Citizendia
Your Ad Here

Fyodor Dostoevsky

Born November 11, 1821(1821-11-11)
Moscow, Russian Empire
Died February 9, 1881 (aged 59)
Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Occupation Novelist
Influences
Influenced

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Russian: Фёдор Михайлович Достоевский, Russian pronunciation: [ˈfʲodər mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ dəstɐˈjɛfskʲɪj], sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, Dostojevskij or Dostoevski listen (help·info)) (November 11 [O.S. October 30] 1821 – February 9 [O.S. January 28] 1881) was a Russian novelist and writer of fiction whose works include Crime and Punishment and The Brothers Karamazov. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ( in modern Spanish; September 29, 1547 &ndash April 22, 1616) was a Spanish Novelist Edgar Allan Poe (January 19 1809 – October 7 1849 was an American poet, short-story Writer, editor and Literary critic, Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller krɪstɔf friːtʁɪç fɔn ʃɪləʁ/ʃɪlɐ (10 November 1759 9 May 1805 was a German Poet, Philosopher Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (Никола́й Васи́льевич Го́голь Nikolai Vasilevich Gogol;; Микола Васильович Гоголь Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann ( January 24, 1776 &ndash June 25, 1822) better known by his Pen name E Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (Михаи́л Ю́рьевич Ле́рмонтов) ( –) a Russian Romantic Writer and Poet, sometimes Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin ( - July 1 1876) was a well-known Russian Revolutionary and theorist of Collectivist anarchism. Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen ( Алекса́ндр Ива́нович Ге́рцен) ( —) was a major Russian pro-Western writer and thinker known as the "father Konstantin Nikolayevich Leontyev (Леонтьев Константин Николаевич (1831-1891 was a conservative, Monarchist Reactionary Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (pronounced ] in Belarusian, Адам Міцкевіч; in Lithuanian, Adomas Bernardas Mickevičius; December Sergey Gennadiyevich Nechayev (also Sergei Nechaev, Сергей Геннадиевич Нечаев) born October 2, 1847, died either Mikhail Vasilyevich Butashevich-Petrashevsky, commonly known as Mikhail Petrashevsky (Михаил Васильевич Буташевич-Петрашевский (– Saint Tikhon of Zadonsk (1724 - 1783 was a Russian Orthodox bishop and spiritual writer who has been glorified (canonized a Saint of the Orthodox Knut Hamsun, born Knud Pedersen ( August 4, 1859 - February 19, 1952) was a Norwegian author. Richard Gary Brautigan ( January 30, 1935 – ca Henry Charles Bukowski ( August 16 1920 – March 9 1994) was a German American Poet, Novelist, and Albert Camus ( (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 was an Algerian born French Author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize Witold Marian Gombrowicz ( August 4, 1904 in Małoszyce, near Kielce, Congress Poland, Russian Empire – July 24 Jack Kerouac ( March 12 1922 &ndash October 21 1969) was an American Novelist, Writer, Poet, and Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator was the pseudonym of, a Japanese author poet and Alberto Moravia, born Alberto Pincherle, ( November 28, 1907 &ndash September 26, 1990) was one of the leading Italian Dame Jean Iris Murdoch DBE ( 15 July 1919 &ndash 8 February 1999) was a Dublin -born writer and philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (maʁsɛl pʁust (10 July 1871 &ndash 18 November 1922 was a French Novelist Essayist and Critic Ayn Rand (ˈaɪn ˈrænd &ndash March 6 1982 born Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum (Алиса Зиновьевна Розенбаум was a Russian born American Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn ( Алекса́ндр Иса́евич Солжени́цын) (December 11 1918 – August 3 2008 was a Russian Novelist Wisława Szymborska (vʲisˈwava ʃɨmˈbɔrska born July 2, 1923 in Kórnik, Poland) is a Polish poet, Essayist Irvine Welsh (born 27 September 1958 Leith, Edinburgh) is a contemporary Scottish novelist, best known for his novel Trainspotting Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Cormac McCarthy, born Charles McCarthy (born July 20, 1933 in Providence Rhode Island) is an American Novelist and Kenneth Elton Kesey ( September 17, 1935 &ndash November 10, 2001) was an American Author, best known for his major novels Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliterating the Russian language from the Cyrillic alphabet and Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Old Style (or OS) and New Style (or NS) are used in English language historical studies either to indicate that the start of the Julian year Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. Crime and Punishment (Преступление и наказание is a Novel by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky that The Brothers Karamazov (Братья Карамазовы /'bratʲjə karə'mazəvɨ/ is the final Novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky

Dostoevsky's literary output explores human psychology in the troubled political, social and spiritual context of 19th-century Russian society. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Definition In the absence of agreement about its meaning the term "social" is used in many different senses referring among other things to attitudes Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality Considered by many as a founder or precursor of 20th century existentialism, his Notes from Underground (1864), written in the embittered voice of the anonymous "underground man", was called by Walter Kaufmann the "best overture for existentialism ever written. Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence Notes from Underground (Записки из подполья Zapíski iz podpól'ja, also translated in English as Notes from the Underground Walter Arnold Kaufmann ( July 1, 1921 Freiburg Germany - September 4, 1980 Princeton New Jersey) was a German-American "[2]

Contents

Biography

Family origins

Dostoevsky was Russian on his mother's side. His paternal ancestors were from a place called Dostoyeve, natives of the government of Minsk, not far from Pinsk. Minsk (Мінск mʲinsk Минск mʲinsk is the Capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers Pinsk (Пінск a town in Belarus, in the Polesia region traversed by the river Pripyat, at the confluence of the Strumen and The last name of the paternal family is assumed to be 'Rdishev' prior to its assumption of the township eponym 'Dostoevsky', though the ethnic origins of his paternal ancestors remain in dispute. According to one theory, Dostoevsky's paternal ancestors were Polonized nobles (szlachta) and went to war bearing Polish Radwan Coat of Arms. Szlachta ( refers to the noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (since 1569 semi-federal semi-confederal Radwan is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several Szlachta (noble families under the Kingdom Dostoevsky (Polish "Dostojewski") Radwan armorial bearings were drawn for the Dostoevsky Museum in Moscow. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The family eventually passed into Ukraine. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. (Dostoyevsky 2001, pp.  1, 6-7)

Early life

Dostoevsky was the second of seven children born to Mikhail and Maria Dostoevsky. Dostoevsky's father Mikhail was a retired military surgeon and a violent alcoholic, who served as a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor in Moscow. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The hospital was situated in one of the worst areas in Moscow. Local landmarks included a cemetery for criminals, a lunatic asylum, and an orphanage for abandoned infants. This urban landscape made a lasting impression on the young Dostoevsky, whose interest in and compassion for the poor, oppressed, and tormented was apparent. Though his parents forbade it, Dostoevsky liked to wander out to the hospital garden, where the suffering patients sat to catch a glimpse of sun. The young Dostoevsky loved to spend time with these patients and hear their stories.

There are many stories of Dostoevsky's father's despotic treatment of his children. After returning home from work, he would take a nap while his children, ordered to keep absolutely silent, stood by their slumbering father in shifts and swatted at any flies that came near his head. However, it is the opinion of Joseph Frank, a biographer of Dostoevsky, that the father figure in The Brothers Karamazov is not based on Dostoevsky's own father. The Brothers Karamazov (Братья Карамазовы /'bratʲjə karə'mazəvɨ/ is the final Novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky Letters and personal accounts demonstrate that they had a fairly loving relationship.

Shortly after his mother died of tuberculosis in 1837, Dostoevsky and his brother were sent to the Military Engineering Academy at Saint Petersburg. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Fyodor's father died in 1839. Though it has never been proven, it is believed by some that he was murdered by his own serfs. [3] According to one account, they became enraged during one of his drunken fits of violence, restrained him, and poured vodka into his mouth until he drowned. Vodka is one of the world's most popular Distilled beverages It is a clear liquid which consists of mostly Water and Ethanol purified by Distillation Another story holds that Mikhail died of natural causes, and a neighboring landowner invented the story of his murder so that he might buy the estate inexpensively. Some have argued that his father's personality had influenced the character of Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov, the "wicked and sentimental buffoon", father of the main characters in his 1880 novel The Brothers Karamazov, but such claims fail to withstand the scrutiny of many critics. The Brothers Karamazov (Братья Карамазовы /'bratʲjə karə'mazəvɨ/ is the final Novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky

Dostoevsky had epilepsy and his first seizure occurred when he was 9 years old. [4] Epileptic seizures recurred sporadically throughout his life, and Dostoevsky's experiences are thought to have formed the basis for his description of Prince Myshkin's epilepsy in his novel The Idiot and that of Smerdyakov in The Brothers Karamazov, among others. The Idiot is a novel written by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky and first published in 1868

At the Saint Petersburg Academy of Military Engineering, Dostoevsky was taught mathematics, a subject he despised. Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and However, he also studied literature by Shakespeare, Pascal, Victor Hugo and E.T.A. Hoffmann. William Shakespeare ( baptised Blaise Pascal (blɛz paskal (June 19 1623 &ndash August 19 1662 was a French Mathematician, Physicist, and religious Philosopher Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann ( January 24, 1776 &ndash June 25, 1822) better known by his Pen name E Though he focused on areas different from mathematics, he did well on the exams and received a commission in 1841. That year, he is known to have written two romantic plays, influenced by the German Romantic poet/playwright Friedrich Schiller: Mary Stuart and Boris Godunov. Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller krɪstɔf friːtʁɪç fɔn ʃɪləʁ/ʃɪlɐ (10 November 1759 9 May 1805 was a German Poet, Philosopher Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart is a play by Friedrich Schiller based on the life of Mary I of Scotland. Boris Fyodorovich Godunov (Бори́с Фёдорович Годуно́в (c The plays have not been preserved. Dostoevsky described himself as a "dreamer" when he was a young man, and at that time revered Schiller. Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller krɪstɔf friːtʁɪç fɔn ʃɪləʁ/ʃɪlɐ (10 November 1759 9 May 1805 was a German Poet, Philosopher However, in the years during which he yielded his great masterpieces, his opinions changed and he sometimes poked fun at Schiller.

Beginnings of a literary career

Dostoevsky was made a lieutenant in 1842, and left the Engineering Academy the following year. Lieutenant (abbreviated Lt or Lieut) is a Military, Naval, Paramilitary, Fire service, Emergency medical services He completed a translation into Russian of Balzac's novel Eugénie Grandet in 1843, but it brought him little or no attention. Eugénie Grandet (1833 is a Novel by Honoré de Balzac about Miserliness and how it is bequeathed from the father to the daughter Eugénie Dostoevsky started to write his own fiction in late 1844 after leaving the army. In 1845, his first work, the epistolary short novel, Poor Folk, published in the periodical The Contemporary (Sovremennik), was met with great acclaim. Poor Folk (Бедные люди Bednye Lyudi) sometimes translated as Poor People, was the first However Dostoevsky broke with him shortly thereafter Sovremennik ("Современник" literally The Contemporary) was a Russian literary social and political magazine published in St As legend has it, the editor of the magazine, poet Nikolai Nekrasov, walked into the office of liberal critic Vissarion Belinsky and announced, "a new Gogol has arisen!" Belinsky, his followers and many others agreed and after the novel was fully published in book form at the beginning of the next year, Dostoevsky became a literary celebrity at the age of 24. Nikolay Alexeyevich Nekrasov (Никола́й Алексе́евич Некра́сов &ndash) was a Russian poet writer critic and publisher associate of Vissarion Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (Никола́й Васи́льевич Го́голь Nikolai Vasilevich Gogol;; Микола Васильович Гоголь

In 1846, Belinsky and many others reacted negatively to his novella, The Double, a psychological study of a bureaucrat whose alter ego overtakes his life. The Double A Petersburg Poem is a novella written by Fyodor Dostoevsky. Dostoevsky's fame began to cool. Much of his work after Poor Folk met with mixed reviews and it seemed that Belinsky's prediction that Dostoevsky would be one of the greatest writers of Russia was mistaken. Poor Folk (Бедные люди Bednye Lyudi) sometimes translated as Poor People, was the first However Dostoevsky broke with him shortly thereafter

Exile in Siberia

Dostoevsky was arrested and imprisoned on April 23, 1849 for being a part of the liberal intellectual group, the Petrashevsky Circle. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Petrashevsky Circle was a Russian literary discussion group of progressive-minded commoner-intellectuals in St Czar Nicholas I after seeing the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe was harsh on any sort of underground organization which he felt could put autocracy into jeopardy. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler On November 16 that year Dostoevsky, along with the other members of the Petrashevsky Circle, was sentenced to death. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. After a mock execution, in which he and other members of the group stood outside in freezing weather waiting to be shot by a firing squad, Dostoevsky's sentence was commuted to four years of exile with hard labor at a katorga prison camp in Omsk, Siberia. A mock execution is a method of psychological Torture, whereby the subject is made to believe that he is being led to his execution Execution by firing squad is a method of Capital punishment, particularly common in times of war Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return Katorga (ка́торга from medieval Greek: katergon κάτεργον Galley) was the precursor to the Gulag system Omsk (Омск is a city in southwest Siberia in Russia, the administrative center of Omsk Oblast. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Dostoevsky described later to his brother the sufferings he went through as the years in which he was "shut up in a coffin. " Describing the dilapidated barracks which, as he put in his own words, "should have been torn down years ago", he wrote:

"In summer, intolerable closeness; in winter, unendurable cold. All the floors were rotten. Filth on the floors an inch thick; one could slip and fall. . . We were packed like herrings in a barrel. . . There was no room to turn around. From dusk to dawn it was impossible not to behave like pigs. . . Fleas, lice, and black beetles by the bushel. . . "[5]

He was released from prison in 1854, and was required to serve in the Siberian Regiment. Dostoevsky spent the following five years as a private (and later lieutenant) in the Regiment's Seventh Line Battalion, stationed at the fortress of Semipalatinsk, now in Kazakhstan. Semey ( Семей; also transliterated as Semij or Semei, and known by its former name of Semipalatinsk (Семипалатинск Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the While there, he began a relationship with Maria Dmitrievna Isaeva, the wife of an acquaintance in Siberia. They married in February 1857, after her husband's death.

