German and British It was not, however, an Free Imperial City (German: Reichsstadt), but subject to the Welf dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a City formally ruled by the Emperor only &mdash The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Henry the Elder (V) of Brunswick, oldest son of Henry the Lion and brother of Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV, is given as the lord over Göttingen between 1201 and 1208 AD. Henry (1173 – 28 April 1227) was count palatine of the Rhine from 6 August 1195 to 1213 Otto IV of Brunswick (1175 or 1176 – May 19, 1218) was one of two rival kings of the Holy Roman Empire from 1198 on sole king from 1208 on and emperor The original Welf residency in the town consisted of a farm building and stables of the Welf dukes, which occupied the oldest part of the city fortifications built prior to 1250 AD. In its early days, Göttingen got involved in the conflicts of the Welfs with their enemies. The initial conflicts in the first decades of the 13th century benefited the burghers of Göttingen, which could use the political and military situation to be courted by various parties, and hence forcing the Welf town lords to certain compromises with the town. In a document from 1232 AD, Duke Otto the Child gave the citizens of Göttingen the same rights they held at the time of his uncles Otto IV and Henry the Elder of Brunswick. Otto I of Brunswick-Lüneburg (about 1204 &ndash 9 June 1252) was the first duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1235 until his death These included privileges concerning self-governance of the town, protection of traders, and the facilitation of trade. The document also promises that the town is not to fall into the hands of other powers. It is to be assumed that at this time Göttingen possessed a city council of burghers. Names of council members are first given in a document from 1247 AD.

Geismar Tor.
Geismar Tor.

Expansion of Göttingen

The area secured by the initial fortification included the old market place, the old town hall, the two main churches, St. Johannes and St. Jacobi, the smaller church St. Nikolai, as well as the large Weender, Groner, and Rote streets. Outside of the fortification in front of the Geismar city gate lay the old village with the church St. Albani, which was subsequently known as Geismarer altes Dorf (the Geismar old village). This village was only to a limited extent under welfish control and thus could not be included in the town's privileges and fortification.

The town was initially protected by a rampart, as of the late 13th century then also by walls on top of the moundlike ramparts. Of these only one tower with a short stretch of the wall survive in the Turmstraße (tower street). The thus protected area included maximally 600 by 600 meters (roughly 650 by 650 yards), or about 25 hectares. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Explanation The hectare is commonly used in most countries around the world especially in domains concerned with land planning and management such as Agriculture, This made it smaller than contemporary Hanover but larger than the neighboring Welfish towns of Northeim, Duderstadt, and Münden. Hanover (i ( haˈnoːfɐ on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen Northeim is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, seat of the district of Northeim, with a population of 31000 (as of 2002 Duderstadt is a city in southern Lower Saxony, Germany, located in the district of Göttingen. Hann Münden (short for Hannoversch Münden) is the German official name of a town in Lower Saxony, Germany.

The creek Gote that flowed south of the walls of the town was connected to the river Leine via a channel at about this time, and the waterway has since been known as the Leine Canal.

Marienkirche.
Marienkirche.

After the death of Otto the Child in 1257 AD, his sons Albert I of Brunswick (the Great) and Johann inherited their father's territories. Albert (Latin Albertus, German Albrecht; 1236 &ndash 1279 called the Tall (Latin Longus) was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg John of Lüneburg (c 1242 &ndash 13 December 1277) was a German duke Duke Albrecht I first governed for his brother, a minor. Subsequently the brothers agreed to divide the territory between them in 1267, effective 1269. The city of Göttingen went to Albert I, and was inherited by his son Duke Albert II "the Fat" in 1286. Albert (Latin Albertus; c 1268 &ndash 22 September 1318) called the Fat ( pinguis) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Albert II chose Göttingen as his residence and moved into the Welf residency, which he rebuilt into a fortress known as the Balrhus, after which the Burgstraße (fortress street) is named.

Albert II attempted to gain further control over the economically and politically rapidly growing town by founding a new town (German: Neustadt) west of the original town, across the Leine Canal and outside of the Groner city gate. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. This competing settlement consisted of a single street, no more than eighty yards long, with houses to either side of the street. The Duke, however, could not prevent Göttingen's westward expansion nor the success of the Göttingen City Council in effectively checking any hope of economic development in the Neustadt. The St. Marien Church was built to the south of the Neustadt which together with all adjoining farm buildings was given to the Teutonic Knights in 1318. The Teutonic Order is a German Roman Catholic religious order.

After the failure of the new town, the City Council bought up the uncomfortable competition to the west in 1319 for three hundred Marks, and obtained the promise from the Duke that he would not erect any fortress within a mile of the town. This article is about the archaic weight of measure/currency For other uses of mark, see the disambiguation page Mark.

Two monasteries were also founded at the edge of the town at the end of the 13th century. This article concerns the buildings occupied by monastics. For the life inside monasteries and its historical roots see Monasticism. In the east, in the area of today's Wilhelmsplatz, a Franciscan monastery was built as early as 1268, according to the city chronicler Franciscus Lubecus. The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic Since the Franciscans walked barefoot as part of their vow of poverty, they were known colloquially as the barefoot, and gave the name Barfüßerstraße (Barefoot Street) to the road that led to the monastery. In 1294 Albert the Fat permitted the founding of a Dominican monastery along the Leine Canal opposite the Neustadt, for which the Pauliner church, completed in 1331, was constructed. The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is

Jews settled in Göttingen in late 13th century. Jews have lived in Germany, or " Ashkenaz " at least since the early 4th century, through both periods of tolerance and spasms of On March 1, 1289, Duke gave the Göttingen City Council permission to allow the first Jew, Moses, to settle inside the town limits. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant The subsequent Jewish population lived predominantly close to the St. Jacobi church on the Jüdenstraße.

Growth and independence

After Albert the Fat's death in 1318, Göttingen passed to Otto the Mild (d. 1344), who governed over both the "principality of Göttingen" (German: Fürstentum Göttingen) and the territory of Brunswick. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. These dukes joined Göttingen and surrounding towns in battles against aristocratic knights in the surroundings of Göttingen, in the course of which the citizens of Göttingen succeeded in destroying the fortress of Grone between 1323 to 1329 AD, as well as the fortress of Rosdorf. Since Otto the Mild died without leaving children, his brothers Magnus and Ernest divided the land between themselves. Ernest I received Göttingen, the poorest of all the Welf principalities, which was to remain separate from Brunswick for a long time to come. At this time, the territory consisted of the regions formerly owned by Northeim, the towns Göttingen, Uslar, Dransfeld, Münden, Gieselwerder and half of Moringen. Not much is known about the rule of Duke Ernest I, but it is generally assumed that he continued to fight against aristocratic knights.

Ernest I was succeeded after his death in 1367 by his son Otto I of Göttingen (the Evil; German: der Quade) (d 1394), who initially lived in the city's fortress and attempted to make it a permanent Welf residency. The epithet the Evil came from Otto I's incessant feuds. Breaking with the policies of his predecessors, he frequently aligned himself with the aristocratic knights of the neighborhood in battles against the cities, whose growing power disturbed him. Under Otto the Evil Göttingen gained a large degree of independence. After losing control of the provincial court at the Leineberg in to Göttingen in 1375, Otto finally tried to impose his influence on Göttingen in 1387 AD, but with little success. In April 1387 Göttingen's citizens stormed and destroyed the fortress within the city walls. In retaliation, Otto destroyed villages and farms in the town's surroundings. However, Göttingen's citizens gained a victory over the Duke's army in a battle between the villages of Rosdorf and Grone, under their leader Moritz of Uslar, forcing Otto to acknowledge the independence of the town and its surrounding properties. 1387 thus marks an important turning point in the history of the town. Göttingen's relative autonomy was further strengthened under Otto's successor Otto II "the One-eyed" of Göttingen (German: Cocles/der Einäugige), not least because the Welf line of Brunswick-Göttingen died out with Otto II, and the resulting questions surrounding his succession after his abdication in 1435 destabilized the regional aristocracy. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.

After Duke Otto I of Göttingen relinquished his jurisdiction over Jews to the town of Göttingen in the years 1369/70, the conditions for Jews in Göttingen greatly deteriorated, and several bloody persecutions and evictions from the town followed. Between 1460 to 1599 no Jews lived in Göttingen at all.

The trend towards ever diminishing Welf influence over the town continued until the end of the 15th century, although the town officially remains a Welf property. Nevertheless it is counted in some contemporaneous documents among the Imperial Free Cities. In the Holy Roman Empire, a free imperial city (in German: freie Reichsstadt) was a City formally ruled by the Emperor only &mdash

St. Johannis church.
St. Johannis church.
St. Jacobi church.
St. Jacobi church.

