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Fusarium oxysporum

Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Nectriaceae
Genus: Fusarium
Species: F. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Ascomycota is a Division / Phylum of Fungi, and subkingdom Dikarya, whose members are commonly known as the Sac Fungi. Sordariomycetes is a class of the subdivision Pezizomycotina, which includes ascomycetous fungi. Hypocreales is an order of Fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. Nectriaceae is a family of Fungi in the order Hypocreales. List of genera This is an incomplete list of genera in the Nectriaceae family oxysporum
Binomial name
Fusarium oxysporum
Schltdl.

Fusarium oxysporum, also referred to as Panama disease or Agent Green, is a fungus that causes Fusarium wilt disease in more than a hundred species of plants. Diederich von Schlechtendal ( 27 November 1794 - 12 October 1866) was a German Botanist born in Xanten. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ It does so by colonizing the water-conducting vessels (xylem) of the plant. In Vascular plants xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue Phloem being the other As a result of this blockage and breakdown of xylem, symptoms appear in plants such as leaf wilting, yellowing and eventually plant death.

Interest in Fusarium oxysporum as a herbicide was first raised after the discovery in the 1960s that it was the causative agent in the destruction of the Hawaiian coca population. A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Not to be confused with Cocoa. Coca is a Plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America

The United States government was involved in a controversial program to use Fusarium oxysporum for the eradication of coca in Colombia and other Andean countries, but these plans were cancelled by president Bill Clinton who was concerned that the unilateral use of a biological agent would be perceived by the rest of the world as biological warfare. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Coca eradication is a controversial strategy strongly promoted by the United States government as part of its " War on Drugs " to eliminate the Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States The Andean nations have since banned its use throughout the region. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Use of biological agents to kill crops is potentially illegal under the Biological Weapons Convention. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (usually referred to as the

Contents

History

Gros Michel or 'Big Mike' was an early export cultivar of banana. Gros Michel, or 'Big Mike' was an early export Cultivar of Banana, and was until the 1950s the main variety exported to the United States. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar This cultivar was wiped out by Panama disease in the 1950s. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive The disease first appeared in Suriname, then made its way to the Caribbean, and by the 1920s, to Honduras, the world's largest producer of bananas at the time. Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Honduras in Spanish, República de Honduras) is a democratic republic in Central America. Although there are many banana cultivars, Gros Michel was especially suitable for export to non-tropical nations. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar A search for a substitute located the Vietnamese Cavendish cultivar which is resistant to the disease. Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially The Cavendish is the name for the Banana Cultivar used most commonly in the world banana trade However, more care is required for shipping the Cavendish banana and its quality compared to Gros Michel is debated.

Recently, a new strain called 'tropical race four Panama disease' has begun to attack Cavendish banana plants in south Asia. Given the high volume of modern international trade, banana producers expect this strain to spread through Africa and into South America and the Caribbean. International trade is exchange of Capital, Goods, and Services across International borders or Territories. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The disease was believed to be contained in Australia, but spread widely in the aftermath of Cyclone Larry in March of 2006. Severe Tropical Cyclone Larry (JTWC designation 17P) was a Tropical cyclone that made landfall in Australia during the 2005-06 Southern

Plant breeders and geneticists are trying to develop new cultivars that are resistant to this new strain of Panama disease. Plant breeding is the art and science of changing the genetics of plants for the benefit of humankind Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is Unfortunately, such efforts are progressing slowly because the banana cultivars selected for human consumption are seedless and reproduce asexually which decreases genetic variation and makes breeding difficult. Asexual reproduction is a form of reproduction which does not involve Meiosis, Ploidy reduction or Fertilization. In Population genetics, a gene pool is the complete set of unique Alleles in a Species or Population.

Different special forms

Countermeasures

A number of recent patents specifically describe effective treatments of Fusarium oxysporum, reflecting its widespread importance as an agricultural pest. Fusarium oxysporum fsp vasinfectum is a fungal plant pathogen Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture A pest is an organism which has characteristics that are regarded by Humans as injurious or unwanted

See also

Panama disease

Panama disease, also known as Fusarium wilt, is a banana plant disease caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. A mycoherbicide is a Bioherbicide based on a Fungus. In the United States In the United State House of Representatives, the Office For the fruit see Banana. For other meanings see Banana (disambiguation. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ The fungus attacks the roots of the banana plant. The disease is resistant to fungicide and, so, cannot be controlled chemically. Fungicides are Chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill or inhibit fungi or fungal spores

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