Funk Island is a small, barren, isolated, uninhabited island approximately 60 kilometers (37 mi) northeast of Wesleyville, Newfoundland, Canada. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States Wesleyville is a small coastal community in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page
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Geography
The island is roughly trapezoidal in shape, with a maximum length of 0. 8 km and a maximum width of 0. 3 km and is nearly flat, rising 14 m out of the North Atlantic. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International The island is composed of feldspathic granite and is traversed by two distinct fault lines which cross the island in a northwesterly direction, almost parallel to each other. Feldspar is the name of a group of rock-forming Minerals which make up as much as 60% of the Earth 's crust. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. The fault lines divide the island into three separate entities. The northeastern portion consists mainly of bare rock; the central portion has scattered vegetation; and the largest portion of the island, the southwestern, which occupies over half of the land surface, is covered with grasses, lichens and mosses. Lichens (ˈlaɪkən or /lɪtʃən/ are symbiotic associations of a Fungus (the mycobiont with a photosynthetic partner (the photobiont also known as Mosses are small soft Plants that are typically 1–10 cm (0
Landing on the Funk Island is extremely difficult and dangerous, though in calm weather there are three points where a safe landing can be effected. Gannet Head, the southwestern corner of the island, and Landing Rock, just north of Gannet Head, are two such places. On the north side, approximately 0. 17 km west of Escape Point, the easternmost tip of the island, there is a steep clift. Set in the clift is a natural shelf, called The Bench, approximately 1. 2 m wide, which slopes up the clift face which allow relatively easy access to the surface.
The cold Labrador Current provides good breeding ground for cold water fish which in turn support the large breeding sea-bird population of the island. At high tide the seas break widely against the cliffs and in particularly high seas waves break over the island.
There are two large rock bunkers which lie off the southwest side of the island. The two bunkers are washed over by the sea, and provide roosting but not nesting areas for many of the sea birds, particularly the gannets. The island and the bunkers make up what is known as the "Funks. "
There are no navigational aids or lighthouses on the island despite the number of shipwrecks and the loss of life which have occurred in the area.
History
The name Funk, which means evil odor or vapour, is thought to have been given to the island because of the foul odor which predominates there. The smell arises from the nitrate and phosphate concentrations found in the guano deposited by the many millions of birds which have nested there over the centuries. In Inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of Nitric acid with an Ion composed of one Nitrogen and three Oxygen atoms A phosphate, an Inorganic chemical, is a salt of Phosphoric acid. Guano (from the Quechua 'wanu' via Spanish) is the Feces of Seabirds Bats and seals
Some contend that the name may be traced to a Norse or Icelandic word for a haycock which the island resembles. Norsemen is used to refer to the group of people as a whole who speak one of the North Germanic languages as their native language Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( This hypothesis appears unlikely, since the name Funk did not often appear on maps until the late eighteenth century. Before that time the island was usually referred to as Penguin Island. The Great Auk, Pinguinus impennis, formerly of the Genus Alca, is a Bird that became extinct in the mid-19th century
It is believed that Gaspar Corte-Real visited the island in 1501. Gaspar Corte-Real (c 1450 &ndash c 1501? was a Portuguese explorer. Shortly after that date it appears on two maps by Pedro Reinel as Y Dos Saues (1504) and Ylhas das aves (1520), both of which refer to an island of birds. Pedro Reinel (? - c 1542) was a Portuguese cartographer of the 16th century author of the oldest signed Portuguese Nautical chart (c A 1626 map by Pierre Mortier labels the place I des Penguins, while an Italian map dated 1661 has the island marked as I Penguin Abonda di Vecelli (Penguin Island abounding with birds). Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest One the earliest British maps by cartographer Herman Moll, dated 1716, refers to it as Penguin Island. This article is about the cartographer for the convict see Herman Moll (convict. Year 1716 ( MDCCXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The name Funk Island appears on James Cook's 1775 map as it does in the charts and surveys compiled in 1765. Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and Year 1775 ( MDCCLXXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Year 1765 ( MDCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a
Funk Island was probably called Penguin Island after the Great Auk which nested on the islands in thousands, and possibly tens of thousands, up to the late 1700's when its numbers declined drastically. The Great Auk, Pinguinus impennis, formerly of the Genus Alca, is a Bird that became extinct in the mid-19th century
Demise of The Great Auk
It is believed that Funk Island was visited shortly after the first native peoples settled in northeastern Newfoundland. Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Joseph Banks, who visited Newfoundland and Labrador in 1766 told of a type of pudding the Beothuk made from eggs which had been collected from Penguin (Funk) Island. Sir Joseph Banks 1st Baronet, GCB, PRS (13 February 1743 &ndash 19 June 1820 was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of The Beothuk (biˈɒθʊk (also spelled Boeothuck, Beothuck, Boethuk, Boeothuk, and Boethuck) were the native inhabitants of the island
Many explorers and fishing nations made trips to the Funks to acquire sea birds for food and oil for their lamps. The Great Auks were flightless birds that were an easy prey. The Great Auk, Pinguinus impennis, formerly of the Genus Alca, is a Bird that became extinct in the mid-19th century In 1578, 350 Spanish and French vessels and fifty English vessels were reported fishing nearby. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Later settlers along the northeast coast of Newfoundland often made the short trip to the Funks to kill birds for food and lamp oil; they also used the feathers for pillows and mattresses and gathered the eggs for food.
In 1622 Sir Richard Whitbourne told of how the birds were driven up the gang planks into the boats. Sir Richard Whitbourne (1579 &ndash 1628 was an English colonist, author and mariner He remarked that it was "as if God had made the innocency of so poore a creature to become such an admirable instrument for the sustenation of man. "
Scientific Expeditions
By 1800 the Great Auk was probably extinct on Funk Island, and by 1844, in the world. Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year
Naturalists and scientists had become interested in the plight of the great auk and by June 1841 a Norwegian naturalist, Dr. Peter Stuvitz visited Funk Island with the hope of obtaining specimens of the birds, but was forced to leave due to weather conditions on the island.
The second visit of a scientific nature occurred in 1863, when Thomas Molloy, the United States Consul to Newfoundland, received permission from the Government of Newfoundland to go to the Funk Island to mine remains of the Great Auk. Year 1863 ( MDCCCLXIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Thirty-five tons of the decomposed organic material was secured by Molloy's expedition. Of these five tons was sold locally at nineteen dollars a ton while the other thirty tons was shipped to Boston, Baltimore and Washington D.C., where it was used to fertilize the gardens of wealthy Americans. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D
In July 1873 naturalist John Milne went to the island and was successful in getting partial skeletons and miscellaneous bones before inclement weather cut short his stay. John Milne (1850 &ndash 31 July 1913) was the British Geologist and mining Engineer who invented the Seismograph. He reported that there was an abundance of terns on Funk Island but that the murre and razorbill population had been almost destroyed by egg gatherers. Uria is a genus of Seabirds in the Auk family known commonly as Guillemots or in North America as murres'. The Razorbill, Alca torda, is a large Auk, 38-43 cm in length with a 60-69 cm wingspan
The most successful of the early scientific expeditions to Funk Island occurred in 1887. It was sponsored by the United States Fish Commission and was under the direction of Frederick A. The United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries (more commonly known as the U Lucas. After a brief sojourn in St. John's, the group's ship, the Grampus, arrived at Funk Island on July 22, 1887. They found in their search area, roughly one quarter of the land surface of the island was covered with between . 6 and 1. 2 m of earth. The earth contained egg shells mixed with granite pebbles in depths ranging from 5 to 30 cm. Many skeletons were unearthed and taken away for other scientific study.
This expedition did other scientific work on Funk Island, including the collection of rock specimens. During their search of the island they also discovered several iron kettles, rusted and broken, which were believed to have been used to scald the bodies of the Great Auks to make removal of the feathers easier. Near the western edge of the Auks' breeding grounds they discovered enclosures made of granite blocks. The Auks had been herded into these compounds to make slaughtering easier.
They have been many other expeditions since, right up to 1982. In 1964 the island became a Provincial Wildlife Sanctuary and landing there was prohibited without a permit. With the creation of the sanctuary, the bird population began to be protected and monitored.
Breeding Colonies
Eleven marine bird species have been known to breed on Funk Island.
- the Great Auk
- the Arctic Tern
- the Northern Gannet
- the Northern Fulmar
- the Great Black-backed Gull
- the Herring Gull
- the Black-legged Kittiwake
- the Razorbill
- the Thick Billed Murre
- the Atlantic Puffin and
- the Common Murre
In 1972 the largest population on the Funk Island was that of the Thin-Billed or Common Murre, the population count was 396,461 pairs. The Great Auk, Pinguinus impennis, formerly of the Genus Alca, is a Bird that became extinct in the mid-19th century The Arctic Tern ( Sterna paradisaea) is a Seabird of the Tern family Sternidae. The Northern Gannet ( Morus bassanus, formerly Sula bassana) is a Seabird and is the largest member of the Gannet family Sulidae The Northern Fulmar ( Fulmarus glacialis) or Arctic Fulmar lives in the north Atlantic and north Pacific. The Great Black-backed Gull, Larus marinus, is a very large Gull which breeds on the European and North American coasts and islands of the The Herring Gull, Larus argentatus, is a large Gull (up to 26 inches or 66 cm long and is the most abundant and best known of all gulls along the shores of The Black-legged Kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla is a Seabird species in the Gull family Laridae The Razorbill, Alca torda, is a large Auk, 38-43 cm in length with a 60-69 cm wingspan The Thick-billed Murre or Brünnich's Guillemot ( Uria lomvia) is a Bird in the Auk family (Alcidae The Atlantic Puffin ( la Fratercula arctica) is a Seabird Species in the Auk family. The Common Guillemot or Common Murre ( Uria aalge) is a large Auk. That number accounts for 80% of the breeding population in eastern North America and makes Funk Island one of the most important of the sea bird colonies in the world. In 1982 the sea bird population on Funk Island was estimated at over 1,000,000 birds.
Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador was referenced for this article.
External links
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