The 14th and 15th centuries thus represent a time of political and economic power expansion, which is also reflected in the contemporary architecture. The expansion of the St. Johannis church to a Gothic hall church began in the first half of the 14th century. See also Gothic art Gothic architecture is a style of Architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. A hall church is a church with Nave and side Aisles of approximately equal height often united under a single immense roof As of 1330 a Gothic structure also replaced the smaller St Nikolai church. After completion of the work on the St Johannis church, the rebuilding of the St Jacobi church was begun in the second half of the 14th century. The original, smaller church that preceded this building was likely initiated by Henry the Lion or his successor, and functioned as a fortress chapel to the city fortress that lay immediately behind it. The representative old town hall was built between 1366 and 1444.

Around 1360 the town's fortifications were rebuilt to encompass now also the new town and the old village. In the course of this construction work, the four city gates were moved farther out, and the town's area grew to roughly 75 hectares. The city council forged alliances with surrounding towns, and Göttingen joined the Hanseatic League in 1351 (see below). The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade Göttingen also gained Grona (currently Grone) and several other surrounding villages in the Leine valley.

Reason for the progressive power increase in the late Middle Ages was the growing economic importance of the town. This depended largely on its good connection to the north-south trading route, particularly the north-south trading route that followed the Leine valley, which greatly aided particularly the local textile industry. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Next to the guild of linen weavers, the guild of wool weavers gained in importance. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers The wool for the weaving originated in the immediate surroundings of the town, where up to 3000 sheep and 1500 lambs were herded. Woolen cloth was successfully exported all the way into the Netherlands and to Lübeck. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Lübeck ( is the second largest City in Schleswig-Holstein, in Northern Germany, and one of the major As of 1475 the textile production was augmented by the addition of new weavers who brought new weaving techniques to Göttingen and solidified the position of the town as a textile exporter for three generations. Only at the end of the 16th century came the decline of the local textile industry when Göttingen could not compete anymore with cheap English textiles. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

Göttingen's traders also profited from the important trading route between Lübeck und Frankfurt am Main. Göttingen's market gained above-regional importance. Four times a year traders from other regions came to Göttingen in great numbers. Göttingen also joined the Hanseatic League, to the first meeting of which it was invited in 1351. The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade Göttingen's relationship with the Hanseatic League remained distant, however. As an interior town, Göttingen enjoyed the economic connections of the League, but it did not want to get involved in the politics of the alliance. Göttingen only became a paying member in 1426, and left the League already in 1572.

From the loss of independence until today

After several dynastic splits and shifts in power that followed the death of Otto the One-eyed, Duke Eric I "the Elder" of Calenberg annexed the principality of Göttingen, which became an integral part of the Calenberg duchy. Calenberg was a dynastic division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire. The town refused to pay homage to Eric I in 1504, and as a result, Eric I had the Emperor Maximilian I, declare the town of Göttingen outlawed. The subsequent tensions economically weakened Göttingen, leading to the town finally paying its homage to Eric I in 1512. Afterward the relationship between Eric and the town improved, because of Eric's financially dependence on Göttingen.

Woodcut showing the town in the year 1585 as viewed from the west.
Woodcut showing the town in the year 1585 as viewed from the west.

In 1584 the city came into possession of the dukes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, also of the Welf dynasty, and in 1635 it passed to the house of Lüneburg, which ruled it thenceforth. In 1692 it was named as part of the indivisible territory Electoral state of Hanover. The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl The Electorate of Hanover (or more formally the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg; Kurfürstentum Hannover Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg became the ninth Electorate

The university of Göttingen was founded in 1737 by George II August, King of Great Britain and prince-elector of Hanover. George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 During the Napoleonic period the city was briefly in the hands of Prussia in 1806, turned over in 1807 to the newly created Napoleonic Kingdom of Westphalia, and returned to the state of Hanover in 1813 after Napoleon's defeat. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising The Kingdom of Westphalia was a historical state that existed from 1807 - 1813 in parts of present-day Germany. The Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover was established in October of 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian In 1814 the prince-electors of Hanover were elevated to kings of Hanover.

In 1854 the city was connected to the new railway system. Today, Göttingen station is served by the high speed trains (ICE). The InterCityExpress or ICE (German pronunciation) is a system of high-speed trains predominantly running in Germany and neighbouring countries

After the defeat of Austria and her Hanover ally at the hands of the Kingdom of Prussia in the war of 1866, Göttingen and the Kingdom of Hanover became part of Prussia as the Province of Hanover. For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen was a German kingdom from 1701 to 1918 and from 1871 was the leading state of the German Empire, comprising The Austro-Prussian The Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover was established in October of 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian The Province of Hanover (Provinz Hannover was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1868 to 1946

"The Navel", centre of the pedestrian zone.
"The Navel", centre of the pedestrian zone.

