- This page describes a type of scuba diver. Scuba diving is swimming underwater, or taking part in another activity while using a Scuba set. For other uses of the word frogman, see Frogman (disambiguation)
The term frogman refers to military personnel who are trained to dive or swim in a military capacity, often in combat. Such personnel are also known by the more formal names of combat diver or combat swimmer. Strictly speaking, "combat swimming" refers to surface swimming without a breathing apparatus for the purposes of coastal or ship infiltration, which is a traditional form of "frogman" activity and is thus an important feature of naval special operations. [1]
In popular usage, the term '"frogman" might also refer to a civilian scuba diver. Scuba diving is swimming underwater, or taking part in another activity while using a Scuba set. The word arose around 1940 from the appearance of a diver in shiny wetsuit and large fins. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Though the preferred term by scuba users is "diver", the "frogman" epithet persists in informal usage by non-divers, especially in the media and often in reference to professional scuba divers such as in a police role. A scuba set is an independent breathing set that provides a scuba diver with the Breathing gas necessary to breathe underwater during Scuba diving. Police diving is a branch of Professional diving carried out by Police services Also, some sport diving clubs include the word "Frogmen" in their names. Scuba diving is swimming underwater, or taking part in another activity while using a Scuba set. A club is an association of people united by a common interest or goal
In the US Military, divers trained in scuba or CCUBA who deploy for military assault missions are called "combat swimmers". A rebreather is a type of Breathing set that provides a Breathing gas containing Oxygen and recycled exhaled gas This term is used to refer to the Navy SEALs, the Marine Recon swimmers, the Army Ranger swimmers, and the Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) units. Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal technicians render safe all types of ordnance including improvised, chemical, biological, and nuclear.
In Britain, police divers have often been called "police frogmen". Police diving is a branch of Professional diving carried out by Police services The first British police diver was a policeman who, needing to search underwater for evidence or a body, did not use a drag but went home and fetched his sport scuba gear. Dredging is an Excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater in shallow seas or Fresh water areas with the purpose of See also Ian Edward Fraser. Ian Edward Fraser, VC, DSC, RD and Bar, JP ( 18 December 1920 &ndash 1 September 2008
Some countries' frogman organizations include a translation of the word "frogman" in their official names, e. g. Denmark's "Frømandskorpset" and Norway's "Froskemanskorpset"; others call themselves "combat divers" or similar. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Others call themselves by indefinite names such as "special group 13" and "special operations unit".
Many nations and some irregular armed groups deploy or have deployed combat frogmen.
Defending against frogmen
Types of armed-forces divers
Military diving is a branch of professional diving carried out by armed forces. Anti-frogman techniques are security methods developed to protect Watercraft, Ports and installations and other sensitive resources both in or nearby vulnerable Hardhat diving redirects here Often "hardhat diving" is used to specifically mean diving in the old-type Standard diving dress. For the military meaning see Armed forces. For the Soviet sports society see Armed Forces (sports society Armed Forces They may be divided into:
- Combat / assault divers.
- Armed forces work divers (called Clearance Divers in the Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy), who do general work underwater. A Clearance Diver was originally a specialist naval diver who used Explosives Underwater to remove obstructions to make harbours and shipping channels safe The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The Royal Australian Navy ( RAN) is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force.
- Armed forces work divers who are trained in defusing mines and removing other explosives underwater. A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited
These groups may overlap, and the same men may serve as assault divers and work divers, as in the Australian Clearance Diving Team (RAN). For other nations' Commando frogmen and information about frogmen in general see Frogman.
Frogman training
Training armed forces divers, including combat divers, is far harder, longer, and more complicated than civilian sport scuba diver training, typically takes several weeks full-time, and the trainees must be at full armed forces fitness and discipline at the start. For the military meaning see Armed forces. For the Soviet sports society see Armed Forces (sports society Armed Forces It needs much higher levels of fitness, and during the course there is often a high elimination rate of trainees who do not make the grade. For more details see the articles on each nation's frogman group below and their external links.
This contrasts with civilian sport scuba diving training which tends to be one evening a week, being 30 to 60 minutes swimming pool time, followed by two hours or so of dry meeting (often in a social-club-type environment with an open bar). A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, or simply a pool, is an artificially enclosed Body of water intended for Swimming or A club is an association of people united by a common interest or goal A bar is the counter at which drinks are mixed by a Bartender, mainly in Hotels Taverns and pubs. The general environment at sport dives is liable to encourage what a naval diver-trainer would call "a casual tourist-type attitude to being underwater", rather than a disciplined attitude of obeying orders and not being distracted; some naval diver-trainers prefer, or will only accept, trainees who have no previous scuba diving experience. [1]
For example, the PADI Open Water Diver (the most basic rank) course takes 5 dives in a swimming pool and 4 dives in open water (i. The Professional Association of Diving Instructors ( PADI) is the world's largest Recreational diving membership and diver training organization founded A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, or simply a pool, is an artificially enclosed Body of water intended for Swimming or e. sea, lake, etc. This article is about the body of water For other uses see SEA and Seas. A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the ); after the course the qualified diver is allowed to dive to 18 meters = 59 feet depth. The next step (Advanced Open Water Diver) allows him to dive to 30 meters (100 feet). Advanced Open Water Diver (AOWD is a Scuba diving certification level provided by several diver training agencies, such as PADI, SSI and A further Deep Diver Speciality course allows him to dive to 40 meters (130 feet) maximum, which is considered safe for civil scuba diving: 30 m is recommended as the normal maximum. This can be compared with military frogman training courses as described in some of the articles about national military frogman bodies included or pointed to below, and their included external links.
Equipment
Breathing sets
Frogmen's breathing sets on covert operations should have particular features.
- Some are needed because they may need to swim fast and far.
- Some are needed to avoid detection.
- Sometimes patrol divers may have to be sent down to find or arrest submerged suspect divers. For reasons stated in Anti-frogman techniques#Sending other frogmen against them, underwater fights between divers are much rarer in reality than in fiction, and thus suitability of the frogman's kit for "diver to diver combat" is less important than some other features when designing it; but the point is considered here for completeness. Anti-frogman techniques are security methods developed to protect Watercraft, Ports and installations and other sensitive resources both in or nearby vulnerable
USA frogmen's rebreathers tended to have the breathing bag on the back before enclosed backpack-box rebreathers became common. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
Features needed
A frogman's breathing set should:
- Be as silent as possible in use.
- Have a full face diving mask:
-
- To let frogmen communicate underwater. A full-face diving mask is a type of Diving mask that seals the whole of the diver's Face from the water and contains a mouthpiece or Demand valve
- It is less easily knocked off underwater.
- It is much less easily lost if the frogman goes unconscious underwater.
- And see here. A full-face diving mask is a type of Diving mask that seals the whole of the diver's Face from the water and contains a mouthpiece or Demand valve It should have as little as possible (e. g. an excessively bulky or projecting set/air valve) that can catch on things or that an attacker could easily grasp.
-
- Be a dull color to avoid being seen from out of the water. Many are black, but the Russian IDA71's backpack box is mostly dark green. No large bright-colored badges or manufacturer's logos.
- Contain as little iron or steel as possible, to avoid detection by magnetic sensors. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. This is also useful when the frogmen have to remove or defuse mines underwater. A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited
- Be as light and agile as possible, as far as is compatible with an adequate dive duration:
- Be well streamlined, and as small and light as possible for the dive duration. In Fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called fluid resistance) is the force that resists the movement of a Solid object through a Fluid (a With a combat diver this may mean removing safety features such as an open-circuit bailout that would add bulk. A rebreather is a type of Breathing set that provides a Breathing gas containing Oxygen and recycled exhaled gas Long trailing hoses (e. g. regulator hoses) are easily fouled and or pulled at and add to drag. If an underwater fight, or a quick need to escape, develops, agility and lack of cumbersomeness could be vital. This applies to:
- Streamlining in straight swimming, as he may have to swim fast and far.
- Streamlining when he rolls over and twists about.
- The diver's inertia when he must roll over quickly. Radius of gyration is the name of several related measures of the size of an object a surface or an ensemble of points
- The risk of snagging on things in dark water, or being taken hold of by. The Russian IDA71 military and naval rebreather is a good example here.
- Be well streamlined, and as small and light as possible for the dive duration. In Fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called fluid resistance) is the force that resists the movement of a Solid object through a Fluid (a With a combat diver this may mean removing safety features such as an open-circuit bailout that would add bulk. A rebreather is a type of Breathing set that provides a Breathing gas containing Oxygen and recycled exhaled gas Long trailing hoses (e. g. regulator hoses) are easily fouled and or pulled at and add to drag. If an underwater fight, or a quick need to escape, develops, agility and lack of cumbersomeness could be vital. This applies to:
- Have a long dive duration.
- The front of the frogman's abdomen should be clear so he can easily climb in and out of small boats or over obstacles, particularly out of the water.
- Its breathing bag should be toughened against stabbing and scratches, or safely inside a hard backpack box.
- All controls should be where the frogman can easily reach them, and not projecting. Turning the usual type of sport diving scuba's air off or on is easy for an attacker from above but difficult or impossible for the diver himself (and has been known to happen by itself when a diver pushes through thick kelp), unless the cylinder or cylinders are mounted inverted. Kelp are large Seaweeds ( Algae) belonging to the Brown algae and classified in the order Laminariales However, that needs more pipework, and it is easy to bump the valvework on things, including when taking the set off.
- Its working parts and breathing tube or tubes should be safe from snagging on things in dark water, and from attack in an underwater fight, including in the risk of being "jumped" from above.
- Long trailing breathing tubes or regulator hoses may snag on things in dark water and can easily be grasped and pulled.
- Older Siebe Gorman-type rebreathers (see Siebe Gorman CDBA) had one breathing tube, which was in front of the chest and easier for the frogman to keep track of. Siebe Gorman & Company Ltd was a British company which developed Diving equipment and breathing equipment and worked on Commercial diving and Marine A rebreather is a type of Breathing set that provides a Breathing gas containing Oxygen and recycled exhaled gas The Clearance Divers Breathing Apparatus (CDBA is a type of Rebreather made by Siebe Gorman in England.
Not open-circuit scuba
As a result, the frogman's breathing set should be fully closed circuit rebreather, preferably not semi-closed circuit and certainly not open-circuit scuba, because:
- Open-circuit scuba makes large amounts of bubbles, showing where the diver is. A rebreather is a type of Breathing set that provides a Breathing gas containing Oxygen and recycled exhaled gas A rebreather is a type of Breathing set that provides a Breathing gas containing Oxygen and recycled exhaled gas A scuba set is an independent breathing set that provides a scuba diver with the Breathing gas necessary to breathe underwater during Scuba diving.
- Open-circuit scuba makes noise (on exhalation, and regulator valve intake hiss as the diver breathes in) showing underwater listening devices where the diver is. Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate
- There have been experiments with making released air or gas come out through a diffuser, to break the bubbles up; this may sometimes work with the small amounts of gas that are sometimes released by rebreathers, but open-circuit scuba releases so much gas at every breath that a diffuser large enough to handle it without making breathing difficult would be too bulky and would interfere with streamlining. A diffuser is a device fitted over an underwater breathing set 's blowoff hole to break up the resulting bubbles small so they will not be seen from out of the water Used most typically in Competitive swimming, the streamline position is the position a swimmer takes underwater after pushing off a pool wall Holding the breath to avoid making noise at critical moments is not recommended and very risky: see diving hazards and precautions
- The bulk of an open-circuit set makes the diver heavy and cumbersome in rolling over and changing course or speed. Divers face specific physical and Health Risks when they go Underwater (e
- The dive duration of open circuit sets is much shorter than the dive duration of naval rebreathers, in proportion to bulk. However, some "technical diving" rebreathers are very burdened with safety devices such as inflatable flotation and open-circuit bailout. Technical diving (sometimes referred to a Tec diving) is a form of Scuba diving that exceeds the scope of Recreational diving (although the vast majority A rebreather is a type of Breathing set that provides a Breathing gas containing Oxygen and recycled exhaled gas (Some modern rebreathers, such as the Draeger, are lighter. The Drägerwerk AG is a German company based in Lübeck with a focus on breathing and protection equipment as well as gas detection and analysis systems ) The rebreathers which are the most compact in proportion to dive duration are oxygen rebreathers, which are depth limited to about 8 meters = 26 feet due to the oxygen toxicity risk. A rebreather is a type of Breathing set that provides a Breathing gas containing Oxygen and recycled exhaled gas Oxygen toxicity or oxygen toxicity syndrome (also known as the " Paul Bert effect" or the "Lorrain Smith effect" describes harmful effects caused
- The common sport open-circuit scuba set is not recommended for a fight against a trained naval or combat diver, because in any sort of underwater combat, a man with a large aqualung has a high rotation-inertia and is very unstreamlined in the twisting and turning involved in fighting and straight swimming, and his maneuvering is slowed critically compared to a man with a light streamlined rebreather with all parts close to his body. Aqualung was the original name for the first open-circuit scuba diving equipment, developed by Emile Gagnan and Jacques Cousteau in 1943 Radius of gyration is the name of several related measures of the size of an object a surface or an ensemble of points
Combat frogmen sometimes use open-circuit scuba sets during training and for operations where being detected or long distance swimming are not significant concerns.
The Russian IDA71
The Russian IDA71 military and naval rebreather is a typical frogman set:
- Its working parts are in a hard smooth rounded metal backpack casing which has little that can snag on things or be easily grasped and pulled at. There is no mass of projecting valvework behind his neck to cause hydrodynamic drag and for an attacker to grasp.
- Its only external control is its on/off switch, which is on its right edge near the bottom where he can reach it easily, and does not stick out.
- It does have looping breathing tubes like an old-type aqualung, but these originate well apart next to where they come over his shoulders and do not have to reach across from the back of his neck. Aqualung was the original name for the first open-circuit scuba diving equipment, developed by Emile Gagnan and Jacques Cousteau in 1943 They can be strapped to the shoulder straps so they do not float up into big vulnerable loops behind the shoulders.
- When the frogman comes out of water quickly, the holes in the casing let contained water drain quickly, so he is quickly rid of the weight of that water.
- In oxygen rebreather mode it is said to last 4 hours on a filling.
Masks
Most frogmen use a full face diving mask instead of separate mouthpiece and mask. A full-face diving mask is a type of Diving mask that seals the whole of the diver's Face from the water and contains a mouthpiece or Demand valve The older type of British frogman's and naval diving mask was full face and had a mouthpiece inside it. A diving mask is an item of Diving equipment that allows scuba divers, free-divers, and snorkelers to see clearly Underwater. Some frogmen use a mouthpiece and noseclip or a mouth-and-nose (oro-nasal) breathing mask instead of a diving mask with eye windows, and special contact lenses to correct the vision refraction error caused by the eyeballs being directly submerged. A contact lens (also known simply as a contact) is a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens usually placed on the Cornea A refractive error, or refraction error, is an error in the focusing of Light by the Eye and a frequent reason for reduced Visual acuity This is to avoid a searchlight or other lights reflecting off the mask window and thus revealing his presence, but it exposes the eyeballs to any pollution, poison, or organisms in the water. A searchlight is an apparatus with Reflectors for projecting a powerful beam of Light of approximately parallel rays in a particular Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in In the context of Biology, poisons are substances that can cause damage, Illness, or Death to Organisms usually by
The United States military has adopted Oceanic/Aeris's "Integrated Diver Display Mask". The Integrated Diver Display Mask ( IDDM) is a Diving mask which contains a small basic Heads-up display that lets divers monitor depth It is a basic "Heads-Up Display" that lets divers monitor depth, bottom time, tank pressures, and related information while leaving their hands free for other tasks.
Fins
Another problem with a frogman who may have to come ashore and operate on land is the awkwardness of walking on land in fins, unless he plans to discard his kit and return to base by some other way than by diving, or if the frogmen plan to take and hold a position on land until other troops arrive. Swimfins, swim fins, fins or flippers are Finlike Rubber or Plastic shoes worn over the foot to aid movement through the Some sport diving fins have the blade angled downwards for more effective swimming, but this makes walking on them more awkward.
The usual solution is for the frogman to take his fins off and carry them, but that takes time and occupies a hand carrying them unless he can clip them in to his kit or thread an arm through the fins' straps.
Another type of fin that frogmen could use would have a lockable hinge which on land can be unlocked to let the fin blade hinge up out of the way when walking.
The first type of British naval swimming fin had a short blade which was even shorter at the big toe side: this made walking on land easier for such purposes as creeping up on a sentry from behind on land, but reduced swimming speed.
Diving suits
The frogman's diving suit should be a tough scratch-and-cut-resistant drysuit (perhaps reinforced with kevlar), and not a soft foam wetsuit. A dry suit or drysuit provides Thermal insulation or passive thermal protection to the wearer while immersed in water and is worn by divers, Kevlar is the registered Trademark for a light strong para-aramid Synthetic fiber, related to other Aramids such as Nomex and A wetsuit is a protective garment used for watersports such as Scuba diving, Surfing, Windsurfing, Kitesurfing, and Triathlon A wetsuit can be worn under the drysuit as a warm undersuit. A dry suit or drysuit provides Thermal insulation or passive thermal protection to the wearer while immersed in water and is worn by divers, In very warm water, a thin tough drysuit can be worn with no undersuit. A dry suit or drysuit provides Thermal insulation or passive thermal protection to the wearer while immersed in water and is worn by divers,
- For Bomb Disposal Operations, Canadian Naval Divers wear Bomb suits.
It should not have obvious bright colored patches, unit badges or the suit's maker's advertising. A military organization is a way of structuring the armed forces of a State as a need to offer Military capability required by the National defence policy A badge is a device, patch or accoutrement which is presented or displayed to indicate some feat of service a special accomplishment a symbol of authority granted by taking Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand Diving sea-police types, however, may find that a unit badge is useful. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force
Tools and weapons carried underwater
Weapons that can be carried by a frogman include:
- Knife: standard weapon.
- A speargun has been seen advertised in circumstances suggesting its use for combat and not for fishing. A speargun is a Gun designed to fire a Spear, usually underwater to catch fish
- Underwater firearms:
- Standard firearms:
- Canadian Diemaco C7 and C8 assault rifles
- Many types of explosives may be used:
- C-4, C13 grenade, and clay explosives
- And, most famously, the limpet mine. An underwater firearm is a firearm specially designed for use underwater by Frogmen. The APS Underwater Assault Rifle is a derivative of the AK-47, designed in the Soviet Union in the early 1970s as an Underwater firearm. The ASM-DT is a Russian folding-stock Underwater firearm. It emerged in the 1990s The 45 mm SPP-1 Underwater Pistol was made in the USSR for use underwater by Soviet Frogmen as an Underwater firearm. The HK P11 is a Heckler & Koch pistol designed as an Underwater firearm. Diemaco was a Canadian Firearms and defence company based in Kitchener, Ontario. C-4 or Composition C-4 is a common variety of military Plastic explosive. The M67 grenade is a fragmentation Hand grenade used by the US armed forces and Canadian forces - where it is referred to as the C13 A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited
- Other tools include net-cutters.
Transport for frogmen
Frogmen may approach their site of operation and return to base in various ways including:
- Swimming all the way.
- Canoes. A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically human-powered though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors
- Being dropped off and/or picked up by fast Rigid-hulled inflatable boats. A rigid-inflatable boat ( RIB) or rigid-hulled inflatable boat, ( RHIB) is a light-weight but high performance and high capacity Boat constructed
- In World War II, Italian and British frogmen used manned torpedoes to carry them to their targets. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Human torpedoes or manned torpedoes were secret naval weapons of World War II. Some nations still keep manned torpedoes.
- Canadian Naval Divers use the Phantom Remote Operated Vehicle(ROV),the SeaDoo Sea Scooter,TAYUT
General Purpose Boat FDU(P),Yard Diving Tender (YDT) Sooke,and the YDT 11 FDU(P).
- The Subskimmer and similar. The Subskimmer is a Diver Propulsion Vehicle which is a form of RIB (inflatable boat with an outboard petrol (gasoline engine
- Midget submarines such as the X-craft, the SDV or the US Advanced SEAL Delivery System ASDS which frogmen can exit and return to through an airlock. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability Specification The craft were about 51 feet (155 m long 55 feet (1 Advanced SEAL Delivery System (ASDS is a midget submarine operated by the United States Navy and SOCOM, designed to provide stealthy submerged transportation for An airlock is a device which permits the passage of people and objects between a Pressure vessel and its surroundings while minimizing the change of Pressure in the
- Full-sized submarines which frogmen can exit and return to, sometimes through a special airlock or through one of the sub's torpedo tubes. A submarine is a Watercraft that can operate independently below water as distinct from a Submersible that has only limited underwater capability An airlock is a device which permits the passage of people and objects between a Pressure vessel and its surroundings while minimizing the change of Pressure in the A torpedo tube is a device for launching Torpedoes in a horizontal direction These two methods, like all methods, need precautions: this link (in Russian) describes a risky incident in diving from a submerged submarine: the sub was neutrally buoyant at the start, and the first frogman airlocking changed the sub's buoyancy, and the sub started to float up; in later dives the sub's captain ballasted the sub well to keep the sub on the seabed while frogmen were coming out or in. An airlock is a device which permits the passage of people and objects between a Pressure vessel and its surroundings while minimizing the change of Pressure in the
- More powerful versions of sport-diving diver-tugs. A Diver Propulsion Vehicle or a DPV is an item of Diving equipment used by scuba divers to increase their range while underwater where their endurance is Unmodified sport-diving diver-tugs are usually not powerful enough or not long enough duration on a battery recharging. A Diver Propulsion Vehicle or a DPV is an item of Diving equipment used by scuba divers to increase their range while underwater where their endurance is
- The Protei 5 and similar. The Protei-5 (Протей-5 is a small Russian one-man diver-carrying vehicle often used by Russian commando frogmen. See Diver Propulsion Vehicle. A Diver Propulsion Vehicle or a DPV is an item of Diving equipment used by scuba divers to increase their range while underwater where their endurance is
- Some frogmen are trained to parachute in to their site of operation. A parachute is a device used to slow the motion of an object through an atmosphere by creating drag. The backpack box of the Russian IDA71 frogman's rebreather has two metal clips to fasten to a parachute harness. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending
Types of frogman operations
- Amphibious assault: stealthy deployment of land or boarding forces. The vast majority of Combat Swimmer missions are simply to get "from here to there" and arrive suitably equipped and in sufficient physical condition to fight on arrival. The deployment of tactical forces using the arrival by water to assault land targets, drilling platforms, or surface ship targets (as in boardings for seizure of evidence), is a major driver behind the equipping and training of combat swimmers. For a detailed diagram of a Petroleum drilling rig, See Drilling rig (petroleum A drilling rig is a machine which creates holes (usually called The purposes are many, but include feint and deception, anti-drug, law enforcement, anti-terrorism, and anti-proliferation missions. A drug, broadly speaking is any chemical substance that when absorbed into the body Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion
- Sabotage: This includes putting limpet mines on ships. A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited
- Clandestine surveying: Surveying a beach before a troop landing, or other forms of unauthorized underwater surveying in denied waters. The article "Riding on Proton" by Afonchenko (in Russian) may describe in passing a Soviet Bloc frogman infiltration into South Korean sea. During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː
- Clandestine underwater work, e. g. :
- Recovering underwater objects.
- Clandestine fitting of monitoring devices on underwater communication cables in enemy waters.
- Investigating unidentified divers, or a sonar echo that may be unidentified divers. Diving sea-police work may be included here. See anti-frogman techniques. Anti-frogman techniques are security methods developed to protect Watercraft, Ports and installations and other sensitive resources both in or nearby vulnerable
- Checking ships, boats, structures, and harbors for limpet mines and other sabotage; and ordinary routine maintenance in war conditions. A ship /ʃɪp/ is a large vessel that floats on water Ships are generally distinguished from Boats based on size A boat is a Watercraft of modest size designed to float or plane on water and provide transport over it A harbor or harbour (see spelling differences) or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the Weather or are stored A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited If the inspection divers during this find attacking frogmen laying mines, this category may merge into the previous category.
- Underwater mine clearance and bomb disposal. A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited Bomb disposal is the process by which hazardous explosive devices are rendered safe
Mission descriptions
The U. S. and UK forces use these official definitions for mission descriptors:
- Stealthy - Keeping out of sight (e. Stealth technology also known as LOT (Low Observability Technology is a sub-discipline of military Electronic countermeasures which covers a range of techniques used with g. underwater) when approaching the target.
- Covert - Carrying out an action which the enemy may become aware of, but it cannot easily be discovered who or what did it. Covert action often involves military force which cannot be hidden once it has happened. Stealth on approach, and frequently on departure, may be used.
- Clandestine - It is intended that the enemy does not find out then or afterwards that the action has happened. The ClanDestine (also known simply as ClanDestine) is a Comic book series about the Destines a secret family of long-lived Superhuman Installing eavesdropping devices is the best example. Eavesdropping is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation Approach, installing the devices, and departure are all to be kept from the knowledge of the enemy. If the operation or its purpose is exposed, then the actor will usually make sure that the action at least remains "covert", or unattributable: e. g. (". . . the secretary will disavow any knowledge of your actions. Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. ")
Derivative word usages
- Some scuba diving clubs have an entry class called "Tadpoles" for younger children who want to start scuba diving. Scuba diving is swimming underwater, or taking part in another activity while using a Scuba set. A club is an association of people united by a common interest or goal A tadpole or polliwog (also pollywog, polliwig, polewig, or polwig) is the wholly aquatic larval stage in the life cycle of
- Royal Navy men have a slang term "pond life" to mean civilian sport divers. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service)
Errors about frogmen found in public media
Wrong use of the word "frogman"
A new English translation of the book Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea uses the word "frogman" uniformly and wrongly to mean a diver in standard diving dress or similar, to translate French scaphandrier. For the 1954 film starring Kirk Douglas see 20000 Leagues Under the Sea. A standard diving dress consists of a metallic ( Copper, Brass or Bronze) Diving helmet, an airline or hose from a Surface supplied French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people
Supposed ancient scuba divers/frogmen
Ancient Assyrian stone carvings show images which some have supposed to be frogmen with crude breathing sets. Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture However, the "breathing set" was merely a goatskin float used to cross a river, and its "breathing tube" was to inflate it by mouth. The domestic goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat Domesticated from the Wild goat of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe See timeline of underwater technology. This is a Timeline of Underwater Technology. The entries marked ## are about Decompression tables Pre-industrial
Mistakes in fiction
Aqualungs
Many comics have depicted combat frogmen and other covert divers using two-cylinder twin-hose open-circuit aqualungs. Comics (via Latin from the Greek "" kōmikos, of or pertaining to "comedy" from kōmos "revel" Aqualung was the original name for the first open-circuit scuba diving equipment, developed by Emile Gagnan and Jacques Cousteau in 1943 All real covert frogmen use rebreathers because the stream of bubbles from an open-circuit set would give away the diver. A rebreather is a type of Breathing set that provides a Breathing gas containing Oxygen and recycled exhaled gas
Many aqualungs have been anachronistically depicted in comics in stories set during World War II, when in reality aqualungs were unknown outside Jacques-Yves Cousteau and his close associates in Toulon in south France. An anachronism (from the Greek "ana" " ανά " "against anti-" and "chronos" " χρόνος " Comics (via Latin from the Greek "" kōmikos, of or pertaining to "comedy" from kōmos "revel" World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Jacques-Yves Cousteau ( 11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer explorer, Ecologist, Toulon ( Provençal Occitan: Tolon in classical norm or Touloun in Mistralian norm is a city in southern France and a large This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Some aqualungs were smuggled out of occupied France during the war (these may have been Commeinhes aqualungs), but the aqualung for the most part was not a player in combat in World War II. This is a Timeline of Underwater Technology. The entries marked ## are about Decompression tables Pre-industrial World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
The movie The Frogmen also made this mistake, using three-cylindered aqualungs, as in this image of a movie poster. The Frogmen is a 1951 movie made by Twentieth Century Fox. It is based on some United States Frogman operations against the Japanese A gas cylinder or tank is a Pressure vessel used to store Gases at high Pressure. DESCO were making three-cylinder constant flow sets that lacked the demand valve of the aqualung, but they were rarely deployed in the war, and the preferred system was the rebreather developed by Dr. DESCO is an Underwater diving equipment maker which was first organized in 1937 in Wisconsin in A diving regulator is a Pressure regulator used in a Scuba set that supplies the diver with breathing gas A diving regulator is a Pressure regulator used in a Scuba set that supplies the diver with breathing gas A rebreather is a type of Breathing set that provides a Breathing gas containing Oxygen and recycled exhaled gas Christian J. Lambertsen. Christian James Lambertsen, MD, DSc (Hon (b 15 May, 1917) is an American environmental and Diving medicine
Ian Edward Fraser V. Ian Edward Fraser, VC, DSC, RD and Bar, JP ( 18 December 1920 &ndash 1 September 2008 C. in 1957 wrote a book Frogman V. C. about his experiences. Whoever designed its dust cover depicted a frogman placing a limpet mine on a ship, wearing a breathing set with twin over-the-shoulder wide breathing tubes emitting bubbles from behind his neck, presumably drawn after an old-type aqualung. The dust jacket (sometimes dust wrapper or dust cover) of a book is the outer cover which is often detachable and often illustrated A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited [2] [3].
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Drawing and artwork
There have been thousands of drawings (mostly in comics, some elsewhere) of combat frogmen and other scuba divers with two-cylinder twin-hose aqualungs shown wrongly with one wide breathing tube coming straight out of each cylinder top with no regulator, far more than of twin-hose aqualungs drawn correctly with a regulator, or of combat frogmen with rebreathers. Comics (via Latin from the Greek "" kōmikos, of or pertaining to "comedy" from kōmos "revel" Aqualung was the original name for the first open-circuit scuba diving equipment, developed by Emile Gagnan and Jacques Cousteau in 1943 A diving regulator is a Pressure regulator used in a Scuba set that supplies the diver with breathing gas See this image for the correct layout of an old-type aqualung.
This recent painting or CGI-type image on a website advertising the CSDS-85 frogman-detector sonar shows (bottom left corner) a frogman using open-circuit scuba complete with bubbles carrying a flying-saucer-shaped object which is likely meant to be a limpet mine. Anti-frogman techniques are security methods developed to protect Watercraft, Ports and installations and other sensitive resources both in or nearby vulnerable A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited
Movies and fiction
Frogman-type operations have featured in many comics, books, and movies. Comics (via Latin from the Greek "" kōmikos, of or pertaining to "comedy" from kōmos "revel" A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together Some try to reconstruct real events; others are completely fictional. Some make mistakes as described above. Examples are:
- The 1951 film The Frogmen, made by Twentieth Century Fox, shows some United States frogman operations against the Japanese in World War II, but with wrong kit (see above). The Frogmen is a 1951 movie made by Twentieth Century Fox. It is based on some United States Frogman operations against the Japanese The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
- Listed at Human torpedo#Movies and fiction. Human torpedoes or manned torpedoes were secret naval weapons of World War II.
- Listed at United States Navy SEALs in fiction. This is a list of occurrences of United States Navy SEALs in fiction
History
In ancient Roman and Greek times, etc, there were many instances of men swimming or diving for combat, but they always had to hold their breath, and had no diving equipment, except sometimes a hollow plant stem used as a snorkel. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Snorkeling ( British spelling: snorkelling) is the practice of Swimming at the surface of a body of water while equipped with a Diving mask, a See the first part of the page at this link (in Portuguese).
The first known frogmen-type operations using breathing apparatus were by the Italian Decima Flottiglia MAS, which formed in 1938 and was in action first in 1940. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The Decima Flottiglia MAS ( Decima Flottiglia M ezzi d' As salto also known as La Decima or Xª MAS) ( Italian for "10th See Timeline of underwater technology and each of the nations' frogman unit links below. This is a Timeline of Underwater Technology. The entries marked ## are about Decompression tables Pre-industrial
Nations with military diving groups
Italy started World War II with a commando frogman force already trained. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Britain, Germany, the United States, and the Soviet Union started commando frogman forces during World War II. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Argentina
The Buzos Tácticos is Argentina's combat frogmen force. The Tactical Divers Group ( Spanish: Agrupación de Buzos Tácticos, APBT is the premier special operations force of the Argentine Navy. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics.
Austria
Australia
The Clearance Diving Team (RAN) is Australia's combat frogman and underwater work force. The current name of the Military of Austria is Österreichs Bundesheer ("Federal Army of Austria " official English name Austrian Armed Forces For other nations' Commando frogmen and information about frogmen in general see Frogman.
Brazil
Canada
Denmark
Eritrea
During Eritrea's war of independence against Ethiopia, the rebel forces had a combat frogman force. The Brazilian Navy has two Frogman units- The " GRUMEC " (Grupo de Mergulhadores de Combate - Combat Divers Group attached to the Submarine Force Canada's armed forces have combat divers and Clearance divers Clearance divers Canada has currently two operational units from which Clearance Divers perform The Danish Frogman Corps (Frømandskorpset is an elite Special forces Frogman Corps in the Royal Danish Navy. Eritrea () ( Ge'ez: ኤርትራ ʾErtrā, Arabic: إرتريا Iritriya) officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page After the war, some of those frogman were retrained as dive guides for the sport scuba diving tourism trade. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel
Finland
The Finnish Navy has trained Finnish combat divers since 1954. The Finnish Navy ( Finnish: Suomen merivoimat, Swedish: Finlands sjöstridskrafter) is one of the branches of the Conscripts and career military are eligible to apply for the training. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority Annually about 20 conscripts are trained for diving duties. Applying for combat diver training is voluntary, and the selection criteria are stringent. [2] The conscript divers are trained either for anti-mine or for commando operations while career personnel may also be trained for deep-sea diving duty. A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited In Military science, the term commando can refer to an individual a Military unit, or a raiding style of military operation. [3] All conscript divers receive at least NCO training during their 12-month service period. A non-commissioned officer (sometimes noncommissioned officer) also known as an NCO or Noncom, is an enlisted member of an Armed force
France
Germany
India
- See also: MARCOS (India)
The MCU is the elite naval special operations unit of the Indian Navy that undertakes underwater combat. For other nations' Commando frogmen and information about frogmen in general see Frogman. This article is about Germany's commando frogmenFor other nations' commando frogmen and information about frogmen in general see Frogman. MARCOS (also known as Marine Commando Force ') is an elite special operations unit of the Indian Navy.
Indonesia
The TNI-AL/Indonesian Navy Underwater Combat Unit is called Kopaska. Kopaska (TNI-AL is the premier Frogman and underwater demolition unit of the Indonesian Navy.
Israel
It is reported that Israel's combat frogmen are among the most effective compared to their numbers and are said to have been in many operations. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. They started in 1948. See Shayetet 13. Shayetet 13 (שייטת 13 lit Flotilla 13 is the Israel Defense Forces naval Special forces unit
Italy
Malaysia
Malaysia has a special-forces naval unit called Paskal. COMSUBIN ( Com ando Raggruppamento Sub acquei ed In cursori Teseo Tesei) is the elite Italian combat Frogman force and For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and For other possible meanings see Pascal. PASKAL, an abbreviation for Pasukan Khas Laut (Naval Special Forces is the It includes frogmen.
Mexico
Netherlands
The Netherlands's Amphibious Reconnaissance Platoon is part of the Special Forces unit of the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps. The Fuerzas Especiales ( Special Forces) also known as FES (the initials of their motto is a Special operations unit of the Mexican Navy officially The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Korps Mariniers is the Marine corps of the Netherlands. The Dutch Marine Corps is the elite Amphibious infantry component of the Royal Netherlands
New Zealand
The New Zealand Navy trains all NZ Army, NZ Police, and NZ Customs divers. The Royal New Zealand Navy ( RNZN) (Maori Te Taua Moana, The Sea Army) is the maritime arm of the New Zealand Defence Force. New Zealand Army ( Maori: Ngāti Tumatauenga, "Tribe of the God of war" is the land Armed force of the New Zealand military The New Zealand Police ( Ngā Pirihimana o Aotearoa) is the national Police force of New Zealand, responsible for enforcing criminal and The Customs Service (In Māori, Te Mana Arai o Aotearoa) is a state sector organisation of New Zealand whose Military Dive Training support is also supplied to Singapore, Malaysia, Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa. Singapore For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य The Kingdom of Tonga is an Archipelago in the south Pacific Ocean comprising 169 islands 36 of them inhabited stretching over a distance of about 800 kilometres (500 miles Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa, is a country governing the western part of the Samoan Islands Archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean [4]
Norway
Norway's commando frogmen corps is called Marinejegerkommandoen = "the naval ranger command" which is something like the British SBS. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Marinejegerkommandoen (MJK (= "The navy ranger command" is a Norwegian maritime special forces unit formally established in 1951 The Special Boat Service ( SBS) is the Special forces unit of the British Royal Navy.
Norway has a clearance diver group called Minedykkerkommandoen = "the mine diver command". A Clearance Diver was originally a specialist naval diver who used Explosives Underwater to remove obstructions to make harbours and shipping channels safe For other nations' naval work divers see Clearance Diver. A naval mine is a self-contained Explosive device placed in water to destroy Ships or Submarines Unlike Depth charges mines are deposited This article refers to underwater diving by humans For other uses of the term diving see Dive and Diving Underwater diving is
Pakistan
Pakistan Army's SSG also has a unit in the Pakistan Navy modeled on the USA Navy SEALs: NSSG, otherwise known as SSGN. The Pakistan Army ( Urdu:) is the largest branch of the Pakistan military, and is mainly responsible for protection of the state borders the security of administered Special Service Group (SSG is an independent Commando division of the Pakistan Army. A cruise missile submarine is a submarine that can launch Cruise missiles SSGN is the United States Navy Hull classification symbol for The SSGN currently has a headquarters in Karachi headed by Pakistan Navy Commander. Headquarters (HQ denotes the location where most if not all of the important functions of an organization are concentrated (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million Pakistan Navy ( Urdu: پاک بحریہ) is the naval branch of the Military of Pakistan. It has a strength of one company and is assigned to unconventional warfare operations in the coastal regions. During war it is assigned to Midget submarines. A midget submarine is any Submarine under 150 tons typically operated by one or two but up to 6 or 8 crew with no on-board living accommodation All other training is similar to the Army SSG with specific marine oriented inputs provided at its Headquarters.
Philippines
Poland
Three Polish military divisions train and deploy frogmen in military operations. The Naval Special Warfare Group (NSWG is an elite unit of the Philippine Navy trained in Special operations, Sabotage, psychological and Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Most known are GROM water operations division, 1st special commando regiment and Special Operations Section of Polish Navy - Formoza. GROM (In Polish: Grupa Reagowania Operacyjno-Manewrowego "Operational Mobile Reaction Group" the Acronym itself means " Thunderbolt Polish frogmen operators are confirmed to use these weapons:
- WIST 94 9 mm pistol
- H&K USP 9 mm pistol
- H&K MP-5, MP-5SD 9 mm sub-machine gun
- Pm-84P Glauberyt 9 mm sub-machine gun
- PKM/PKSM 7. 62 mm sub-machine gun
- Beryl 5. 56 mm assault rifle
- AKM 7. 62 mm assault rifle
The Polish army uses French OXY-NG2 closed-circuit apparatus. A rebreather is a type of Breathing set that provides a Breathing gas containing Oxygen and recycled exhaled gas
Portugal
Russia
Serbia
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Spain has been training combat divers and swimmers since 1967. The Destacamentos de Mergulhadores Sapadores (Sapper Divers Detachments are the Portuguese Navy's combat divers unit For other nations' commando frogmen and information about frogmen in general see Frogman. The Naval Diving Unit (NDU is a Special Forces unit of the Republic of Singapore Navy, and is regularly tasked in salvage operations underwater mine demolition and The South African Diving Unit (Dive Centre consists of the training wing and the team of operationally ready dive team Two units in the Spanish Navy currently operate under a Naval Special Warfare mandate:
- UOE (Special Operations Unit) - All aspects of maritime special operations at sea, on land, and by air. The Unidad de Operaciones Especiales ( Special Operations Unit - UOE is the elite Special operations force of the Spanish Navy and Marines
- UEBC (Specialist Combat Diver Unit) - Mainly hydrographic surveys and underwater demolitions.
There are working plans to fuse the two units into a single "Naval Special Warfare Unit" (UGNE), while maintaining their functional distinctiveness.
Sweden
- The Reconnaissance Platoon, also referred to colloquially as the Attack Divers (A-dyk). Amfibiekåren ( the Amphibious Corps) is the coastal defence arm of the Swedish Navy. They conduct long range reconnaissance missions behind enemy lines, sabotage, clearing beach obstacles, hydrographic surveys, and although combat is not their priority, they have a limited ability to conduct direct action missions such as ambushes. Reconnaissance (also scouting) is a military and medical term denoting exploration conducted to gain information Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy oppressor or employer through subversion obstruction disruption and/or destruction Hydrography focuses on the measurement of physical characteristics of Waters and marginal land An ambush is a long-established military tactic, in which the aggressors (the ambushing force use Concealment to attack a passing enemy Between 6 and 10 are trained each year. The Reconnaissance Platoon is a commando unit, belonging to the amphibious battalion of the Swedish Navy. In Military science, the term commando can refer to an individual a Military unit, or a raiding style of military operation. The Royal Swedish Navy ( Swedish: Marinen) is the naval branch of the Swedish Armed Forces. They offer one of the hardest and most demanding training regimens in the Swedish armed forces.
- Navy EOD-divers (Röjdyk)
- Army divers (FArb-dykare) Underwater welding, obstacle clearence, underwater demolition and repairs. Belongs to the engineer troops.
- Pioneer divers (Pionjärdyk) of the amphibious battalion. Underwater obstacle clearance, repairs and EOD on land.
- Navy attack divers. (Flottan A-dyk) Underwater sabotage on enemy ships and harbours. The unit was disbanded in 1979.
Tamil Eelam
- See also: Sea Tigers#Frogmen
The Sea Tigers (sea branch of the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka) have frogmen for suicide runs. The Sea Tigers is the naval force of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, founded in 1984 The Sea Tigers is the naval force of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, founded in 1984 "LTTE" redirects here For the Led Zeppelin bootleg see Listen to This Eddie. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island
Turkey
Underwater search and Finding Commership is the unit gives diving services in Turkey. Also it give deepwater diving and mine diving lessons to officers and petty officers. They become 1. Class Divers. Su Altı Taaruz commandos are high level divers. Su Altı Taarruz (SAT is one of two special operations units of the Turkish Navy (the other being the Su Altı Savunma, or SAS
United Kingdom
See:
- British commando frogmen for a list of their World War II operations. Britain's commando frogman force is now the SBS, which is part of the Royal Marines. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
- Special Boat Service
- Royal Engineers Specialist - Diver
- Naval Clearance Divers
- Clearance Diver. The Special Boat Service ( SBS) is the Special forces unit of the British Royal Navy. A Clearance Diver was originally a specialist naval diver who used Explosives Underwater to remove obstructions to make harbours and shipping channels safe
United States
References
- ^ Naval Special Warfare History, Official US Navy SEAL Information.
- ^ Finnish Navy: Sukeltajakurssi - valintakoelajit Retrieved 2/14/2007. The USA has these types of Frogmen and other armed forces Divers United States Navy Underwater Demolition Teams (UDT's – The first In Finnish
- ^ Finnish Navy: Sukeltajakurssi - tehtävä Retrieved 2/14/2007
- ^ http://www.navy.mil.nz/visit-the-base/rnzn-college/dive-school.htm
External links
- http://www.tropaselite.hpg.ig.com.br/mergulhadores_de_combate.htm (in Portuguese, includes images)
- Images of LAR-6 and LAR-7 and FGT II and LAR V rebreathers, and other combat frogman's kit
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