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An Alberta fur trader in the 1890s.
An Alberta fur trader in the 1890s. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905
Fur trade in Nizhny Novgorod (before 1906)
Fur trade in Nizhny Novgorod (before 1906)

The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur. Fur is a body hair of any non-human Mammal, also known as the Pelage.

Contents

Russian fur trade

Before the colonization of the Americas, Russia was a major fur supplier of Western Europe and parts of Asia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Fur was a major Russian export since the early middle-ages. Originally the majority of furs exported from Russia were pelts of martens, beavers, wolves, foxes, squirrels and hares. For the Wiltshire village see Marten Wiltshire. For the town in Bulgaria see Marten Bulgaria. Beavers are two primarily nocturnal semi-aquatic species of Rodent, one native to North America and one to Europe The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora A fox is an Animal belonging to any one of about 27 Species (of which only 12 actually belong to the Vulpes genus or 'true foxes' of small A squirrel is one of the many small or medium-sized Rodents in the family Sciuridae. Hares and jackrabbits are Leporids belonging to the Genus Lepus. Between the 16th and 18th centuries Russians tamed Siberia — a region rich with various valuable kinds of fur-bearing animals such as arctic fox, sable, sea otter and stoat. Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving The Arctic Fox ( Vulpes lagopus) also known as the White Fox or Snow Fox, is a small Fox native to cold Arctic regions of the SABLE is an XML Markup language used to annotate texts for Speech synthesis. The sea otter ( Enhydra lutris) is a Marine mammal native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. In search of sea otter and, later, the northern fur seal, the Russian Empire expanded into North America, notably Alaska. The sea otter ( Enhydra lutris) is a Marine mammal native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. The Northern Fur Seal, Callorhinus ursinus, is an Eared seal found along the north Pacific Ocean, the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent Between the 17th and second half of the 19th century, Russia was the biggest supplier of fur in the world until the U. S. and Canada joined the fur market. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Fur trade played a vital role in the development of Siberia, the Russian Far East and the Russian colonization of the Americas. Russian Far East (Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и ˈdalʲnʲɪj vʌˈstok rʌˈsʲiɪ is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i Russian colonization of the Americas proceeded in several places To this day sable is a regional symbol of Ural Sverdlovsk oblast and Siberian Novosibirsk, Tyumen and Irkutsk oblasts of Russia. Sverdlovsk Oblast (Свердло́вская о́бласть Sverdlovskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) located Novosibirsk Oblast (Новосиби́рская о́бласть Novosibirskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) Tyumen Oblast (Тюме́нская о́бласть Tyumenskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) Irkutsk Oblast (Ирку́тская о́бласть Irkutskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) located in south-eastern Oblast (во́бласць oblast о́бласт oblast о́бласть област/ oblast; oblasť област о́бласть is a type of Administrative division

North American fur trade

The North American fur trade was a central part of the early history of contact in The New World (North America) between European-Americans and Native Americans in the United States and First Nations in Canada. The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. A European American (Euro-American is a person who resides in the United States and is either from Europe or is the descendant of European immigrants Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page In 1578 there were 350 European fishing vessels at Newfoundland and sailors began to trade metal implements (particularly knives) for the natives' well worn pelts. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of These beaver robes, known as "castor gras" in French and "coat beaver" in English, were soon recognized by the newly-developed felt hatmaking industry as particularly useful for felting. Some commentators, seeking to explain the term "castor gras", have assumed that coat beaver was rich in human oils from having been worn so long, and that this was what made it attractive to the hatters. This seems unlikely, since grease interferes with the felting of wool, rather than enhancing it. By the 1580s, beaver "wool" was the major starting material of the French hatters, and the material had begun to be used in England soon after.

Early Organization

The first organized attempt to control the fur trade in New France was undertaken by Captain Chauvin. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the In 1599 he acquired a monopoly from Henry IV and tried to establish a colony at the mouth of the Saguenay River (Tadoussac, Quebec). In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient Henry IV (Henri IV ( 13 December 1553 &ndash 14 May 1610) ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and as Henry III The Saguenay River (French rivière Saguenay) is a major River of Quebec, Canada. Tadoussac is a village of 857 inhabitants (2005 in Quebec, Canada. French explorers (and Coureur des bois--Étienne Brûlé, Samuel de Champlain, Radisson and Groseilliers, La Salle, Le Sueur), while seeking routes through the continent, established relationships with Amerindians and continued to expand the trade of fur pelts for items considered 'common' by the Europeans. A coureur des bois (runner of the woods was an individual who engaged in the Fur trade without permission from the French authorities Étienne Brûlé ( c 1592 ( Champigny-sur-Marne, France) &ndash c Samuel de Champlain (c 1575 - 25 December 1635) "The Father of New France " was a French navigator geographer cartographer Pierre-Esprit Radisson (1636 &ndash 1710 was a French -born explorer and mapper whose exploration of 1668 led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company. Médard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618 &ndash 1696 was a French explorer and Fur trader in Canada. René Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle, or Robert de LaSalle ( November 22, 1643 &ndash March 19, 1687) was a French Pierre-Charles Le Sueur (c 1657 Artois, France &ndash 17 July 1704, Havana, Cuba) was a French Fur trader For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Fur is a body hair of any non-human Mammal, also known as the Pelage. Fur (especially beaver) was prized and very expensive in European markets. Fur is a body hair of any non-human Mammal, also known as the Pelage. Beavers are two primarily nocturnal semi-aquatic species of Rodent, one native to North America and one to Europe

In 1613 Henry Christiansen and Adriaen Block headed expeditions to establish fur trade relationships with the Mohawks and Mohicans. Adriaen (Aerjan Block (c 1567 Amsterdam &ndash buried April 27 1627, Amsterdam was a Dutch private trader and navigator who is best Mohawk ( Kanienkeh, Kanienkehaka or Kanien’Kahake, meaning "People of the Flint" are an indigenous people of North America Mohican redirects here For other uses of Mohican see Mohican (disambiguation The Mahicans (also Mohicans) are a By 1614 the Dutch were sending vessels to Manhattan to secure large returns from fur trading. The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York

Radisson and Groseilliers, bitter with the rejection of their first big unlicenced fur haul, pulled the British into the trade in 1668. Pierre-Esprit Radisson (1636 &ndash 1710 was a French -born explorer and mapper whose exploration of 1668 led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company. Médard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618 &ndash 1696 was a French explorer and Fur trader in Canada. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands They convinced businessmen in Boston, Massachusetts and Charles II that there was a tremendous amount of money to be made in the best fur country north of New France. Charles II (Charles Stuart 29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685 was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the This was the spark that would become the first commercial corporation in North America and largest fur trading company in the world, The Hudson's Bay Company.

Meanwhile, in the English southern colonies (established around 1670), the deerskin trade was established based on the export hub of Charleston, South Carolina. The term colonial history of the United States refers to the history of the land that would become the United States from the start of European settlement to the time of independence The deerskin trade between Colonial America and the Native Americans was one of the most important trading relationships between Europeans and Native Americans especially Charleston is a city in Charleston county in the US state of South Carolina. Word spread amongst Native hunters that the Europeans would exchange pelts for European-manufactured goods that were highly desired in native communities. Axe heads, knives, awls, fish hooks, cloth of various type and color, woolen blankets, linen shirts, kettles, jewelry, glass beads, muskets, ammunition and powder were some of the major items exchanged on a 'per pelt' basis. A musket is a muzzle -loaded Smoothbore Long gun, which is intended to be fired from the shoulder

The trading posts also introduced many types of alcohol (especially brandy and rum) for trade. [1] European traders flocked to the continent and made huge profits off the exchange. A metal axe head, for example, was exchanged for one beaver pelt (also called a 'beaver blanket'). The same pelt could fetch enough to buy dozens of axe heads in England, making the fur trade extremely profitable for the European nations.

Socio-economic ties

Often, the political benefits of the fur trade became more important than the economic aspects. Trade was a way to forge alliances and maintain good relations between different cultures and as marriages were the currency of diplomatic ties of that time, the trade was the beginning of the Métis (mixed European and Native American parentage). A Métis is a person born to parents who belong to different groups defined by visible physical differences regarded as racial or the descendant of such persons Consequently, there was much rivalry between different European-American governments for control of the fur trade with the various native societies. Native Americans sometimes based decisions of which side to support in time of war upon which side provided them with the best trade goods in an honest manner. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Because trade was so politically important, it was often heavily regulated in hopes (often futile) of preventing abuse. Unscrupulous traders sometimes cheated natives by plying them with alcohol during the transaction, which subsequently aroused resentment and often resulted in violence.

The fur trade came to a close as game was depleted by overhunting. John Jacob Astor (who controlled the largest American fur trading company) recognized that all fur-bearing animals were becoming scarce and retired in 1834. For other pages relating to Astor see John Jacob Astor (disambiguation John Jacob Astor (born Johann Jakob or Johann Jacob Astor) ( July The American Fur Company was founded by John Jacob Astor in 1808 Expanding European settlement displaced native communities from the best hunting grounds, and demand for furs subsided as European fashion trends shifted. The Native American's lifestyle was forever altered by the trade, in order to continue obtaining European goods on which they had become dependent and to pay off their debts, they often resorted to selling land to the European settlers, which caused resentment on the side of the Native American aboriginals that would help ignite future wars. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States.

After the United States became independent, trading with Native Americans in the U. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the S. was nominally regulated by the Indian Intercourse Act, first passed on July 22, 1790. The Indian Intercourse Acts were several acts passed by the United States Congress regulating commerce between American Indians and non-Indians and restricting travel Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1790 ( MDCCXC) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Bureau of Indian Affairs issued licenses to trade in the Indian Territory, which in 1834 consisted of most of the United States west of the Mississippi River, where mountain men and traders from Mexico freely operated. History Although the bureau which was called the Office of Indian Affairs was formed in 1824 similar agencies had existed in the U The Indian Territory, also known as The Indian Country, The Indian territory or the Indian territories, was land set aside within the United States The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The Mountain Men is also the name of a 1980 movie starring Charlton Heston. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America.

Early exploration parties were often fur trading expeditions, many of which mark the first recorded instance of Europeans reaching particular regions of North America. For example, Abraham Wood sent fur trading parties on exploring expeditions into the southern Appalachian Mountains, discovering the New River in the process. Abraham Wood (1614-1682 sometimes referred to as "General" or "Colonel" Wood was an English Fur trader (specifically the Deerskin trade) and The New River, a tributary of the Kanawha River, is approximately 320 mi (515 km long flowing through the states of North Carolina, Virginia, and Simon Fraser was a fur trader who explored much of the Fraser River

Partial list of fur trading posts and forts

By the early 1800s several companies established strings of fur trading posts and forts across North America. Simon Fraser ( 20 May 1776 – 18 August 1862) was a Fur trader and an explorer who charted much of what is now the Canadian For other uses of this name see Fraser River (disambiguation.

Present

There are about 80,000 trappers in Canada (based on trapping licenses), of whom about half are Indigenous peoples. Fort Carlton was a Hudson's Bay Company fur trade post from 1810 until 1885. Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 Fort Lisa is the name of two locations significant to Fur trading in the Midwestern United States The Territory of Nebraska was a historic Organized territory of the United States from May 30, 1854 until March 1, 1867 Cabanne's Trading Post was established in 1822 by the American Fur Company as Fort Robidoux near present-day Dodge Park in North Omaha, The Territory of Nebraska was a historic Organized territory of the United States from May 30, 1854 until March 1, 1867 Fontenelle's Post, first known as Pilcher's Post and also the basis of the community of Bellevue, was built in 1822 in the Nebraska Territory by trader The Territory of Nebraska was a historic Organized territory of the United States from May 30, 1854 until March 1, 1867 Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit or Fort Détroit was a Fort established by the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac in 1701 Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. During the 18th and 19th centuries the French British and American nations built and occupied a number of forts at Vincennes Indiana. The State of Indiana ( was the 19th US state admitted into the union Fort Garry, also known as Upper Fort Garry, was a Hudson's Bay Company trading post at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America In the early 19th century fur-trading was the main industry of Western Canada. Winnipeg (ˈwɪnɨpɛg is the capital and largest city in the Canadian province of Manitoba, and 7th largest municipality in Canada with a population Lower Fort Garry was built in 1831 by the Hudson's Bay Company on the western bank of the Red River, twenty miles north of the original Fort Garry, which Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Dauphin Island is a town in Mobile County, Alabama, United States, located on a Barrier island also named Dauphin Island Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Fort Vancouver was a 19th century fur trading outpost along the Columbia River that served as the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company in the company's The Oregon Territory is the name applied both to the unorganized Oregon Country claimed by both the United States and Britain (but normally referred to Fort Mackinac was a military outpost garrisoned from the late 18th century to the late 19th century on Mackinac Island in the U Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. The name Fort Nassau was used by the Dutch in the 17th century for several fortifications mostly trading stations named for the House of Orange-Nassau. New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast Fort Orange (Fort Oranje was the first permanent Dutch settlement in New Netherland. New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast Fort Duquesne (originally called Fort Du Quesne) was a Fort established by the French in 1754, at the junction of the Allegheny The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Fort Bridger was a 19th century fur trading outpost established in 1842 on Blacks Fork of the Green River The Territory of Nebraska was a historic Organized territory of the United States from May 30, 1854 until March 1, 1867 New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that later became New York City. New Netherland (Dutch Nieuw-Nederland, Latin Novum Belgium or Nova Belgica) 1614–1674 is the name of the former Dutch territory on the eastern coast Fortress of Louisbourg (in French, Forteresse de Louisbourg) is a Canadian National Historic Site and the location of a partial reconstruction Nova Scotia (ˌnəʊvəˈskəʊʃə ( Latin for New Scotland; Alba Nuadh Nouvelle-Écosse is a Canadian province located on Canada 's Fort Michilimackinac was an 18th century French, and later British, fort and trading post in the Great Lakes of North America. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Fort Atkinson was the first United States Army post to be established west of the Missouri River in the United States. Fort McMurray is a community within the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo, Alberta. Fort Snelling, originally known as Fort St Anthony, is a former Military Fortification located at the confluence of the Minnesota Old Fort Providence, located near the mouth of Yellowknife Bay Northwest Territories, Canada, was one of the first Fur trading outposts on Great Slave Fort Nisqually was an important fur trading and farming post of the Hudson's Bay Company in the Puget Sound area of what is now Washington but Fort Kaministiquia, located in what is now northwestern Ontario, Canada, was founded in 1717 by French merchants led by Daniel Greysolon Dulhut, and was Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Fort William was a city in Northern Ontario, located on the Kaministiquia River, at its entrance to Lake Superior. Fort de Buade was a French Fort at the present site of St Ignace in the U Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Fort Hall was a 19th century outpost in the eastern Oregon Country, part of the present-day United States, and is located in Fort Hall Idaho. Oregon Country or Oregon (to be distinguished from the American State also called Oregon) was a predominantly American term referring to Fort Saint Joseph was a fort originally established on land granted to the Jesuits by King Louis XIV located on what is now the south side of the present day town of Niles Michigan Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Fort Vasquez is a former fur trading post 35 miles NE of Denver, Colorado founded by Louis Vasquez and Andrew Sublette in 1835 The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. York Factory was a settlement located on the southwestern shore of Hudson Bay in northeastern Manitoba, Canada at the mouth of the Hayes Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Fort Buenaventura was the first permanent Anglo settlement in the Great Basin and the region that is now the state of Utah in the United States The State of Utah (ˈjuːtɔː or) is a western state of the United States. Kootanae House, also spelled Kootenae House was a North West Company fur trading post built by Jaco Finlay under the direction of David Thompson near present-day Kullyspell House (also spelled Kullyspel House) was a fur trading post established in 1809 on Lake Pend Oreille in what is now North Idaho. Rocky Mountain House is a Town in west- Central Alberta, Canada, at the confluence of the Clearwater Spokane House was a fur trading post founded in 1810 by the British-Canadian North West Company under direction of David Thompson. Saleesh House, also known as Flathead Post, was a North West Company fur trading post built near present-day Thompson Falls Montana in 1809 Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page [2]

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Introduction of alcohol through the fur trade
  2. ^ Fur Institute of Canada - Institut de la fourrure du Canada

External links

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