During the Third Reich, the university suffered greatly as many of its greatest minds emigrated early after the rise to power of Adolf Hitler, or were forced to leave later. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately This was due to the anti-Semitic policies of the time, as many of the excellent professors and scholars were Jewish. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Not to forget that the insistence in a "German physics" prevented researchers from applying Einstein's discoveries, which was of course nearly impossible. Deutsche Physik (literally "German Physics" or Aryan Physics was a Nationalist movement in the German Physics community Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical After the war the once-famous university had to be rebuilt almost from scratch, especially the physics and mathematics departments, a process which continues until today. Physics (Greek Physis - φύσις in everyday terms is the Science of Matter and its motion. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and The Göttingen synagogue was destroyed in the Reichspogromnacht on November 9, 1938. Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Many of the Jews of Göttingen were killed in the extermination camp. Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become Also, there was a concentration camp for adolescents in Moringen which was liberated in 1945.

After the war the city and district of Göttingen joined the administrative district (Regierungsbezirk) of Hildesheim. In a reform in 1973 the district of Göttingen was enlarged by incorporating the dissolved districts of Duderstadt and Hannoversch Münden.

Cultural relevance

Prior to the period of German romanticism, a group of German poets that had studied at this university between 1772 and 1776, formed the Göttinger Hainbund or "Dichterbund" ('circle of poets'). Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Being disciples of Klopstock, they revived the folksong and wrote lyric poetry of the Sturm und Drang period. Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock (ˈklɔpʃtɔk July 2, 1724 &ndash March 14, 1803) was a German Poet. Their impact was essential on romanticism in the German-speaking area and on folklore in general.

Incorporations

The following communities were incorporated in the city of Göttingen:

Population

The city's population has increased since the Middle Ages. Nikolausberg is a north-east Borough of the University town of Göttingen, Germany. With the arrival of the early modern period, the growth rate accelerated extremely. In 1985, a peak of 132,100 inhabitants was reached. The population of 2004 was 129,466 inhabitants. Of those, around 24,000 were students.

Religion

St. Michael church
St. Michael church

Since the Middle Ages, the area of Göttingen has been part of the archbishopric of Mainz, and most of the population was Catholic. The Archbishopric of Mainz (Erzbistum Mainz or Electorate of Mainz (Kurfürstentum Mainz or Kurmainz) was an influential ecclesiastic and secular Prince-bishopric The German Catholic Church, part of the worldwide Roman Catholic Church, is under the leadership of the Pope, Curia in Rome, and the Conference Starting in 1528 the teachings of church reformer Martin Luther became more and more popular in the city. Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer In 1529 the first Protestant sermon was preached in the church Paulinerkirche, a former Dominican monastery church. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Order of Preachers ( Latin: Ordo Praedicatorum) after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is For the following centuries nearly all the people in the city were Lutherans. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther As of today, the area of Göttingen is part of the Protestant Lutheran state church of Hanover. Apart from the Lutheran, there are several other Protestant churches in Göttingen (Freikirchen). Christianity is the largest religion in Germany with 59981000 (73 In 1746 there were once again Catholic services in Göttingen, at first only for the students of the new university, but one year later for all the interested citizens. But it took until 1787 that the first Catholic church, Saint Michael, was built since the Reformation. In 1929 a second Catholic church, Saint Paul, was erected. Today, the major religions are Lutheran and Catholicism. Also, there has been a Baptist congregation since 1894, a Mennonite congregation since 1946, as well as a congregation of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Baptist is a term describing individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. The Mennonites are a group of Christian Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons (1496&ndash1561 though his teachings were a relatively The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the fourth largest Christian denomination in the United States and the largest and most well-known

The existence of a Jewish community is documented since the 16th century. During the Third Reich, the synagogue was destroyed in the Reichsprogromnacht on November 9, 1938, as were many others throughout Germany. A synagogue (from Greek: grc συναγωγή transliterated synagogē, "assembly" he בית כנסת beit knesset, "house of Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Jewish community was persecuted, and many of its members met their deaths in the concentration camps. In recent years, the Jewish community flourishes once again, with the immigration of Jewish people from the states of the former Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 2004 the first Shabbat could be celebrated in the new Jewish community center. Shabbat or Shabbos ( Hebrew: שַׁבָּת, shabbāt, shabbes, "rest/inactivity" is the Weekly Sabbath

Finally, there are many Islamic congregations. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Islam gained a foothold in Göttingen, as it did in other German cities, with the immigration of the Turks during the Wirtschaftswunder in the 1960s and 1970s. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The term ( German for "economic miracle" describes the rapid reconstruction and development of the economies of West Germany and Austria They are the majority of Muslims in Göttingen. Other Muslims are of Arabic origin or come from Pakistan, Iran and India. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country There exists a representative mosque in the city district of Grone. A "mosque" in English refers to all types of buildings dedicated for Islamic worship although there is a distinction in Arabic between the smaller privately owned mosque and the larger

There is a secular trend in Germany, especially in eastern Germany, but also in the west, where a growing number of people are not baptised or leave the church. Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted This trend was especially noticeable in the last decade of the passed century. Nowadays the situation has stabilised for larger churches, though.

Politics

A town council with 24 councillors dates from the 12th century. In 1319 this council took control of the new city district (Neustadt) just in front of the wall. The council election took place on the Mondays following Michaelmas (September 29). Michaelmas, the feast of St Michael the Archangel (also the Feast of SS Michael Gabriel and Raphael or the Feast of Michael and All Angels) is a day in the Events 522 BC - Darius I of Persia kills the Magian usurper Gaumâta securing his hold as king of the Persian Empire. Starting in 1611 all citizens could elect the 24 counsellors. Previously this right was restricted and depended on income and profession. Afterwards, the council elected the Bürgermeister (mayor). In 1669 the number of councillors was reduced to 16, and later to 12. In 1690 the city administration was reorganised again. Then the council consisted of the judge, two mayors, the city lawyer (Syndikus), the secretary and eight councillors. All of these were appointed by the government. During the Napoleonic era the mayor was called Maire, and there was also a city council. In 1831 there was another reform of the constitution and the administration. The title of the mayor changed to Oberbürgermeister. In the following decades there were more reforms to the city administration, which reflected the constitutional and territorial reorganisations of Germany. During the Third Reich the mayor was appointed by the Nazi Party. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945

In 1946 the authorities of the British Occupation Zone, to which Göttingen then belonged, introduced a communal constitution which reflected the British model.

Coat of arms

The Coat of Arms of Göttingen shows in the top half three silver towers with red roofs on a field of blue. The lateral towers possess four windows each and are crowned by golden crosses. Around the central tower there are four silver balls. The city towers represent the status as city which is imbued with certain rights. In the bottom field there is a golden lion on a red field. This lion represents the lion of the Welf dynasty, which in its various branches ruled the area of Göttingen for 850 years. This Coat of Arms is documented for the first time in 1278. In some occasions the city used a more simple coat of arms. This was a black mayuscule "G" on a golden field. On top of the letter was a crown.

The twinning emblems for Cheltenham, Gottingen and Toruń.
The twinning emblems for Cheltenham, Gottingen and Toruń. Education Göttingen ( ˈgœtɪŋən, Low German: Chöttingen is a College town in Lower Saxony, Germany. Toruń Lublin Voivodeship Toruń (Thorn Torń Thorunium see also other names) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River with population

Twin towns

There has been a solidarity agreement with La Paz Centro in Nicaragua since 1989 which has, as of now, not yet led to a formal twinning agreement. Education The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Pau is a town and ''commune'' in the Aquitaine ''région'' of This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Toruń Lublin Voivodeship Toruń (Thorn Torń Thorunium see also other names) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River with population Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Wittenberg, officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg, is a Town in Germany in the Bundesland Saxony-Anhalt, on the Elbe Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America

Notable people born in Göttingen

Notable people who died in Göttingen

Sports

Göttingen has:

University Library SUB.
University Library SUB.
View from University Campus looking South
View from University Campus looking South
Junges Theater, Wochenmarkt.
Junges Theater, Wochenmarkt.
Deutsches Theater.
Deutsches Theater.

Universities and colleges

Cultural establishments

Theatre

Göttingen has two professional theatres, Deutsches Theater in Göttingen and Junges Theater. The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. The German Aerospace Centre (DLR (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e The Goethe-Institut ( Goethe Institute in English is a German cultural institution operational worldwide promoting the study of the German language The Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry ( Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer Institute in Göttingen is a research institute of the Max Planck Society The Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine is located in Göttingen, Germany. The Max Planck Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity (until 2007 Max Planck Institute for History is located in Göttingen, Germany. The Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization in Göttingen, Germany, is a research institute for investigations of complex non-equilibrium systems in The German Primate Centre ( DPZ, founded in 1977) is a non-profit independent research and service institute In addition, there is ThOP (Theater im OP Göttingen ), a stage that mostly presents student productions.

Museums, collections, exhibitions

The university has a number of significant museums and collections.

Intercultural gardens

Göttingen is home to four intercultural gardens and the German Association of International Gardens (Internationale Gärten e. Intercultural gardens is a project of the German Association of International Gardens ( Internationale Gärten e V. ).

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic