"Jam" redirects here. For other uses, see Jam (disambiguation).

Fruit preserves refers to fruit, or vegetables, that have been prepared, canned or jarred for long term storage. Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food is processed and sealed in an airtight container Jam is made from 50% fruit & 50% sugar^[1] The preparation of fruit preserves traditionally involves the use of pectin. Pectin (from Greek πηκτικός - pektikos, "congealed curdled" a white to light brown powder is a Heteropolysaccharide There are various types of fruit preserves made globally, and they can be made from sweet or savory ingredients. Jam was one of the first "foods" ever discovered.

Contents 1 Jam 2 Jelly 3 Marmalade 4 Preserves 5 Conserves 6 Confit 7 Fruit butter 8 Fruit curd 9 Fruit spread 10 Regional terminology 11 Production 12 Legal definitions 12.1 USDA definitions 12.2 European Union directives on 'jam' 13 Jelly worldwide 14 See also 15 External links 16 References

Jam

Jam contains both fruit juice and pieces of the fruit's (or vegetable's) flesh^[2], however some cookbooks define Jam as cooked and gelled fruit (or vegetable) purees^[3]. A cookbook is a Book that contains information on Cooking, and/or a list of Recipes It may also contain information on ingredient origin freshness

Properly, the term jam refers to a product made with whole fruit, cut into pieces or crushed. The fruit is heated with water and sugar to activate the pectin in the fruit. The mixture is then put into containers. The following extract from a US cookbook describes the process.

"Jams are usually made from pulp and juice of one fruit, rather than a combination of several fruits. Berries and other small fruits are most frequently used, though larger fruits such as apricots, peaches, or plums cut into small pieces or crushed are also used for jams. Good jam has a soft even consistency without distinct pieces of fruit, a bright color, a good fruit flavor and a semi-jellied texture that is easy to spread but has no free liquid. " - Berolzheimer R (ed) et al (1959) ^[4]

Examples:

• Strawberry jam (sweet, fruit)
• Mint jam (savory)
• Jalapeño pepper jam

Variations

Uncooked or minimally cooked (less than 5 minutes) jams, called freezer jam, because they are stored frozen, are popular in parts of North America for their very fresh taste. Garden strawberries are a common variety of strawberry cultivated worldwide The jalapeño ( Nahuatl: xalapeño ( or /ˌhæləˈpeɪnjoʊ/ Castilian, Mexican) is a medium to large size Chili pepper

Jelly

In the U. S. and Canada, the term jelly refers to a type of clear fruit spread consisting of firmed fruit (or vegetable) juice made with pectin^[2]. In British English, these products are commonly referred to by the terms fruit spread or preserves, although jelly is also used in some instances, for example mint jelly. Mentha ( mint) is a Genus of about 25 Species (and many hundreds of varieties) of Flowering plants in the family Jelly can be made from sweet, savory or hot ingredients. Jelly is made by a similar process to jam, with the additional step of filtering out the fruit pulp after the initial heating. A cloth "jelly bag" is traditionally used as a filter.

"Good jelly is clear and sparkling and has a fresh flavor of the fruit from which it is made. It is tender enough to quiver when moved, but holds angles when cut.

EXTRACTING JUICE - Pectin is best extracted from the fruit by heat, therefore cook the fruit until soft before straining to obtain the juice . . . Pour cooked fruit into a jelly bag which has been wrung out of cold water. Hang up and let drain. When dripping has ceased the bag may be squeezed to remove remaining juice, but this may cause cloudy jelly. " - Berolzheimer R (ed) et al (1959) ^[5]

Examples:

• Grape jelly (sweet fruit)
• Mint jelly (savory)
• Jalapeño pepper jelly (hot)

Marmalade

Main article: Marmalade

Marmalade is a sweet preserve, traditionally with a bitter tang, made from citrus fruit rind (most popularly oranges), sugar, water, and (in some commercial brands) a gelling agent. For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is Mentha ( mint) is a Genus of about 25 Species (and many hundreds of varieties) of Flowering plants in the family The jalapeño ( Nahuatl: xalapeño ( or /ˌhæləˈpeɪnjoʊ/ Castilian, Mexican) is a medium to large size Chili pepper British-style marmalade is a sweet preserve with a bitter tang made from Fruit, Sugar, water and (in some commercial brands a Gelling agent Citrus is a common term and Genus of Flowering plants in the family Rutaceae, originating in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of An orange —specifically the sweet orange —is the Citrus fruit Citrus sinensis ( syn Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. The traditional British "marmalade" is most commonly from Seville oranges, which are less sweet than dessert oranges. American-style marmalade is sweet and not bitter.

Preserves

The term Preserves is usually interchangeable with Jam, however some cookbooks define Preserves as cooked and gelled whole fruit (or vegetable), which includes a significant portion of the fruit. ^[3]

Conserves

The word "conserve" may be used as an alternative term for "jam".

Confit

The word "confit," which literally means to preserve and most often applies to meats, can also refer to fruit as when honey or sugar are added in order to extract the water from the fruit. This creates a substance which is similar to preserves and jam.

Fruit butter

Main article: Fruit butter

Fruit butter, is used in this context to refer to a process where the whole fruit is forced through a sieve or blended after the heating process. A fruit butter is a sweet spread made of Fruit cooked to a paste then lightly sweetened

"Fruit butters are generally made from larger fruits, such as apples, plums peaches or grapes. Cook until softened and run through a sieve to give a smooth consistency. After sieving, cook the pulp. . . add sugar and cook as rapidly as possible with constant stirring. . . The finished product should mound up when dropped from a spoon, but should not cut like jelly. Neither should there be any free liquid. " - Berolzheimer R (ed) et al (1959) ^[6]

Fruit curd

Main article: Lemon curd

Fruit curds, primarily lemon or other citrus fruit, contain eggs and butter.

Fruit spread

Fruit spread refers to a jam or preserve with no added sugar.

Regional terminology

The terms jam and jelly are used in different parts of the English speaking world in different ways. The Minnesota State Fair is the State fair of the US state of Minnesota.

Although both terms exist in North America, the UK and Australia; in the USA most jams are often popularly referred to as "jelly" in a generic way. Meanwhile in the UK, Canada, and Australia the two terms are more strictly differentiated, although the term jam is more popularly used in Australia and South Africa as a generic term. ^{[7] [8]} To further confuse the issue, the term jelly is also used in the UK and Australia to refer to a gelatin dessert, whereas in North America the brand name Jell-O is used as a generic term for gelatin desserts and is strictly differentiated from clear fruit preserves. The most common culinary use for Gelatin is as a main ingredient in varieties of gelatin desserts. Jell-O is a Brand name belonging to USA -based Kraft Foods for a number of Gelatin desserts including fruit gels Puddings and no-bake

Production

This section of the article will use the generic term jam unless otherwise noted.

In general jam is produced by taking mashed or chopped fruit or vegetable pulp and boiling it with sugar and water. The proportion of sugar and fruit varies according to the type of fruit and its ripeness, but a rough starting point is equal weights of each. In the Physical sciences weight is a Measurement of the gravitational Force acting on an object When the mixture reaches a temperature of 104 °C (219 °F), the acid and the pectin in the fruit react with the sugar, and the jam will set on cooling. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are Pectin (from Greek πηκτικός - pektikos, "congealed curdled" a white to light brown powder is a Heteropolysaccharide However, most cooks work by trial and error, bringing the mixture to a "fast rolling boil", watching to see if the seething mass changes texture, and dropping small samples on a plate to see if they run or set. Trial and error, or trial by error, is a general method of Problem solving for obtaining Knowledge, both Propositional knowledge and Know-how Boiling (also called ebullition) a type of Phase transition, is the rapid vaporization of a Liquid, which typically occurs when a liquid Mouthfeel is a product’s physical and Chemical interaction in the mouth

How easily a jam sets depends on the pectin content of the fruit. Some fruits, such as gooseberries, redcurrants, blackcurrants, citrus fruits, apples and raspberries, set very well; others, such as strawberries and ripe blackberries, often need to have pectin added. The gooseberry Ribes uva-crispa ( syn R grossularia) is a species of Ribes, native to Europe, northwestern Africa The Red currant ( Ribes rubrum) is a member of the genus Ribes in the Gooseberry family Grossulariaceae, native to parts of western The Blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum) is a species of Ribes Berry native to central and northern Europe and northern Asia. The apple is the pomaceous Fruit of the apple tree Species Malus domestica in the Rose family Rosaceae. The raspberry (plural raspberries) is the edible Fruit of a multitude of plant species in the subgenus Idaeobatus of the genus Rubus Garden strawberries are a common variety of strawberry cultivated worldwide The BlackBerry is a Wireless Handheld device introduced in 1999 as a two-way pager There are commercial pectin products on the market, and most industrially-produced jams use them. Home jam-makers sometimes rely on adding a pectin-rich fruit to a poor setter; for example blackberry and apple. The BlackBerry is a Wireless Handheld device introduced in 1999 as a two-way pager The apple is the pomaceous Fruit of the apple tree Species Malus domestica in the Rose family Rosaceae. Other tricks include extracting juice from redcurrants or gooseberries. Making jam at home is a popular handicraft activity, and many take part in this. Handicraft, also known as craftwork or simply Craft, is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or using only simple tools Homemade jam may be made for personal consumption, or as part of a cottage industry. The putting-out system was a means of subcontracting work It was also known as the workshop system.

Legal definitions

USDA definitions

The USDA treats jam and preserves as synonymous, but distinguishes jelly from jams and preserves. All of these are cooked and pectin-gelled fruit products, but jellies are based entirely on fruit juice or other liquids, while jams and preserves are gelled fruit that includes the seeds and pulp^[2].

European Union directives on 'jam'

In the European Union, the jam directive (Council Directive 79/693/EEC, 24 July 1979) set minimum standards for the amount of "fruit" in jam, but the definition of fruit was expanded to take account of several unusual kinds of jam made in the EU. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1979 ( MCMLXXIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar) For this purpose, "fruit" is considered to include fruits that are not usually treated in a culinary sense as fruits, such as tomatoes; fruits that are not normally made into jams; and vegetables that are sometimes made into jams, such as: rhubarb (the edible part of the stalks), carrots, sweet potatoes, cucumbers, and pumpkins. The tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum, syn Lycopersicon lycopersicum) is a herbaceous usually sprawling plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family Rheum is a genus of Perennial plants that grows from thick short Rhizomes The genus is in the family Polygonaceae, and includes the vegetable The carrot ( Daucus carota subsp sativus, Etymology: Middle French carotte, from Late Latin carōta, from Greek karōton The sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas) is a Dicotyledonous plant which belongs to the family Convolvulaceae The cucumber ( Cucumis sativus) is a widely cultivated plant in the Gourd family Cucurbitaceae, which includes squash, and in the same Pumpkin is a Gourd -like squash of the genus Cucurbita and the family Cucurbitaceae (which also includes gourds This definition continues to apply in the new directive, Council Directive 2001/113/EC (20 December 2001). Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. ^[9]

Jelly worldwide

• Mayhaw jelly is a delicacy in parts of the American South
• Grass jelly, a food from China and Southeast Asia, often served in drinks
• Almond jelly, a sweet dessert from Hong Kong
• Nata de coco, jelly made from coconuts originating from the Philippines
• Yōkan, a sweet pasty jelly dessert from Japan often made with beans, sweet potato or squash
• Muk, a variety of Korean jelly, seasoned and eaten as a cold salad
• Konjac (also called konnyaku), a variety of Japanese jelly

There are a variety of jellies in the cuisines of East and Southeast Asia. Mayhaw is the name given to the Fruit of three species of hawthorn that are common in wetlands throughout the southern United States. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive Grass jelly, or Leaf jelly, is a Jelly-like dessert found in China, Taiwan and Southeast Asia. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Almond jelly is a popular dessert in Hong Kong. The dessert is also popular in Taiwan, Singapore, and Japan and often found in Dim sum Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders Nata de coco is a chewy translucent jelly-like Food product produced by the bacterial fermentation of Coconut water The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP is a thick jellied dessert made of Red bean paste, Agar, and Sugar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Muk or mook is a generic term referring to Korean dishes made from grains beans or nut Starch such as Buckwheat, Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Depending on the type, they may be sweet or unsweetened, or neither.

See also

• Lekvar
• Marmalade

External links

• Assorted Jam and Jelly recipes
• Making Jams and Jellies
• Making Jams, Marmalades, Preserves, and Conserves

References

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