Friuli (Friulian: Friûl , German: Friaul, Slovene: Furlanija) is an area of northeastern Italy with its own particular cultural and historical identity. The Flag of Friuli is a historical Flag of the Italian region of Friuli, which is no longer officially recognized by the Italian government Friulian ( or affectionately marilenghe in Friulian friulano in Italian) (also Eastern Ladin) is a Romance language belonging The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language It comprises the major part of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, i. e. the provincie (administrative provinces) of Udine, Pordenone, Gorizia, leaving Trieste out. The Province of Udine (It Provincia di Udine, Friulian Provincie di Udin) is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia The Province of Pordenone (It Provincia di Pordenone) is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. The Province of Gorizia (Italian Provincia di Gorizia, Slovenian: Goriška pokrajina) is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia The Province of Trieste (Provincia di Trieste Tržaška pokrajina is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. The most important city of Friuli is Udine, capital, in the medieval era, of the Patriarchate of Aquileia. Udine ( Friulian Udin, Slovene Videm, German Weiden, Latin Utinum) is a city in northeastern The Patriarchate of Aquileia was an historical state and Episcopal see in northeastern Italy, centred on the ancient city of Aquileia situated at the head Besides Udine, other important centres are Pordenone, Gorizia, Portogruaro, Sacile, Codroipo, Cervignano del Friuli, Cividale del Friuli, Gemona del Friuli, Tolmezzo. Pordenone ( Friulian: Pordenon) is a Comune of Pordenone province of northeast Italy in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia Gorizia (Gurize Gorica Görz is a town in northeastern Italy, at the foot of the Alps and bordering Slovenia. Portogruaro is a town in the Province of Venice, Veneto, Italy. Sacile is a town in the Province of Pordenone, in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of north-east Italy. Codroipo is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 70 km northwest Cervignano del Friuli ( Friulian Çarvignan or locally Sarvignan) is a Comune in the Province of Udine, Italy. Cividale del Friuli ( Friulian Cividât, Slovenian Čedad) is a town in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Northern Italy, 15 km Gemona del Friuli (Glemone Humin is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia Tolmezzo ( Friulian: Tumieç) is a town and commune in the Province of Udine, part of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of north-eastern
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Geography
Friuli is bounded on the west by the Livenza river, on the north by the Carnian Alps, on the east by the Julian Alps and the Timavo river, and on the south by the Adriatic Sea. The Carnic Alps (Alpi Carniche are a range of the Southern Limestone Alps in East Tyrol, Carinthia and Friuli ( Province of Udine The Julian Alps (Julijske Alpe Alpi Giulie are a Mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps that stretches from north-eastern Italy to Slovenia Rivers flowing southwards from the north are numerous. Other important rivers include the Torre river, the Natisone river, the Stella river, the Isonzo river, the Ausa river, and the Tagliamento river. The Natisone (Latin Natiso; Friulian: Nadison; Slovenian: Nadiža) is a river of Eastern Friuli, in north-eastern Italy The Soča (in Slovene) or WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Ausa is a city and a Municipal council in Latur district in the state of Maharashtra The Tagliamento River is a Braided river in north-east Italy flowing from the Alps to the Adriatic Sea at a point between Trieste and The northern part of the region is wholly mountainous. From west to east, the region's highest points are, in the Friulian Dolomites, the Cima dei Preti, (2703 m), Duranno (2652 m), and Cridola (2580 m); in the Carnian Alps, Mount Peralba (2691 m), Mount Bìvera (2474 m) and Mount Coglians (2780 m); in the Julian Alps, the Jôf Fuârt (2666 m), the Jôf di Montasio (2754 m), Mangart (2677 m) and Mount Canin (2587 m), which dominates the plain. The Dolomites (Dolomiti Dolomiten Dolomitis are a section of the Alps. Cima dei Preti ( Italian: "Priests' Peak" is a mountain in the Carnic Prealps, the highest peak of the Friulian Dolomites, Italy. Mount Coglians ( Friulian: Coliàns; German: Hohe Warte) is a Mountain in the Carnic Alps, at the border between Italy The Friulian mountains surround the course of the Tagliamento river, which, at the latitude of Gemona del Friuli first crosses the hills that occupy the center of the Friuli, then flows into a large flood plain. Gemona del Friuli (Glemone Humin is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia This plain is commonly divided into the High Friulian plain and the Low Friulian plain (Bassa Friulana), whose boundary is the Napoleonic road that connects the cities of Codroipo and Palmanova; to the south of this road is the risorgive zone, where water gushes through the terrain everywhere within the territory. The Bassa Friulana is a low-lying and level area of Friuli, specifically the very southern part of the Province of Udine, in the north-eastern Italian region Codroipo is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 70 km northwest Palmanova ( Friulian: Palme) is a town in northeastern Italy, close to the border with Slovenia. South of the plains are the lagoons of Marano and Grado, which are protected natural oases. Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or Friuli's area is 8. 240 km², subdivided between the provinces of Udine (the 4,905 km²), Pordenone (2,178 km²) and Gorizia (466 km²).
Climate
The climate of the Friulian plain is a humid sub-Mediterranean type; the areas in the hills, however, have a continental climate, and the mountainous regions have an alpine climate. On the coast the mean annual temperature is 14°C, while in the inner plains, the average is lowered to 13°C - 13,5°C (Udine 13,1°C, Pordenone 13,3°C, Gorizia 13,4°C). Further north, in Tolmezzo, the average temperature is approximately 10,6°C. The lower values are recorded in the Alps: 4°C to the Passo di Monte Croce Carnico (1300 m) and between 5,5°C and 7°C in the Val Canale, which is situated 850 m below sea level. In the coldest month, January, temperatures vary between the approximate 4,5°C temperature of Monfalcone and the nearly -5°C of Monte Croce Carnico, passing for 3°C of Udine and the -2°C or -3°C of the Valcanale. Gorizia, a short distance from Udine, enjoys a particularly favorable microclimate with its approximate annual climate of 4 C. In the warmer month, July, the temperatures range between 22,5°C - 24,0°C in the coast and plains and the 14°C - 16°C in the Val Canale area. Precipitation in Friuli is relatively abundant; the distribution of rainfall varies a great deal in the course the year. Minimum values in the southern part generally fall between 1,200 and 1,500 millimeters (Gorizia beyond 1. 350 millimeters and Udine beyond 1. 400 millimeters), whereas the alpine climate area's maximum is approximately 3. 000 milimeter. The PreAlps Giulie is one of Italy's most rainy regions: Musi gets about 3. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest 300 millimeter of annual precipitation and can get a 400 millimeter concentration in a single month. In some zones of Friuli, excessive rainfall has caused erosion and the overflowing of many rivers. Snow is sparse in southern plains (3 or 4 snowy days to Udine and Pordenone) but falls more consistently towards the north (Val Canale 25 days, Sauris 23, Passo di Monte Croce Carnico 28).
Demography
The population of historical Friuli numbered little more than a million people; the concentration of people was subdivided between two Regions (Friuli - Venezia Giulia and Veneto) and further subdivided into five provinces (Province of Gorizia, Province of Udine, Province of Pordenone, the District of Portogruaro in Province of Venice and Common of Sappada in Province of Belluno). Friuli-Venezia Giulia ( Friulian: Friûl-Vignesie Julie, Friaul-Julisch Venetien Furlanija - Julijska krajina Friul-Venezsia Jułia is one of the twenty Veneto or Venetia ( Vèneto) is one of the 20 regions of Italy. The Province of Gorizia (Italian Provincia di Gorizia, Slovenian: Goriška pokrajina) is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia The Province of Udine (It Provincia di Udine, Friulian Provincie di Udin) is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia The Province of Pordenone (It Provincia di Pordenone) is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. The Province of Venice ( Provincia di Venezia) is a province in the Veneto region of northern Italy. The Province of Belluno ( Provincia di Belluno) is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. However, some do not consider the last two provinces to have been part of historical Friuli, especially Portogruaro, whose constituents explicitly chose by public plebiscite in the fifteenth century to belong to the Serenissima (Venice Republic). One of the most important demographic phenomena in Friuli was emigration. It began in the last few decades of nineteenth century and it was stopped in the 70s. It was estimated that more than a million Friulian people emigrated in approximately one hundred years. According to the last census of AIRE (2005), Friulian émigrés living abroad number 134. 936. Of these, 56. 0% reside in Europe, 24. 0% in South America, 10. 3% in North America and 4. 7% in Oceania. These data pertain only to those Friulians and their descendants who have Italian citizenship. The descendants of Friulians are excluded because they aren't Italian citizens. Friulians in the world have given life to cultural associations called Fogolârs furlans, of which there are 46 in Italy and 156 in the rest of the world.
Ente Friuli nel Mondo (Friuli in the World)
In 1953, to assist Friulians in foreign countries and to coordinate the activities of the Fogolârs Furlans, the organization Ente Friuli nel Mondo, or Friulian People in the World, was founded. It publishes a magazine, Friuli in the world, of which over 25,000 copies are distributed in 78 different lands. The organization acts to inform émigrés and their descendants about their origins and identity, and to establish connections between Friulians around the world.
History
The origins and the Roman age
In the prehistoric era, Friuli was home to the Castellieri culture. Later, the region was populated, in the course of 4th century BC, by Celtic-speaking peoples, in particular by the Carnics, who introduced advanced techniques of working iron and silver. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. Starting from the 2nd century BC, the Friuli was colonized by the Romans: Aquileia was the fourth city in Italy in Roman imperial times, capital of regio X of Italia province (the Augustan region Venetia et Histria). Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Aquileia (also called Aquilegia, Friulian Acuilee/Aquilee, Slovene Oglej) is an ancient Roman city in what is Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Italia, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula. The city was the most important fluvial port on the Natissa river, dominating trade between the Adriatic Sea and northern Europe (carried on the Via Iulia Augusta). The Natisone (Latin Natiso; Friulian: Nadison; Slovenian: Nadiža) is a river of Eastern Friuli, in north-eastern Italy The Via Julia Augusta is the name given to the Roman road formed by the merging of the Via Aemilia Scauri with the Via Postumia, running from Placentia
Aquileia owed its importance to its strategic position on the Adriatic sea and proximity to the Alps, allowing Rome to intercept barbarian invasions from the East. Julius Caesar used to quarter his legions in Aquileia during winter. The development of other centres, such as Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli) and Iulium Carnicum (Zuglio), contributed to the increase of the economic and cultural wealth of Friuli until the first barbarian incursions, at the beginning of 5th century. Cividale del Friuli ( Friulian Cividât, Slovenian Čedad) is a town in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Northern Italy, 15 km Zuglio is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 110 km northwest In the last few decades of the 3rd century, Aquileia became the centre of one of the most prestigious bishoprics of the empire, competing in Italy with Milan and, subsequently, Ravenna, for second place after Rome. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Ravenna is a City and Comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 A Hunnic invasion marked the start of the Friuli's decline: Aquileia, protected by meagre forces, was stared into surrender and was razed to the ground by Attila in 452. The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy Events By Place Western Roman Empire Attila, king of the Huns, invades Italy. After the retreat of the Huns, the survivors, who had found shelter in the lagoon of Grado, returned to the city, but found it completely destroyed. Grado ( Gravo in the local Venetian dialect Grau in Friulian, Gradež in Slovenian) is a town in the north-eastern Italian The reconstruction of Aquileia to bring back the old splendour of the capital of X Regio, was never completed. Nevertheless, the city remained important even after the fall of the Western Roman Empire's, due to the creation of the Patriarchate of Aquileia, which, from the mid-6th century onwards, ranked among the highest Church authorities in Italy. The Patriarchate of Aquileia was an historical state and Episcopal see in northeastern Italy, centred on the ancient city of Aquileia situated at the head The lack of security in the Friulian plain, crossroads of all the great barbarian invasions, drove many people to seek shelter on the islands in the lagoons or in fortified hill-villages, causing a general depopulation of the more fertile part of the region and its consequent impoverishment.
Middle Ages
After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Friuli belonged to the kingdom of Odoacer and subsequently to that of Theodoric the Great. The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern Odoacer (435–493 also known as Odovacar (from the Germanic Audawakrs, meaning "watchful of wealth" was a Roman general and the Theodoric the Great (454 – August 30, 526) known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the Ostrogoths (471-526 ruler of The Byzantine reconquest under Justinian I was, for the region, of brief duration: in 568 it was one of the first provinces conquered by the Lombards, invading from Pannonia. Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or The Lombards ( Latin Langobardi, whence the alternative names Langobards and Longobards) were a Germanic people originally from Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, The Lombard king Alboin established the Duchy of Friuli, the first Lombard duchy, and granted it to his relative Gisulf I. Alboin or Alboïn (died 572 or 573 was king of the Lombards, and conqueror of Italy. The Duchy of Friuli was one of the great territorial Lombard duchies the first to be established Gisulf I was probably the first Duke of Friuli (then Forum Julii) a nephew of Alboin, first king of the Lombards in Italy. The capital of the duchy was established at Forum Iulii (Cividale del Friuli), which became the most important city of the area and lent its name to it. Cividale del Friuli ( Friulian Cividât, Slovenian Čedad) is a town in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Northern Italy, 15 km
The duchy of Friuli was from the start one of the most important Lombard duchies. It served as a barrier against the threat of invasion by the Avars and Slavs from Pannonia. The Caucasian Avars are a modern people of Caucasus, mainly of Dagestan. Pannonia is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, Among the duchies of the North, which were closely aligned with the crown (unlike Spoleto and Benevento to the South), it was the most powerful, probably due to its marcher status. The independent Duchy of Spoleto was a Lombard territory founded about 570 in Central Italy by the Lombard Dux Faroald. The Duchy and later Principality of Benevento was the southernmost Lombard duchy in medieval Italy centred on Benevento, a city central in the Mezzogiorno Mark from the Old English mearc and march (or various plural forms of these words derived from the Frankish word marka ("boundary" Among later dukes, Ratchis became king in 744 and his ducal successor, Aistulf, succeeded him as king himself in 749. Ratchis was the Duke of Friuli ( 739 - 744) and king of the Lombards ( 744 - 749) Aistulf (749 - d756 was the Duke of Friuli from 744 king of Lombards from 749 and duke of Spoleto from 751 In this period the historian Paul the Deacon, author of the Historia Langobardorum and teacher of Latin grammar at the court of Charlemagne, was born in Friuli (730/5). Paul the Deacon (c 720 &ndash 13 April probably 799 also known as Paulus Diaconus, Warnefred and Cassinensis (i Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his
After the Regnum Italiae fell to the Franks, the duchy of Friuli was reorganised into counties on the Frankish model. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The region was again reorganised into the March of Friuli in 846. The March of Friuli was a Carolingian frontier march against the Slavs and Avars in the ninth and tenth centuries The march was granted to the Unruoching dynasty. The Unruochings (Unrochides Unruochinger were a Frankish noble family who established themselves in Italy. Friuli became the base of power of Berengar I during his struggles for the throne of Italy between 888 and 924. The march was transformed under his rule, its territory extended to the Lake Garda, the capital moved to Verona, and a new March of Verona and Aquileia established in its place. Lake Garda ( Italian Lago di Garda or Benaco) is the largest Lake in Italy. Verona is a city and provincial capital in Veneto, Northern Italy. The March of Verona and Aquileia was a vast march (frontier district in northeastern Italy during the early Middle Ages, centered on Verona and Aquileia
On 3 April 1077 the Emperor Henry IV granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to Sigaerd, Patriarch of Aquileia. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Henry IV ( November 11, 1050 &ndash August 7, 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084 until List of the Bishops and Archbishops of Aquileia. For the ecclesiastical history of the see Patriarchate of Aquileia From 533 until the 7th century In the succeeding centuries, the patriarchate expanded its control over neighbouring Trieste, Istria, Carinthia, Styria, and Cadore. Trieste (Trieste Slovene and Croatian: Trst; German: Triest) is a city and port in northeastern Italy very near to This article is about a geographical region bordering the Adriatic Sea Styria (Steiermark is a state or Bundesland, located in the southeast of Austria. Cadore is a " Comunità montana " (mountain community in the Italian region of Veneto, in the northernmost part of the Province of Belluno The patriarchal state of Friuli was one of the best organised polities of the Italian Middle Ages. From the 12th century it possessed a parliament representing the communes as well as the nobility and the clergy. TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those The life of this institution extended over six centuries, remaining alive yet weak even during Venetian domination. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica It convened for the last time in 1805, when it was abolished by Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Patriarch Marquardo of Randeck (1365–1381) had gathered together and codified all the laws of Friuli and promulgated them as the Constitutiones Patriae Foriiulii ("Constitutions of the Country of Friuli"). Cividale del Friuli was seat of the Patriarchate until 1238, when the patriarch moved his seat to Udine, where he had a magnificent episcopal edifice constructed. Udine ( Friulian Udin, Slovene Videm, German Weiden, Latin Utinum) is a city in northeastern Udine assumed so great an importance that it became with time the institutional capital of Friuli.
Venetian domination to Bourbon Restoration
The experience of the Patriarchy, concluded in 1420, when the Friuli was attached to the Venetian Republic, one of the great powers of that time, with a territory in full expansion. The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica The historical debate on the relationship between Venice and its colonial territories has still opened and to a large part isn't based on historical motivations properly to connect himself to the myth of the lagoon city. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the According to the most traditional historiography in fact «the civil quiet and the pacific state of its dominant class would have been the principles on which the myth of Venezia was founded». For the new international historiography instead: «for long time is not been possible to dissociate the reality (of Venice) from the image, extraordinarily flattering and deformed (of Venice). . . the Venetian political myth has for centuries distorted the approach and the analyses. At least up to the XIX century, the myth of Venice has weighed on the writing of the history, since the history had as principal end to comfort the myth». Only from few years is begun to investigate on the supposed deficenzes of the oligarchical political Venetian system and on the relationships deeply conflictual existing between Venice and the other territories territories that belonged to her State. The researchers are almost unanimously in agreement nowadays in to consider this period as one of the most tormented and difficult of the whole long history of the Friuli. The Friuli, used often as shield in anti-Turkic funcrion, was repeatedly devastated by a long series of wars for his possession between Venice and the House of Habsburg. Such wars involved for the rural classes uneasiness and poverty, with the impossibility to cultivate the country crossed by the armies in struggle and with the forced requisition of all the breeding animals for the provisioning of the soldiers. Necessity to give him lumber for Venetian boats caused besides the deforestation of the totality of the Bassa Friulana and the middle Friuli. The Bassa Friulana is a low-lying and level area of Friuli, specifically the very southern part of the Province of Udine, in the north-eastern Italian region Venice took possession him some collective earths of ownership of the rural friulian communities seriously impoverishing her. These earths will be sold then by the State during the '600 to overcome its serious statement of affairs and to make box.
On the other hand beginning from the third decade of the XVII century the Venetian Republic entered a due process of irreversible decadence to the loss of many her traditional markets, to the canalization of the saving and important financial resources in unproductive investments (above all of land character), and to the loss of competitiveness of its industries and its services. A speedy trial of impoverishment also struck the Friuli, subject to an oppressive fiscal pressure more and more and to the total crisis nearly of its industries and of the commerces.
The political populist practised from Venice (not reported particularly to the Friuli) it looked for in every way, according to some historical ones, of «to limit the most oppressive and anachronistic effects of the feudalism. Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed Of different notice other researchers that affirm that the Venetian aristocratic government bore in Friuli, the survival of the heaviest feudalist rights. This politics to make sure herself the support of the urban and rural populaces as I counterbalance to the tendencies autonomists and centrifuge of the local oligarchies, also aristocrats, could not have put the Thirty Years' War anymore into effect. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War.
An important popular revolt, done historical very known and known as Joibe grasse1511 (fat Thursday 1511), it was initiated to Udine on February 27 from hungry citizens udinesi subsequently supported by the farmers and it subsequently extended him to the whole territory of the Countries of the Friûl. Such insurrectionary movement was one of the vast of Renaissance Italy and he extended for the whole 27 February and on February 28, up to when, on March 1º, it was drowned in the blood from Venice that it sent some hundred riders to soothe the motions. The financial starvation suitable forced the Venetian managing classes not to listen anymore to the aspirations and popular demands already increasing the elevated taxes level and connecting again the relationships with the friulian aristocratic classes, natural custodians of the constituted order. Such politics determined a loss generalized of the already scarce consents of which it enjoyed Venice near the popular classes. You finally tried, to various resumptions, to replace or to integrate the friulian aristocratics with Venetian ones, or of make the Venetians in various way, also through the linguistic tool. To halves the XVI century the inhabitants of the Country of the Friuli were 198. 615, in 1599, according to the respect of the Lieutenant of the time, Stephen Viario, 97. 000 were alone. The rate of childish mortality was elevated and reached his maximum historian in 1629.
With the 1516 Noyon pacts the confinements between the Venetian Republic and the County of Gorizia and Gradisca by now in the hands of the House of Habsburg, were redefined. The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names was a major conflict in the Italian Wars. Gorizia and Gradisca (Görz und Gradisca Gorizia e Gradisca Goriška in Gradiščanska Gurize e Gardiscje was a Habsburg County in Central Europe, in Venice lost the tall basin of the Isonzo (that is the gastaldia of Tolmino with Plezzo and Idria), but it maintained Monfalcone. Monfalcone (in the local Bisiac dialect: Mofalcòn, Tržič is a town and Comune of the Province of Gorizia ( Friuli-Venezia Marano remained to the archduke of Austria (up to 1543) and a series of shed feudal islands in the Western Friuli. Marranos or Secret Jews were Sephardic Jews (Jews resident in the Iberian peninsula) who were forced to adopt Christianity or Among 1615 and the 1617 Venice and Austria were again faced militarily for the possession of the fortitude of Gradisca d'Isonzo. Gradisca d'Isonzo ( Friulian: Gardiscje, Slovenian: Gradišče ob Soči) is a town of 6600 inhabitants in the Province of Gorizia The so-called war of Gradisca concluded with the return to the preceding status quo.
Beginning from 1516 the Habsburg Empire checked the oriental Friuli, while the western and central Friuli was Venetian up to 1797, year of the Treaty of Campo Formio, when following the Napoleonic countries also this part of the Friuli was surrendered to Austria, that the lost ones for a brief period in which it belonged to the italic Kingdom, from 1805 up to the Bourbon Restoration- The contiguity between the Venetian Friuli and the Austrian Friuli allowed comparisons and, according to some studious ones, these were not quite flattering for the Serenissima. Year 1797 ( MDCCXCVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on October 17, 1797 (26 Vendémiaire Year VI of the French Republic by Napoleon Bonaparte and Count Ludwig Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Following the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne The Most Serene Republic of Venice ((Serenìsima Repùblica Vèneta or Repùblica de Venesia Serenissima Repubblica
Contemporary history
From the Restoration to the Great War
In 1815, the Congress of Vienna enacted the definitive union of Veneto and Friuli with the Austrian Lombardy, to constitute the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich The Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia (Regno Lombardo-Veneto Lombardo-Venezianisches Königreich was a kingdom in northern Italy, and part of the Austrian Empire. About twenty years later, the District of Portogruaro, for a long time friulian for history, culture, geography and for a long time also for language, was removed for Austrian wish from the Province of the Friuli (integral part, as already said, of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia) and assigned to the Province in Venice (1838). Year 1838 ( MDCCCXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Today is asking to return to belong to the administrative Friuli. In 1866 the central Friuli (actual province of Udine) and the western Friuli (actual province of Pordenone) were attached together to Italy with Veneto after the Third Italian War of Independence, while the oriental Friuli (the so-called County of Gorizia and Gradisca remained subject to Austria up to the term of the First World War. Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Province of Udine (It Provincia di Udine, Friulian Provincie di Udin) is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia The Province of Pordenone (It Provincia di Pordenone) is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. The Third Italian War of Independence was a conflict which paralleled the Austro-Prussian War, and was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire Gorizia and Gradisca (Görz und Gradisca Gorizia e Gradisca Goriška in Gradiščanska Gurize e Gardiscje was a Habsburg County in Central Europe, in World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
During the First World War the Friuli, that was found separated to the epoch between Kingdom of Italy and Austria-Hungary (Province of Udine for the Kingdom of Italy; a part of the County of Gorizia and Gradisca for the Austro-Hungarian Empire), it was theater of the war operations, that had serious consequences for the civil population, above all after the disaster of Kobarid. Kobarid (Caporetto Karfreit is a town and a municipality in the upper Soča (Italian Isonzo) valley western Slovenia, near the Italian
Regional languages and dialects
While standard Italian is the first official language of the region, several other regional languages and dialects are spoken in Friuli. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy.
Friulian is spoken in the provinces of Udine, Gorizia and Pordenone. Friulian ( or affectionately marilenghe in Friulian friulano in Italian) (also Eastern Ladin) is a Romance language belonging
Venetian and its sub-dialects are usually spoken (for historical reasons) in the western border regions (i. Venetian or Venetan is a Romance language spoken by over two million people mostly in the Veneto region of Italy. e. Pordenone), sparingly in a few internal towns (i. Pordenone ( Friulian: Pordenon) is a Comune of Pordenone province of northeast Italy in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia e. Gorizia, etc. Gorizia (Gurize Gorica Görz is a town in northeastern Italy, at the foot of the Alps and bordering Slovenia. ) and by ancient time in some places on the Adriatic coast.
Also in south-eastern border exists a venetian-kind transictional dialect, called Bisiaco, that have influeces of Slovenian and Friulian and marks the border with the historical region of Trieste and Venezia Giulia. Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language
Slovenian dialects are spoken in the largely rural border mountainous region known as Venetian Slovenia. Spoken Slovene has at least 32 main Dialects ( narečje) ( dI) and speeches ( govor) ( sP) Venetian Slovenia (Beneška Slovenija Slavia Veneta or Slavia Friulana Sclavanie is a small mountainous region in northeastern Italy, in the area between the towns of German (Bavarian dialect) is spoken in Val Canale (mostly in Tarvisio and Pontebba); in some of Val Canale's municipalities (particularly in Malborghetto Valbruna), Carinthian Slovenian dialects are spoken, too. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Tarvisio ( German and Friulian: Tarvis, Slovenian: Trbiž) is a town in Italy located in the northeastern part of the region Pontebba (Ponteibe Pontafel Tablja is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia Malborghetto Valbruna ( Slovenian Naborjet-Ovčja vas; Malborgeth-Wolfsbach is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Udine in Carinthian Slovenes (Koroški Slovenci Kärntner Slowenen are the Slovene-speaking population group in the Austrian State of Carinthia. German-related dialects are spoken in several ancient exclaves like Timau, Zahre (Sauris) and Plodn (Sappada). Sauris ( Zahre in the local Germanic language is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Sappada ( Cimbrian: Plodn, German: Pladen) is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Belluno in the
Slovenian is spoken in the Collio area north of Gorizia. Slovene or Slovenian ( slovenski jezik or slovenščina, not to be confused with Slovenčina) is a South Slavic language In the Resia valley, between Venetian Slovenia and the Val Canale, most of the inhabitants still speak an archaic dialect of Slovenian. Resia (Rezija is a Comune (municipality in the Province of Udine in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 90 km Venetian Slovenia (Beneška Slovenija Slavia Veneta or Slavia Friulana Sclavanie is a small mountainous region in northeastern Italy, in the area between the towns of
Note: only Friulian, Slovenian and German are allowed to be locally second-official languages in their historic areas, but not their related dialects or languages.
See also
- Venetian Slovenia
- List of Friulian place names
- List of Dukes & Margraves of Friuli
- County of Gorizia
- Austrian Empire
External links
Venetian Slovenia (Beneška Slovenija Slavia Veneta or Slavia Friulana Sclavanie is a small mountainous region in northeastern Italy, in the area between the towns of This is a list in both Italian and Friulian language of place names in the historical area of Friuli, Italy. The dukes and margraves of Friuli were the rulers of the Duchy and March of Friuli in the Midde Ages The County of Gorizia (German Grafschaft Görz; Italian Contea di Gorizia; Slovenian Goriška grofija; Friulian Contee di Gurize) was a county For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic