- For fusion in word formation, see Compound (linguistics). Linguistic Typology is an international Peer-reviewed journal in the field of Linguistic typology, founded in 1997 Morphological typology is a way of classifying the languages of the world (see Linguistic typology) that groups languages according to their common morphological structures In morphological typology (in linguistics an isolating language (also analytic language) is any Language in which words are composed of A synthetic language, in Linguistic typology, is a Language with a high Morpheme -per- word ratio Polysynthetic languages are highly Synthetic languages ie languages in which words are composed of many Morphemes Definition The degree of An agglutinative language is a Language that uses Agglutination extensively most Words are formed by joining Morphemes together Morphology is the field of Linguistics that studies the internal structure of words In Linguistics, morphosyntactic alignment is the system used to distinguish between the arguments of Transitive verbs and those of Intransitive A nominative-accusative Language (or simply accusative language) is one that marks the direct object of Transitive verbs distinguishing them An ergative-absolutive Language (or simply ergative language is a language that treats the argument (" subject " of an Intransitive Austronesian alignment, commonly known as the Philippine- or Austronesian -type voice system, is a typologically unusual Morphosyntactic alignment An active-stative language, or active language for short is one in which the sole argument of an Intransitive verb is sometimes marked in the same way A tripartite language, also called an ergative-accusative language, is one that treats the subject of an intransitive verb the subject of a transitive verb and the object A direct-inverse language is a language where clauses with transitive verbs can be expressed either using a direct or an inverse construction The syntactic pivot is the Verb argument around which sentences "revolve" in a given Language. In Generative grammar, (in particular Government and binding theory and the Standard Theory of Transformational Grammar a theta role or θ-role is the In Linguistics, word order typology refers to the study of the different ways in which languages arrange the constituents of their sentences relative to each other and the systematic In Linguistics, a VO language is a language in which the Verb typically comes before the object (thus including SVO, VOS and In Linguistic typology, subject-verb-object ( SVO) is a sentence structure where the subject comes first the Verb second and the object Verb Subject Object ( VSO) is a term in Linguistic typology. It represents one type of languages when classifying languages according to the sequence of these In Linguistic typology, Verb Object Subject or Verb Object Agent - commonly used in its abbreviated form VOS or VOA - represents the language-classification In Linguistics, an OV language is a language in which the object comes before the Verb. In Linguistic typology, Subject Object Verb (SOV is the type of languages in which the subject, object, and Verb of a sentence appear or usually Object Subject Verb (OSV or Object Agent Verb (OAV is one of the permutations of expression used in Linguistic typology. Object Verb Subject (OVS or Object Verb Agent (OVA is one of the Permutations of expression used in Linguistic typology, although it is rare among Time Manner Place (TMP describes one possible ordering of Adpositional phrases in sentences Place Manner Time is a term used in Linguistic typology to state the general order of Adpositional phrases in a language's sentences "to the store by car In Linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new Word. In Linguistics, a compound is a Lexeme (less precisely a Word) that consists of more than one stem.
A fusional language (also called inflecting language) is a type of synthetic language, distinguished from agglutinative languages by its tendency to "squish together" many morphemes in a way which can be difficult to segment. A synthetic language, in Linguistic typology, is a Language with a high Morpheme -per- word ratio An agglutinative language is a Language that uses Agglutination extensively most Words are formed by joining Morphemes together In Morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning.
The canonical examples of fusional languages are Latin, Russian, German or Polish; in general, all conservative Indo-European languages are fusional. Canonical is an Adjective derived from canon. Canon comes from the Greek word kanon, "rule" (perhaps originally from Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Another notable group of fusional languages is the Semitic languages group. The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, A high degree of fusion is also found in many Sami languages, such as Skolt Sami. Sami or Saami is a general name for a group of Finnic languages spoken by the Sami people in parts of northern Finland, Norway
A good illustration of fusionality in language is the Latin word bonus, "good" (masculine). The ending -us denotes masculine gender, nominative case, and singular number. The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other Changing any of these features requires replacement of the suffix -us with something else.
A feature that distinguishes fusional languages from agglutinating ones is the occurrence of irregular forms: this wouldn't happen in an agglutinating language since the synthetic elements retain a meaning of their own. Fusional languages are generally believed to have descended from agglutinating languages, though there is no linguistic evidence in the form of attested language changes to confirm this view. On the other hand, fusional languages generally tend to lose their inflection over the centuries—some languages much more quickly than others[1] . For example, Slovenian, Lithuanian, and Armenian are about as fusional as Proto-Indo-European, but modern English and Afrikaans are nearly analytic. Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language Lithuanian ( lietuvių kalba) is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. The Armenian language (hy հայերեն լեզու hajɛɹɛn lɛzu —, conventional short form) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenian Modern English is the form of the English language spoken since the Great Vowel Shift, completed in roughly 1550 Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in In morphological typology (in linguistics an isolating language (also analytic language) is any Language in which words are composed of The Slavic languages have generally retained their inflection. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages
Another typical feature of fusional languages is their systems of declensions. In German for instance the definite and indefinite articles are declined according to the grammatical gender of the noun and which of the four grammatical cases it falls into; these being nominative, accusative, genitive and dative. The definite article, for example is declined in the following fashion:
- Nominative: der (masculine) die (feminine) das (neuter) die (plural)
- Accusative case: den (masculine) die (feminine) das (neuter) die (plural)
- Genitive: des (masculine) der (feminine) des (neuter) der (plural)
- Dative case: dem (masculine) der (feminine) dem (neuter) den (plural)
Adjectives are also declined accordingly to the gender of the noun they describe, whether it is preceded by a definite article (weak declension), indefinite article (mixed declension) or no article (strong declension). The nominative case is a Grammatical case for a Noun, which generally marks the subject of a Verb, as opposed to its object or other The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive In Grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a Noun as modifying another
Examples:
- Der Hamster (masculine noun, nominative case)
- Des Hamsters (masculine noun, genitive case)
And adding the adjective klein "little":
- Ein kleiner Hamster "a little hamster" (mixed declension, nominative case)
- Der kleine Hamster "the little hamster" (weak declension, nominative case)
- Ich sah den kleinen Hamster "I saw the little hamster" (weak declension, accusative case)
- Mit kleinem Hamster "with little hamster" (no article; strong declension, dative case).
English retains remnants of the Germanic case system only with regard to personal pronouns (e. The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three traditional branches of the Germanic family of Languages and include languages such as English g. "you see me" — accusative case).
See also
References
- ^ Deutscher, Guy (2005) The Unfolding of Language, William Heinemann, London. In Grammar, inflection or inflexion is the way language handles grammatical relations and relational categories such as tense, mood, voice A synthetic language, in Linguistic typology, is a Language with a high Morpheme -per- word ratio
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