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Fritz Haber
Fritz Haber in 1918.
Fritz Haber in 1918.
Born December 9, 1868
Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland)
Died January 29 1934 (aged 65)
Basel, Switzerland
Residence Germany,
Nationality German
Fields Physical chemistry
Institutions Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
University of Karlsruhe
Alma mater University of Heidelberg, University of Berlin(today the Humboldt University of Berlin)
Technical College of Charlottenburg (today the Technical University of Berlin)
Doctoral advisor Robert Bunsen
Known for Fertilisers, Explosives, Haber process, Haber-Weiss reaction
Notable awards Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1918)

Fritz Haber (9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German chemist, who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his development for synthesizing ammonia, important for fertilizers and explosives. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Physical chemistry, is the application of Physics to macroscopic microscopic atomic subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems It is mostly defined as a large The University of Karlsruhe, also known as Fridericiana, was founded in 1825 Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg ( University of Heidelberg, Ruperto Carola, Heidelberg University, or simply Heidelberg) is a For other universities in Berlin see List of Universities in Berlin. The Technical University of Berlin ( Berlin Institute of Technology, TUB, TU Berlin, German Technische Universität Berlin) is located A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (31 March 1811 &ndash 16 August 1899 was a German Chemist. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the Nitrogen fixation reaction of Nitrogen and Hydrogen, over an iron substrate The Haber-Weiss reaction generates •OH ( hydroxyl radicals) from H2O2 ( Hydrogen peroxide) and Superoxide (•O2- The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Chemistry. Events 536 - Byzantine General Belisarius enters Rome while the Ostrogothic garrison peacefully leaves the city Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This is a list of famous Germans. Actors/Actresses Mario Adorf (born 1930 actor, writer Hans Albers (1891–1960 This is a list of famous chemists: (alphabetical order A Emil Abderhalden, (1877&ndash1950 Swiss chemist Richard Abegg The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Chemistry. The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the Nitrogen fixation reaction of Nitrogen and Hydrogen, over an iron substrate Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied He is also credited as the "father of chemical warfare" for his work developing and deploying chlorine and other poison gases during World War I. Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All

His wife, Clara Immerwahr, who also held a PhD in chemistry, opposed his work on poison gas and committed suicide with his service weapon in their garden, possibly in response to his having personally overseen the first successful use of chlorine at the Second Battle of Ypres on April 22, 1915. Clara Immerwahr ( June 21, 1870 &ndash May 2, 1915) was a German Chemist and the wife of Fritz Haber, who Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and The Second Battle of Ypres was the first time Germany used poison gas on a large scale on the Western Front in World War I and the first time Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year [1]

He is sometimes credited, incorrectly, with first synthesizing MDMA. MDMA ( 34-methylenedioxy- N -methylamphetamine) most commonly known today by the street name Ecstasy (often abbreviated E, X, [2][3]

Contents

Biography

He was born in Breslau, Germany (now Wrocław, Poland) to Jewish parents. Wrocław (Breslau Vratislav Vratislavia or Wratislavia Yiddish: ברעסלוי) is the chief City of the historical region of Lower Silesia Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ His mother died during childbirth. His father was a well-known merchant in the town. From 1886 until 1891 he studied at the University of Heidelberg under Robert Bunsen, at the University of Berlin (today the Humboldt University of Berlin)in the group of A. W. Hofmann, and at the Technical College of Charlottenburg (today the Technical University of Berlin) under Carl Liebermann. The Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg ( University of Heidelberg, Ruperto Carola, Heidelberg University, or simply Heidelberg) is a Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (31 March 1811 &ndash 16 August 1899 was a German Chemist. For other universities in Berlin see List of Universities in Berlin. August Wilhelm von Hofmann ( April 8, 1818 &ndash May 5, 1892) was a German Chemist. The Technical University of Berlin ( Berlin Institute of Technology, TUB, TU Berlin, German Technische Universität Berlin) is located Carl Theodore Liebermann was a German chemist and student of Adolf von Baeyer. He married Clara Immerwahr during 1901. Clara Immerwahr ( June 21, 1870 &ndash May 2, 1915) was a German Chemist and the wife of Fritz Haber, who Their son, Hermann was born in 1902. Before starting his own academic career he worked at his father's chemical business and in the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich with Georg Lunge. Zürich (, Zürich German: Züri, Zurich, Zurigo; in English generally Zurich) is the largest city in Switzerland and capital of the Georg Lunge ( 15 September 1839 - January 3 1923) was a German Chemist born in Breslau.

Nobel Prize

During his time in Karlsruhe from 1894 to 1911, he and Carl Bosch developed the Haber process, which is the catalytic formation of ammonia from hydrogen and atmospheric nitrogen under conditions of high temperature and high pressure. The University of Karlsruhe, also known as Fridericiana, was founded in 1825 Carl Bosch ( August 27, 1874 &ndash April 26, 1940) was a German Chemist and Engineer who won the The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the Nitrogen fixation reaction of Nitrogen and Hydrogen, over an iron substrate Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14

In 1918 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of Chemistry. The Haber-Bosch process was a milestone in industrial chemistry, because it divorced the production of nitrogen products, such as fertilizer, explosives and chemical feedstocks, from natural deposits, especially sodium nitrate (caliche), of which Chile was a major (and almost only) producer. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant An explosive material is a material that either is chemically or otherwise Energetically unstable or produces a sudden expansion of the material usually accompanied Sodium nitrate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaNO3 Caliche is a hardened deposit of Calcium carbonate. This calcium carbonate cements together other materials including gravel sand clay and silt Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the The sudden availability of cheap nitrogenous fertilizer is credited with averting a Malthusian catastrophe, or population crisis. A Malthusian catastrophe (or Malthusian check, crisis, dilemma, disaster, trap, controls, or limit) is a return

He was also active in the research of combustion reactions, the separation of gold from sea water, adsorption effects, and electrochemistry. Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid Solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent forming a film of molecules or atoms (the Electrochemistry is a branch of Chemistry that studies Chemical reactions which take place in a Solution at the interface of an electron conductor A large part of his work from 1911 to 1933 was done at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Elektrochemistry at Berlin-Dahlem. The Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft is a German entity formally known as the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e This article refers to the neighborhood in Berlin For other places with the same name please see Dahlem (disambiguation.

World War I

Haber played a major role in the development of chemical warfare in World War I. The use of poison gas in World War I was a major military innovation Part of this work included the development of gas masks with absorbent filters. A gas mask is a Mask worn over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne Pollutants and Toxic materials In addition to leading the teams developing chlorine gas and other deadly gases for use in trench warfare, Haber was on hand personally to aid in its release. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Trench warfare is a form of warfare where both combatants have fortified positions and fighting lines are static

Gas warfare in WW I was, in a sense, the war of the chemists, with Haber pitted against French Nobel laureate chemist Victor Grignard. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. François Auguste Victor Grignard ( May 6, 1871 in Cherbourg - December 13, 1935 in Lyon) was a Nobel Prize

His wife, Clara Immerwahr, a fellow chemist, opposed his work on poison gas and committed suicide with his service weapon in their garden, possibly in response to his having personally overseen the first successful use of chlorine at the Second Battle of Ypres on April 22, 1915. Clara Immerwahr ( June 21, 1870 &ndash May 2, 1915) was a German Chemist and the wife of Fritz Haber, who Chemical warfare involves using the toxic properties of Chemical substances to kill injure or incapacitate an enemy. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and The Second Battle of Ypres was the first time Germany used poison gas on a large scale on the Western Front in World War I and the first time Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year [1] She shot herself in the heart on May 15, and died in the morning. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the That same morning, Haber left for the Eastern Front to oversee gas release against the Russians. The Eastern Front was a theatre of war during World War I in Central and primarily Eastern Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending

Haber was a patriotic German who was proud of his service during World War I, for which he was decorated. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All He was even given the rank of Captain by the Kaiser, rare for a scientist too old to enlist in military service. Kaiser is the German title meaning " Emperor " with Kaiserin being the female equivalent " Empress "

In his studies of the effects of poison gas, Haber noted that exposure to a low concentration of a poisonous gas for a long time often had the same effect (death) as exposure to a high concentration for a short time. He formulated a simple mathematical relationship between the gas concentration and the necessary exposure time. This relationship became known as Haber's rule. Haber's rule is a Mathematical statement of the relationship between the Concentration of a Poisonous Gas and how long the gas must be breathed

Haber defended gas warfare against accusations that it was inhumane, saying that death was death, by whatever means it was inflicted. During the 1920s, scientists working at his institute developed the cyanide gas formulation Zyklon B, which was used as an insecticide, especially as a fumigant in grain stores, and also later, after he left the program, in the Nazi extermination camps. Hydrogen cyanide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula HCN Zyklon B (tsykloːn ˈbeː also spelled Cyclon B or An insecticide is a Pesticide used against Insects in all developmental forms Fumigation is a method of Pest control that completely fills an area with gaseous Pesticides to suffocate or poison the pests within Extermination camps were two types of facilities that Nazi Germany built during World War II for the systematic killing of millions of people in what has become [4]

Post-War

In the 1920s Haber exhaustively searched for a method to extract gold from sea water, and published a number of scientific papers on the subject. However, after years of research, he concluded that the concentration of gold dissolved in sea water was much lower than those concentrations reported by earlier researchers, and that gold extraction from sea water was uneconomic.

In an effort to become more acceptable to a society increasingly hostile toward Jews, Haber converted to Christianity. Despite his newly acquired faith he was forced to leave Germany in 1933 because of Nazi persecution of persons of Jewish ethnicity. His Nobel Prize winning work in chemistry, and subsequent contributions to Germany's war efforts in the form of chemical fertilizers, explosives and poison munitions, were not enough to prevent vilification of his heritage by the Nazi regime. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German He moved to Cambridge, England, for a few months, and considered a position at the Sieff Research Institute (now the Weizmann Institute) in Rehovot, in Mandate Palestine, but never settled anywhere permanently. The Weizmann Institute of Science (מכון ויצמן למדע known as Machon Weizmann is a university and research institute in Rehovot, Israel. The Palestine Mandate, was a set of protocols or articles that formed a multilateral legal and administrative agreement In January 1934, at the age of 65, Fritz Haber died of heart failure in a Basel hotel, on his way to a Swiss convalescent retreat. "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly. He was cremated and his ashes, together with Clara's ashes, were buried in Basel's Hornli Cemetery. [5] He bequeathed his extensive private library to the Sieff Institute.

Haber's immediate family also left Germany. His second wife, Charlotte, with their two children, settled in England. Haber's son, Hermann, from his first marriage emigrated to the United States during World War II. He committed suicide in 1946. Members of Haber's extended family died in concentration camps. Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people commonly in large groups without trial One of his children, Ludwig ("Lutz") Fritz Haber (1921-2004), became an eminent historian of chemical warfare in World War I, and published a book called The Poisonous Cloud (1986). [6]

Dramatic treatment

A fictional description of Haber's life, and in particular his longtime relationship with Albert Einstein, appears in Vern Thiessen's 2003 play Einstein's Gift. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Thiessen describes Haber as a tragic figure who strives unsuccessfully throughout his life to evade both his Jewish ancestry and the moral implications of his scientific contributions.

BBC Radio 4 Afternoon Play broadcast a play telling the life of Fritz Haber. This is the description from the Diversity Website:

Bread from the Air, Gold from the Sea as another chemical story (R4, 1415, 16 Feb 01). Fritz Haber found a way of making nitrogen compounds from the air. They have two main uses: fertilizers and explosives. His process enabled Germany to produce vast quantities of armaments. (The second part of the title refers to a process for obtaining gold from sea water. It worked, but didn't pay. ) There can be few figures with a more interesting life than Haber, from a biographer's point of view. He made German agriculture independent of Chilean saltpetre during the Great War. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, yet there were moves to strip him of the award because of his work on gas warfare. He pointed out, rightly, that most of Nobel's money had come from armaments and the pursuit of war. After Hitler's rise to power, a "grateful" government forced Haber to resign from his professorship and research jobs because he was non-Aryan.

Notes

  1. ^ a b Hobbes, Nicholas (2003). Essential Militaria. Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1843542292.  
  2. ^ ...MDMA was actually first synthesized by Fritz Haber in 1892.... Ask Erowid.
  3. ^ Benzenhöfer, U. and Passie, T. (2006): Zur Frühgeschichte von Ecstasy. In: Der Nervenarzt. Bd. 77, S. 95-99. PMID 16397805 PDF
  4. ^ M. Szöllösi-Janze (2001). "Pesticides and war: the case of Fritz Haber". European Review 9: 97-108. doi:10.1017/S1062798701000096. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  5. ^ A photograph of their gravestone in Hornli Cemetery, Basel can be found in the book written by Stolzenberg. "Basilia" redirects here For the Fly Genus, see Basilia (fly.
  6. ^ Lutz F. Haber (1921–2004). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Further reading

External links

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