Post-prison maturation as writer

Dostoevsky's experiences in prison and the army resulted in major changes in his political and religious convictions. Firstly, his ordeal somehow caused him to become disillusioned with 'Western' ideas; he repudiated the contemporary Western European philosophical movements, and instead paid greater tribute in his writing to traditional, rural-based, rustic Russian 'values'. But even more significantly, he had what his biographer Joseph Frank describes as a conversion experience in prison, which greatly strengthened his Christian, and specifically Orthodox, faith (Dostoevsky would later depict his conversion experience in the short story, The Peasant Marey (1876)). Religious conversion is the adoption of a new religious identity or a change from one religious identity to another A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure " The Peasant Marey " (Мужик Марей is a Short story by Fyodor Dostoevsky written in 1876.

Dostoevsky now displayed a much more critical stance on contemporary European philosophy and turned with intellectual rigour against the Nihilist and Socialist movements; and much of his post-prison work -- particularly the novel, The Possessed and the essays, The Diary of a Writer -- contains both criticism of socialist and nihilist ideas, as well as thinly-veiled parodies of contemporary Western-influenced Russian intellectuals (Timofey Granovsky), revolutionaries (Sergey Nechayev), and even fellow novelists (Ivan Turgenev). The Nihilist movement was a Russian Anarchist movement in the 1860s which rejected existing authorities and values Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The Possessed (In Russian: Бесы tr Besy) also translated as The Devils or Demons, is an 1872 A Writer's Diary (orig Russian Dnevnik pisatelya) is a collection of non-fiction writings by Fyodor Dostoevsky. Timofey Nikolayevich Granovsky ( March 9, 1813 – October 4, 1855) was a founder of Mediaeval studies in the Russian Empire Sergey Gennadiyevich Nechayev (also Sergei Nechaev, Сергей Геннадиевич Нечаев) born October 2, 1847, died either Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev ( ɪˈvan sʲɪrˈgʲeɪvʲɪtɕ turˈgʲenʲɪf ( &ndash) was a Russian novelist and playwright [6][7] In social circles, Dostoevsky allied himself with well-known conservatives, such as the statesman Konstantin Pobedonostsev. Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev ( Константин Петрович Победоносцев in Russian) ( May 21, 1827 - March His post-prison essays praised the tenets of the Pochvennichestvo movement, a late-19th Russian nativist ideology closely aligned with Slavophilism. Pochvennichestvo - AKA ( Return to the Soil) was a late 19th century Russian Nativist movement tied in closely with its contemporary ideology the A Slavophile is an intellectual movement originating from 19th century that wanted the Russian Empire to be developed upon values and institutions derived from its early history

In short, Dostoevsky's post-prison fiction abandoned the European-style domestic melodramas and quaint character studies of his youthful work in favor of dark, complex story-lines and situations, played-out by brooding, tortured characters -- often styled partly on Dostoevsky himself -- who agonized over existential themes of spiritual torment, religious awakening, and the psychological confusion caused by the conflict between traditional Russian culture and the influx of modern, Western philosophy. Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence Dostoevsky's novels focused on the idea that utopias and positivist ideas being utilitarian were unrealistic and unobtainable. Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall Utility, that is its contribution to happiness [8]

Later literary career

In December 1859, Dostoevsky returned to Saint Petersburg, where he ran a series of unsuccessful literary journals, Vremya (Time) and Epokha (Epoch), with his older brother Mikhail. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Vremya (television station Vremya (Вре́мя "Time" is a Russian television news program The latter had to be shut down as a consequence of its coverage of the Polish Uprising of 1863. The January Uprising ( Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m That year Dostoevsky traveled to Europe and frequented the gambling casinos. There he met Apollinaria Suslova, the model for Dostoevsky's "proud women," such as the two characters named Katerina Ivanovna, in Crime and Punishment and The Brothers Karamazov. Crime and Punishment (Преступление и наказание is a Novel by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky that The Brothers Karamazov (Братья Карамазовы /'bratʲjə karə'mazəvɨ/ is the final Novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky

Dostoevsky was devastated by his wife's death in 1864, which was followed shortly thereafter by his brother's death. He was financially crippled by business debts and the need to provide for his wife's son from her earlier marriage and his brother's widow and children. Dostoevsky sank into a deep depression, frequenting gambling parlors and accumulating massive losses at the tables. In the fields of Psychology and Psychiatry, the terms depression or depressed refer to both expected and pathologically chronic or severe

Dostoevsky suffered from an acute gambling compulsion as well as from its consequences. By one account Crime and Punishment, possibly his best known novel, was completed in a mad hurry because Dostoevsky was in urgent need of an advance from his publisher. He had been left practically penniless after a gambling spree. Dostoevsky wrote The Gambler simultaneously in order to satisfy an agreement with his publisher Stellovsky who, if he did not receive a new work, would have claimed the copyrights to all of Dostoevsky's writings. The Gambler is a novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky about a young tutor in the employment of a formerly wealthy Russian General

Motivated by the dual wish to escape his creditors at home and to visit the casinos abroad, Dostoevsky traveled to Western Europe. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' There, he attempted to rekindle a love affair with Suslova, but she refused his marriage proposal. Dostoevsky was heartbroken, but soon met Anna Grigorevna Snitkina, a twenty-year-old stenographer. Shortly before marrying her in 1867, he dictated The Gambler to her. This period resulted in the writing of what are generally considered to be his greatest books. From 1873 to 1881 he published the Writer's Diary, a monthly journal full of short stories, sketches, and articles on current events. The journal was an enormous success.

Dostoevsky is also known to have influenced and been influenced by the philosopher Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov. Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (Владимир Сергеевич Соловьёв (1853 - 1900 was a Russian philosopher, poet pamphleteer literary critic Solovyov is noted as the inspiration for the character Alyosha Karamazov. Alyosha Karamazov is the protagonist in The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoevsky. [9]

In 1877, Dostoevsky gave the keynote eulogy at the funeral of his friend, the poet Nekrasov, to much controversy. A eulogy is a speech or writing in Praise of a person or thing Nikolay Alexeyevich Nekrasov (Никола́й Алексе́евич Некра́сов &ndash) was a Russian poet writer critic and publisher associate of Vissarion On June 8, 1880, shortly before he died, he gave his famous Pushkin speech at the unveiling of the Pushkin monument in Moscow [10].

In his later years, Fyodor Dostoevsky lived for a long time at the resort of Staraya Russa in northwestern Russia, which was closer to Saint Petersburg and less expensive than German resorts. Staraya Russa (Ста́рая Ру́сса is an old Russian town located 99 km south of Veliky Novgorod. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River He died on February 9 (January 28 O.S.), 1881 of a lung hemorrhage associated with emphysema and an epileptic seizure. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Events 1077 - Walk to Canossa: The Excommunication of Henry IV Holy Roman Emperor is lifted The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita Emphysema is a chronic obstructive Pulmonary disease ( COPD) formerly termed a chronic obstructive Lung disease (COLD He was interred in Tikhvin Cemetery at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery in Saint Petersburg. Tikhvin Cemetery (Тихвинское кладбище is located at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Alexander Nevsky Lavra or Alexander Nevsky Monastery was founded by Peter the Great in 1710 at the eastern end of the Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Forty thousand mourners attended his funeral. [11] His tombstone reads "Verily, Verily, I say unto you, Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone: but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit. " from John 12:24, which is also the epigraph of his final novel, The Brothers Karamazov. The Gospel of John (literally According to John; Greek, Κατὰ Ἰωάννην Kata Iōannēn) is the fourth Gospel in the canon

Works and influence

Dostoevsky's tomb at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery.
Dostoevsky's tomb at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery. Alexander Nevsky Lavra or Alexander Nevsky Monastery was founded by Peter the Great in 1710 at the eastern end of the Nevsky Prospekt in

Dostoevsky's influence has been acclaimed by a wide variety of writers, including Marcel Proust, William Faulkner, Charles Bukowski, Albert Camus, Friedrich Nietzsche, Franz Kafka, Henry Miller, Yukio Mishima, Cormac McCarthy, Gabriel García Márquez, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Orhan Pamuk and Joseph Heller. Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (maʁsɛl pʁust (10 July 1871 &ndash 18 November 1922 was a French Novelist Essayist and Critic William Faulkner (born William Cuthbert Falkner) ( September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American Author Henry Charles Bukowski ( August 16 1920 – March 9 1994) was a German American Poet, Novelist, and Albert Camus ( (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 was an Algerian born French Author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Henry Valentine Miller (December 26 1891 &ndash June 7 1980 was an American writer and painter. was the pseudonym of, a Japanese author poet and Cormac McCarthy, born Charles McCarthy (born July 20, 1933 in Providence Rhode Island) is an American Novelist and Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (born March 6 1927 is a Colombian Jack Kerouac ( March 12 1922 &ndash October 21 1969) was an American Novelist, Writer, Poet, and Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet. Ferit Orhan Pamuk (born on 7 June 1952 in Istanbul) generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk, is a Turkish Novelist and professor of Comparative Joseph Heller (May 1 1923 – December 12 1999 was an American Satirical novelist Short story writer and playwright American novelist Ernest Hemingway cited Dostoevsky as a major influence on his work in his autobiographical novella A Moveable Feast. Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. A Moveable Feast is a set of memoirs by American author Ernest Hemingway about his years in Paris as part of the American expatriate

In a book of interviews with Arthur Power (Conversations with James Joyce), James Joyce praised Dostoevsky's influence:

. James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 &ndash 13 January 1941 was an Irish expatriate writer widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the . . he is the man more than any other who has created modern prose, and intensified it to its present-day pitch. It was his explosive power which shattered the Victorian novel with its simpering maidens and ordered commonplaces; books which were without imagination or violence.

In her essay The Russian Point of View, Virginia Woolf stated that,

The novels of Dostoevsky are seething whirlpools, gyrating sandstorms, waterspouts which hiss and boil and suck us in. (Adeline Virginia Woolf (née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941 was an English Novelist and Essayist, regarded as one of the foremost They are composed purely and wholly of the stuff of the soul. Against our wills we are drawn in, whirled round, blinded, suffocated, and at the same time filled with a giddy rapture. Out of Shakespeare there is no more exciting reading. [12]

Dostoevsky displayed a nuanced understanding of human psychology in his major works. He created an opus of vitality and almost hypnotic power, characterized by feverishly dramatized scenes where his characters are, frequently in scandalous and explosive atmosphere, passionately engaged in Socratic dialogues à la Russe; the quest for God, the problem of Evil and suffering of the innocents haunt the majority of his novels. Socratic dialogue ( Greek Σωκρατικός λόγος or Σωκρατικός διάλογος) is a genre of prose literary works developed in In the Philosophy of religion and Theology, the problem of evil is the problem of reconciling the existence of Evil or Suffering in the world

His characters fall into a few distinct categories: humble and self-effacing Christians (Prince Myshkin, Sonya Marmeladova, Alyosha Karamazov, Starets Zosima), self-destructive nihilists (Svidrigailov, Smerdyakov, Stavrogin, the underground man), cynical debauchees (Fyodor Karamazov), and rebellious intellectuals (Raskolnikov, Ivan Karamazov, Ippolit); also, his characters are driven by ideas rather than by ordinary biological or social imperatives. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Prince Lev Nikolaevich Myshkin is the protagonist of Dostoyevsky 's The Idiot. Crime and Punishment (Преступление и наказание is a Novel by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky that Alyosha Karamazov is the protagonist in The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoevsky. Venerable Ambrose of Optina ( Russian: преподобный Амвросий Оптинский name at birth Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Grenkov - Александр Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that Existence is without objective meaning Purpose The Brothers Karamazov (Братья Карамазовы /'bratʲjə karə'mazəvɨ/ is the final Novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky The Possessed (In Russian: Бесы tr Besy) also translated as The Devils or Demons, is an 1872 Notes from Underground (Записки из подполья Zapíski iz podpól'ja, also translated in English as Notes from the Underground The Brothers Karamazov (Братья Карамазовы /'bratʲjə karə'mazəvɨ/ is the final Novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky This article is about the fictional protagonist of Crime and Punishment. The Brothers Karamazov (Братья Карамазовы /'bratʲjə karə'mazəvɨ/ is the final Novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky In comparison with Tolstoy, whose characters are realistic, the characters of Dostoevsky are usually more symbolic of the ideas they represent, thus Dostoevsky is often cited as one of the forerunners of Literary Symbolism in specific Russian Symbolism (see Alexander Blok). Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded Literary realism most often refers to the trend beginning with certain works of nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, "Symbolic" redirects here For other uses see Symbolism (disambiguation and Symbolic (disambiguation. Russian Symbolism was an intellectual and Artistic movement predominant at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Blok (Александр Александрович Блок &ndash August 7, 1921 waswas one of the most gifted lyrical poets produced by Russia

Statue of Dostoyevsky in Omsk.
Statue of Dostoyevsky in Omsk. Omsk (Омск is a city in southwest Siberia in Russia, the administrative center of Omsk Oblast.

Dostoevsky's novels are compressed in time (many cover only a few days) and this enables the author to get rid of one of the dominant traits of realist prose, the corrosion of human life in the process of the time flux — his characters primarily embody spiritual values, and these are, by definition, timeless. Realism in the Visual arts and Literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in Everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation Other obsessive themes include suicide, wounded pride, collapsed family values, spiritual regeneration through suffering (the most important motif), rejection of the West and affirmation of Russian Orthodoxy and Tsarism. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Literary scholars such as Bakhtin have characterized his work as 'polyphonic': unlike other novelists, Dostoevsky does not appear to aim for a 'single vision', and beyond simply describing situations from various angles, Dostoevsky engendered fully dramatic novels of ideas where conflicting views and characters are left to develop unevenly into unbearable crescendo. Mikhail Mikhailovich Bakhtin ( Russian: Михаил Михайлович Бахти́н mʲɪxʌˈil mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪʨ bʌxˈtʲin ( November 17, 1895 In literature polyphony (полифония is a feature of narrative which includes a diversity of points of view and voices

Dostoevsky and the other giant of late 19th century Russian literature, Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy, never met in person, even though each praised, criticized and influenced each other (Dostoevsky remarked of Tolstoy's Anna Karenina that it was a "flawless work of art"; Henri Troyat reports that Tolstoy once remarked of Crime and Punishment that, "Once you read the first few chapters you know pretty much how the novel will end up"). Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded Anna Karenina ( Анна Каренина) also Anglicised as Anna Karenin, is a Novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy Henri Troyat, born Levon Aslan Torossian or Lev Aslanovich Tarasov (rus Лев Асланович Тарасов) ( November 1, 1911 Crime and Punishment (Преступление и наказание is a Novel by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky that There was, however, a meeting arranged, but there was a confusion about where the meeting place was and they never rescheduled. Tolstoy reportedly burst into tears when he learnt of Dostoevsky's death. A copy of The Brothers Karamazov was found on the nightstand next to Tolstoy's deathbed at the Astapovo railway station. The Brothers Karamazov (Братья Карамазовы /'bratʲjə karə'mazəvɨ/ is the final Novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky Lev Tolstoy (Лев Толсто́й is a settlement in the northern part of Lipetsk Oblast, Russia. Since their time, the two are considered by the critics and public as two of the greatest novelists produced by their homeland.

Dostoevsky has also been noted as having expressed anti-Semitic sentiments. In the recent biography by Joseph Frank, The Mantle of the Prophet, Frank spent much time on A Writer's Diary - a regular column which Dostoevsky wrote in the periodical The Citizen from 1873 to the year before his death in 1881. Frank notes that the Diary is "filled with politics, literary criticism, and pan-Slav diatribes about the virtues of the Russian Empire, [and] represents a major challenge to the Dostoevsky fan, not least on account of its frequent expressions of anti-Semitism. "[13] Frank, in his foreword that he wrote for the book Dostoevsky and the Jews, attempts to place Dostoevsky as a product of his time. Frank notes that Dostoevsky did make anti-semitic remarks, but that Dostoevsky's writing and stance by and large was one where Dostoevsky held a great deal of guilt for his comments and positions that were anti-semitic. [14] Steven Cassedy, for example, alleges in his book, Dostoevsky's Religion, that much of the points made that depict Dostoevsky’s views as an anti-Semite, do so by denying that Dostoevsky expressed support for the equal rights of and for the Russian Jewish population, a position that was not widely supported in Russia at the time. [15] Cassedy also notes that this criticism of Dostoevsky also appears to deny his sincerity in the statements that Dostoevsky made, that he was for equal rights for the Russian Jewish populace, and the Serfs of his own country (since neither group at that point in history had equal rights). The origins of Serfdom in Russia are traced to Kievan Rus in the 11th century [15] Cassedy further notes that the criticism maintains that Dostoevsky was insincere when he stated that he did not hate Jewish people and was not an Anti-Semite. [15] According to Cassedy, this position was maintained without taking into consideration Dostoevsky's expressed desire to peacefully reconcile Jews and Christians into a single universal brotherhood of all mankind. [15]

Dostoevsky and Existentialism

With the publication of Crime and Punishment in 1866, Fyodor Dostoevsky became one of Russia's most prominent authors in the nineteenth century. Crime and Punishment (Преступление и наказание is a Novel by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky that Dostoevsky has also been called one of the founding fathers of the philosophical movement known as existentialism. Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence In particular, his Notes from Underground, first published in 1864, has been depicted as a founding work of existentialism. Notes from Underground (Записки из подполья Zapíski iz podpól'ja, also translated in English as Notes from the Underground For Dostoevsky, war is the rebellion of the people against the idea that reason guides everything. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking And thus, reason is the ultimate principle of guidance for neither history nor mankind. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Having been exiled to the city of Omsk (Siberia) in 1849, many of Dostoevsky's works entail notions of suffering and despair. Omsk (Омск is a city in southwest Siberia in Russia, the administrative center of Omsk Oblast. Suffering, or pain, is an individual's basic Affective experience of unpleasantness and aversion associated with harm or threat of harm

Nietzsche referred to Dostoevsky as "the only psychologist from whom I have something to learn: he belongs to the happiest windfalls of my life, happier even than the discovery of Stendhal. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Henri-Marie Beyle ( January 23, 1783 &ndash March 23, 1842) better known by his Pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century " He said that Notes from the Underground "cried truth from the blood. " According to Mihajlo Mihajlov's "The great catalyzer: Nietzsche and Russian neo-Idealism", Nietzsche constantly refers to Dostoevsky in his notes and drafts through out the winter of 1886-1887. Kontinent was a Dissident Journal which focused on the politics of the Soviet Union and its satellites Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15 1844 August 25 1900 ( was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and classical philologist Nietzsche also wrote abstracts of several of Dostoevsky's works.

Freud wrote an article entitled Dostoevsky and Parricide that asserts that the greatest works in world literature are all about parricide (though he is critical of Dostoevsky's work overall, the inclusion of The Brothers Karamazov in a set of the three greatest works of literature is remarkable). Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Dostoevsky and Parricide is a 1928 article by Sigmund Freud that argues that the greatest works of world literature all concern Parricide: Oedipus Parricide ( Latin "parricida" killer of a close relative stemming from ( Latin "parri" alike or equal and "-cida" -cide or killer The Brothers Karamazov (Братья Карамазовы /'bratʲjə karə'mazəvɨ/ is the final Novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky

Major works

Short stories

References

  1. ^ Dostoevsky's other Quixote.(influence of Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quixote on Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Idiot) Fambrough, Preston
  2. ^ Existentialism from Dostoevsky to Sartre Walter Kaufmann ISBN-10: 0452009308 page 12
  3. ^ Notes from the Underground Coradella Collegita Bookshelf edition, About the Author. The Double A Petersburg Poem is a novella written by Fyodor Dostoevsky. Netochka Nezvanova is Dostoevsky 's first - although unfinished - attempt at writing a novel Село Степанчиково и его обитатели or The Village of Stepanchikovo (also known in English as The Friend of the Family The Insulted and Humiliated (better known in English as The Insulted and the Injured) by Fyodor Dostoevsky, first published in 1861, is The House of the Dead ( Russian: Записки из Мёртвого дома is a Novel published in 1862 by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky Notes from Underground (Записки из подполья Zapíski iz podpól'ja, also translated in English as Notes from the Underground Crime and Punishment (Преступление и наказание is a Novel by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky that The Gambler is a novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky about a young tutor in the employment of a formerly wealthy Russian General The Idiot is a novel written by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky and first published in 1868 The Possessed (In Russian: Бесы tr Besy) also translated as The Devils or Demons, is an 1872 The Raw Youth, also published as The Adolescent or An Accidental Family, (Подросток is a novel of Russian writer Fyodor The Brothers Karamazov (Братья Карамазовы /'bratʲjə karə'mazəvɨ/ is the final Novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky A Writer's Diary (orig Russian Dnevnik pisatelya) is a collection of non-fiction writings by Fyodor Dostoevsky. "White Nights" is a Russian Short story by Fyodor Dostoevsky, originally published in 1848, early in the writer's career A Christmas Tree and a Wedding (Елка и свадьба is a short story written by Fyodor Dostoevsky in 1848 "An Honest Thief" (Честный вор is an 1848 short story by Fyodor Dostoevsky. A Nasty Story, also translated as A Disgraceful Affair, is a Satirical Short story by Fyodor Dostoevsky " The Peasant Marey " (Мужик Марей is a Short story by Fyodor Dostoevsky written in 1876. A Gentle Creature, (Кроткая Krotkaya) sometimes also translated as The Meek One, is a Short story written by Fyodor Dostoevsky The Dream of a Ridiculous Man (in Russian "Сон смешного человека" is a short story by Fyodor Dostoevsky written in 1877
  4. ^ epilepsy.com Famous authors with epilepsy.
  5. ^ Frank 76. Quoted from Pisma, I: 135-137.
  6. ^ Dostoevsky the Thinker James P. Scanlan. Dostoevsky the Thinker. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002. xiii, 251 pp.
  7. ^ Dostoevsky's View of Evil Reprinted from In Communion, April 1998.
  8. ^ Sirotkina, Irina (1996). Diagnosing Literary Genius: A Cultural History of Psychiatry in Russia, 1880. Johns Hopkins University Press, 55. The Johns Hopkins University Press is a Publishing house and division of Johns Hopkins University that engages in publishing journals and books ISBN 0801867827.  
  9. ^ Zouboff, Peter, Solovyov on Godmanhood: Solovyov’s Lectures on Godmanhood Harmon Printing House: Poughkeepsie, New York, 1944; see Czeslaw Milosz’s introduction to Solovyov’s War, Progress and the End of History. Lindisfarne Press: Hudson, New York 1990.
  10. ^ az.lib.ru
  11. ^ Dostoevsky, Fyodor; Introduction to The Idiot, Wordsworth Ed. Ltd, 1996.
  12. ^ The Russian Point of View Virginia Woolf.
  13. ^ Dostoevsky's leap of faith This volume concludes a magnificent biography which is also a cultural history. Orlando Figes. SUNDAY TELEGRAPH (LONDON). Pg. 13. September 29, 2002.
  14. ^ Dostoevsky and the Jews (University of Texas Press Slavic series) (Hardcover) 2 Joseph Frank, "Foreword" pg. xiv. by David I. Goldstein ISBN-10: 0292715285
  15. ^ a b c d Cassedy, Steven (2005). Dostoevsky's Religion. Stanford University Press, 67-80. The Stanford University Press is the Publishing house of Stanford University. ISBN 0804751374.  

See also

External links



Persondata
NAME Dostoevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich; Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский (Russian)
SHORT DESCRIPTION Russian novelist
DATE OF BIRTH November 11, 1821(1821-11-11)
PLACE OF BIRTH Moscow
DATE OF DEATH February 9, 1881
PLACE OF DEATH Saint Petersburg

Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1881 ( MDCCCLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic