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Fucus
Fucus serratus
Scientific classification
Domain:Eukaryota
Kingdom:Chromalveolata
Phylum:Heterokontophyta
Class:Phaeophyceae
Order:Fucales
Family:Fucaceae
Genus:Fucus
L.
Species

See text

Fucus is a genus of brown alga (seaweed) in the Class Phaeophyceae to be found in the intertidal zones of rocky shores. Fucus serratus is a Seaweed of the north Atlantic Ocean, known as toothed wrack or serrated wrack. Animals Plants fungi, and Protists are eukaryotes (juːˈkærɪɒt or -oʊt Organisms whose cells are organized into complex Chromalveolata is a Eukaryote supergroup first proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith as a refinement of his kingdom Chromista, which was first The heterokonts or stramenopiles are a major line of Eukaryotes presently containing about 10500 known species The Phaeophyceae or brown algae, (singular alga is a large group of mostly marine multicellular Algae including many Seaweeds of colder Fucales is an order in the Phylum Phaeophyta or Brown algae. Members of this order are fucoids Fucaceae are a family of Brown algae There are 8 genera in the family most notably Fucus, which includes several common Seaweeds Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic The Phaeophyceae or brown algae, (singular alga is a large group of mostly marine multicellular Algae including many Seaweeds of colder Seaweed is a loose colloquial term encompassing macroscopic Multicellular, benthic marine Algae. The Phaeophyceae or brown algae, (singular alga is a large group of mostly marine multicellular Algae including many Seaweeds of colder It is a common genus found on the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America.

Contents

Description and life cycle

The thallus is perennial with an irregular or disc-shaped holdfast or with haptera [1]. For the chronologer/historian occasionally mentioned in the works of early Christian writers see Thallus (historian. A holdfast is a Root -like structure that anchors aquatic Sessile organisms such as Seaweed, other sessile Algae, stalked The erect portion of the thallus is dichotomous or subpinnately branched, flattened and with a distinct midrib. A dichotomy is any splitting of a whole into exactly two non-overlapping parts Gas-filled pneumatocysts (air-vesicles) are present in pairs in some species, one on either side of the midrib. In Phytology, a pneumatocyst is a large float containing gas found in Brown algae. The erect portion of the thallus bears cryptostomata and caecostomata (sterile surface cavities). For the chronologer/historian occasionally mentioned in the works of early Christian writers see Thallus (historian. As with other Flowering plants the taxonomy of Banksia is based on anatomical and morphological properties of the Banksia The base of the thallus is stipe-like due to abrasion of the tissue lateral to the midrib and it is attached to the rock by a holdfast. For the chronologer/historian occasionally mentioned in the works of early Christian writers see Thallus (historian. A holdfast is a Root -like structure that anchors aquatic Sessile organisms such as Seaweed, other sessile Algae, stalked The gametangia develop in conceptacles embedded in receptacles in the apices of the final branches. A gametangium (plural gametangia is an organ or cell in which Gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular Protists Algae In Phycology, conceptacles are specialised cavities of Seaweeds that contain the reproductive organs Botanical meaning In Botany, the receptacle is the thickened part of a stem from which the Flower organs grow They may be monoecious or dioecious.  [2]

These algae have a relatively simple life cycle and produce only one type of thallus which grows to a maximum size of 2 m. For the chronologer/historian occasionally mentioned in the works of early Christian writers see Thallus (historian. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Fertile cavities, the conceptacles, containing the reproductive cells are immersed in the receptacles near the ends of the branches. After meiosis oogonia and antheridia are produced and released, fertilization follows and the zygote develops directly into the diploid plant. In Biology or life science meiosis (pronounced my-oh-sis is a process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half An oogonium (plural oogonia) is an Immature ovum. It is a female Gametogonium. An antheridium (plural antheridia) is a Haploid structure or organ producing and containing male Gametes (called antherozoids or Sperm For soil improvement see Fertilization (soil. For other meanings see Zygote (disambiguation. A zygote (from Greek ζυγωτός zugōtos "joined" or "yoked" It may be considered to be analogous to the life cycle of the flowering plant.  [3][4] but in algae the oogonia are released and fertilised in the sea while in flowering plants the ovules are fertilised while attached to the parent plant and then released as a seed. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Ovule literally means "small egg." In Seed plants the ovule is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored

Distribution and ecology

Species of Fucus are recorded almost world-wide. They are dominant on the shores of the British Isles [5], the northeastern coast of North America [6] and California [3]. The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan

In the British Isles these larger brown algae occur on sheltered shores in fairly well defined zones along the shore from high water mark to below low water mark. The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan On the more exposed shores not all of these species can be found and on very exposed shores few, if any, occur. Pelvetia canaliculata forms a zone at the top of the shore. Pelvetia canaliculata (L Dcne et Thur (channelled wrack is a very common brown Seaweed ( Phaeophyta) found on the rocks of the upper shores of Just below this Fucus spiralis, Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus and Laminaria form clear zones, one below the other, along the shore down to low water mark. Fucus spiralis is a species of seaweed a Brown alga (Heterokontophyta Phaeophyceae) living on the littoral shore of the Atlantic coasts Fucus vesiculosus, known by the common name Bladder wrack, is a Seaweed found on the coasts of the North Sea, the western Baltic Sea Fucus serratus is a Seaweed of the north Atlantic Ocean, known as toothed wrack or serrated wrack. Laminaria is a Genus of 31 Species of Brown algae ( Phaeophyceae) all sharing the common name " Kelp " On sheltered shores Ascophyllum nodosum usually forms a broad and dominating zone along the shore at the mid-littoral. Ascophyllum nodosum is a large common Brown alga, in the Class Phaeophyceae. Littoral refers to the coast of an ocean or sea or to the banks of a river lake or estuary On very exposed shores few if, any plants, of these species can be found. Other brown algae can be found at the low-littoral such as Himanthalia, Laminaria saxatilis and Alaria esculenta. Small green and red algae and animals occur protceted under these large brown algae [7].

Uses

In Scotland and Norway, up until the mid 19th century, several seaweed species from Fucus and other genera were harvested, dried, burned to ash, and further processed to become "kelp", which was a type of soda ash that was less costly in Britain than the barilla imported from Spain. Kelp are large Seaweeds ( Algae) belonging to the Brown algae and classified in the order Laminariales Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. Salsola soda|Salsola kali|Halogeton sativus|Glasswort|Soda ash Barilla refers to several species of salt-tolerant (" Halophyte " plants that until the 19th It has an alkali content of about 2. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal 5–5% that was mainly sodium carbonate (Na2CO3); alkali is essential to soapmaking, glassmaking, and other industries. Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda or soda ash), is a Sodium Salt of Carbonic acid. The seaweed was also used as fertiliser for crop land in the same areas in which it was harvested [8]. The purest barilla had a sodium carbonate concentration of about 30%.

It has been reported that to loosen dried earth a machine which sticks probes a meter into the ground and loosens the earth by blasting air in under pressure. Dried seaweed (bladderwrack) can then be injected into the fissures to hold the drainage cracks open .

In 2005, it was announced that bacteria grown on Fucus have the ability to attack and kill the MRSA superbug [9]. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have

Taxonomy

This list of species of Fucus excludes names of uncertain status [10]:

* = Species recorded around the coast of Britain. The Reverend John Lightfoot (1735-1788 was an English Conchologist and Botanist. Fucus serratus is a Seaweed of the north Atlantic Ocean, known as toothed wrack or serrated wrack. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Fucus spiralis is a species of seaweed a Brown alga (Heterokontophyta Phaeophyceae) living on the littoral shore of the Atlantic coasts Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Fucus vesiculosus, known by the common name Bladder wrack, is a Seaweed found on the coasts of the North Sea, the western Baltic Sea Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Jacob Georg Agardh (1813 - 1901 was a Swedish Botanist. He was the son of Carl Adolph Agardh.  [5]

Fucus distichus

F. distichus is up to 10 cm long with a short stout cylindrical stipe, branching dichotomous, flat and with a mid-rib [11]. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth F. distichus subsp. edentatus was first described from Shetland Islands by Börgesen in 1903. Shetland (formerly spelled Zetland, from etland; Old Norse non Hjaltland; Sealtainn is an Archipelago off the northeast coast of Powell found F. distichus subsp. anceps on the north coast of Caithness. Geography Caithness extends about 40 Miles (64 Kilometres) north-south and about 30 miles (50 km east-west It had also been recorded from: Orkney Islands, Fair Isle, St Kilda and the Outer Hebrides in Scotland; in Ireland it had been recorded from Counties Clare, Donegal and Kerry [12][13]. Orkney (also known as the Orkney Islands or incorrectly the Orkneys) is an Archipelago in northern Scotland, situated 10 miles (16 km north Fair Isle (from Old Norse Frjóey Scottish Gaelic Eileann nan Geansaidh is an island off Scotland, lying around halfway St Kilda (Hiort is an isolated Archipelago 64 kilometres (40 mi west-northwest of North Uist in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Outer Hebrides, ( officially known for local government purposes by the Gaelic name Na h-Eileanan Siar) comprise an island Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world County Clare ( Irish: Contae an Chláir) commonly referred to as simply Clare, is a county on Ireland and part of the wider County Donegal (ˌdʌnəˈgɔːl Irish: Contae Dhún na nGall. County Kerry ( Contae Chiarraí in Irish) is a southwestern county of Ireland. Two subspecies of F. distichus (subsp. anceps and subsp. edentatus) have been described from the British Isles [12].

Fucus distichus is the organism used as a model to study the development of cell polarity, since it forms an apolar zygote that can develop polarity given a varying number of gradients.

Fucus serratus

Main article: Fucus serratus

F. Fucus serratus is a Seaweed of the north Atlantic Ocean, known as toothed wrack or serrated wrack. serratus, toothed wrack, is the most distinctive of all the Fucus species. It clearly shows a distinctive serrated edge to the frond not shown by the other species of the genus [14].

Fucus spiralis

Main article: Fucus spiralis

F. Fucus spiralis is a species of seaweed a Brown alga (Heterokontophyta Phaeophyceae) living on the littoral shore of the Atlantic coasts spiralis is one of the three most common algae on the shores of the British Isles. It grows to about 40 cm long and does not show air bladders or a toothed edge as is found on F. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth vesiculosus and F. serratus. It forms a zone near the top of the shore above the zones of F. vesiculosus and F. serratus.

Fucus vesiculosus

Main article: bladder wrack

This is one of the most common species of Fucus, common on most shores in the mid-littoral. Fucus vesiculosus, known by the common name Bladder wrack, is a Seaweed found on the coasts of the North Sea, the western Baltic Sea Readily identified by a distinct mid-rib and air vesicles in pairs on either side of the mid-rib [15].

References

  1. ^ H. Stegenga, J. J. Bolton & R. J. Anderson (1997). Seaweeds of the South African West Coast. Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium Volume 18. ISBN 0-7992-1793-X.  
  2. ^ Michael Guiry. Fucus. National University of Ireland, Galway. The National University of Ireland Galway ( NUI Galway) ( Irish Ollscoil na hÉireann Gaillimh or OÉ Gaillimh) is a tertiary-level Retrieved on 2007-04-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
  3. ^ a b I. A. Abbott & G. J. Hollenberg (1976). Marine Algae of California. Stanford University Press. The Stanford University Press is the Publishing house of Stanford University. ISBN 0-8047-0867-3.  
  4. ^ C. van den Hoek, D. G. Mann & H. M. Jahns (1995). Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Cambridge University Press (known colloquially as CUP is a Publisher given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII in 1534 ISBN 0-521-39419-9.  
  5. ^ a b F. G. Hardy & M. D. Guiry (2006). A Checklist and Atlas of the Seaweeds of Britain and Ireland. British Phycological Society, London. ISBN 3-906166-35-X.  
  6. ^ W. R. Taylor (1972). Marine Algae of the Northeastern Coast of North America. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press. The University of Michigan Press is a University press that is part of the University of Michigan. ISBN 0-472-04904-6.  
  7. ^ J. R. Lewis (1964). The Ecology of Rocky Shores. The English Universities Press Ltd, London.  
  8. ^ A. Clow & N. L. Clow (1952). Chemical Revolution, 65–90. ISBN 0-836-91909-2.  
    Clow and Clow indicate four species of seaweed as sources for kelp: Fucus vesiculosus, Ascophyllum nodosum (formerly Fucus nodosus L. Fucus vesiculosus, known by the common name Bladder wrack, is a Seaweed found on the coasts of the North Sea, the western Baltic Sea Ascophyllum nodosum is a large common Brown alga, in the Class Phaeophyceae. ), Fucus serratus, and Laminaria digitata (Hudson) J. Fucus serratus is a Seaweed of the north Atlantic Ocean, known as toothed wrack or serrated wrack. V. Lamouroux (formerly Fucus digitatus L. ). The Fucus species names noted in this book as sources of kelp do not reflect modern taxonomy for these species, which has been updated using Algaebase
  9. ^ "Sponge puzzles superbug experts", BBC News, 2005-12-26. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1481 - Battle of Westbrook - Holland defeats troops of Utrecht.  
  10. ^ M. D. Guiry (2006). Fucus Linnaeus 1753: 1158. AlgaeBase. AlgaeBase is a global Species Database of information on all groups of Algae   as well as one group of Flowering plants the sea-grasses Retrieved on 2006-08-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan.
  11. ^ G. Russell (1978). in D. E. G. Irvine & J. H. Price: Modern Approaches to the Taxonomy of Red and Brown Algae. Systematics Association, 339–369.  
  12. ^ a b H. T. Powell (1957). Studies in the genus Fucus L. II. Distribution and ecology of forms of Fucus distichus L. emend. Powell in Britain and Ireland. Journal of the Marine Biology Association of the United Kingdom 36: 663–693.  
  13. ^ H. T. Powell (1957). Studies in the genus Fucus L. I. Fucus distichus L. emend. Powell. Journal of the Marine Biology Association of the United Kingdom 36: 407–432.  
  14. ^ H. T. Powell (1963). "Speciation in the genus Fucus L. , and related genera", in J. P. Harding & N. Tebble: Speciation in the Sea. Syst. Assoc. Publ. : 5, 63–77.  
  15. ^ Lily Newton (1931). A Handbook of the British Seaweeds. British Museum, London. The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London.  

See also

http://www.pznow.co.uk/marine/wrack.html

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