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Frisians
Historical Frisian settlement area
Total population

1,500,000 (est. )
Regions with significant populations
Frisia (comprising parts of The Netherlands, Germany)
Languages
Frisian, Dutch, German, Low Saxon
Religions
Indigenously Germanic paganism, later Medieval Christian
Presently Protestant Christian, predominantly Calvinist and Lutheran Protestant; Catholic diaspora minorities; also free churches and non-religious group. Frisia ( West Frisian: Fryslân; North Frisian: Fraschlönj, Freesklöön, Freeskluin, Fresklun, and The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Frisian languages are a closely related group of Germanic languages, spoken by about 500000 members of Frisian Ethnic groups who live on the southern Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Germanic paganism refers to the religious beliefs of the Germanic peoples preceding Christianization. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Calvinism (sometimes called the Reformed tradition, the Reformed faith, or Reformed theology) is a theological system and an approach to the Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther The term Diaspora (in Greek, διασπορά &ndash " a scattering or sowing of seeds " refers any population sharing common ethnic The free church movement was one created to do away with the system of pew rents wherein persons or families rented or bought the title to a particular church pew Irreligion is a lack of religion indifference to religion or hostility to religion [1]
Related ethnic groups
Dutch, Afrikaners, English, Flemings, Germans

The Frisians are an ethnic group of Germanic people living in coastal parts of The Netherlands and Germany. The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. The term Afrikaner people refers to white Afrikaans -speaking people who have been established in Southern Africa since the 17th century and are mainly of northwestern The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English The terms Fleming and Flemings ( Vlaming and Vlamingen in Dutch) denote respectively a person and people and the Flemings or The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. They are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia[2]. Friesland ( West Frisian: Fryslân, Dutch Friesland) is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the bigger region known Groningen is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. East Frisia or Eastern Friesland ( Low Saxon: Oostfreesland, German Ostfriesland) is a coastal region in the northwest of the North Frisia or Northern Friesland (Nordfriesland is the northernmost portion of Frisia, located primarily in Germany between the rivers Eider They inhabit an area known as Frisia. Frisia ( West Frisian: Fryslân; North Frisian: Fraschlönj, Freesklöön, Freeskluin, Fresklun, and They have a reputation for being tall and light-haired people[3] and they have a rich history and folklore.

Contents

History

Pre Roman times

The Frisian origins are obscure. However, archeologically the Frisians share a local development with other NW continental regions dating back to the Elp Culture (1800-800 BC), that itself shows local continuity starting with the emergence of the neolithic Corded Ware culture (2900 BC onwards until 2450) and running through Bell-Beaker cultures (2700–2100), Bronze Age Barbed Wire Beakers (2100-1800 BC) and the Elp Culture itself that features an initial Hügelgräber phase showing a close relationship to other Northern European Hügelgräber groups (sharing pottery of low quality: "Kümmerkeramik"), and a subsequent smooth local transformation to Urnfields (1200-800 BC). The Elp culture (ca 1800 to 800 BC is a Bronze Age archaeological culture of the Netherlands having Earthenware pottery of low quality known as "Kümmerkeramik" The Corded Ware culture, alternatively characterized as the Battle Axe culture or Single Grave culture is an enormous European Archaeological horizon that The Bell-Beaker culture (sometimes shortened to Beaker culture, Beaker people, or Beaker folk; Glockenbecherkultur) ca A tumulus (plural tumuli) is a Mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves Apparently the local tradition was only broken around 800 BC, first by Iron Age Hallstatt and later by La Tene, both cultures originating south and south east from Central Europe. Hallstatt, Upper Austria is a village in the Salzkammergut, a region in Austria. The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture named after the archaeological site However, the traditional view that this change was caused by immigration has recently been abandoned in favor of a local development stimulated by external influences. [4] Supported by the absence of royal burials, it has been proposed that the social influence of the Hallstatt elites did not reach a high level in Frisia.

As the social stability and international contacts became disturbed by powershifts towards the southern Hallstatt regions in the C-period, this caused a decay in the superstratum elite in the D-period that thus never achieved the same privileged and dominant position like in SW Germany and Eastern France. The same process of quick decay was observed at the subsequent intruding La Tene elite. Archeologically this Iron Age period continued without breaks towards Roman times, showing that continental Germanic cultures participated in an otherwise Celtic European culture. This leaves open to debate whether most Northern European Iron Age findings are to be attributed to either Celtic or Germanic tribes. About 750 BC the coastal flood plains were populated for the first time, since in adjacent higher grounds (Drenthe) the population had increased and the soil had become exhausted. Drenthe is a province of the Netherlands, located in the north-east of the country [5] Iron Age immigration of the Frisian ancestors from Germanic areas further to the north or even Scandinavia has been proposed, although archeological evidence is ambiguous. Genetic evidence points to a close relationship between all Germanic groups, including Frisians, although a possible Scandinavian link is hard to prove with the occurrence of genetic drift, local developments and eastern additions confined to Scandinavian areas. [6]

The Frisians emerge as a Germanic tribe named by Roman writers. Nowadays the region shows one of the few examples in prehistory of Bronze Age culture to have continuity with recent building practices as demonstrated by Elp culture influences in present day Frisian and Low Saxon territory. [7]

Roman times

The Frisians were able to form a treaty with the Romans at the River Rhine in 28 AD, thus avoiding conquest. Year 28 was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. But sixteen years later, when taxes became repressive, they hanged the tax collector and defeated the Romans under Tiberius at the Battle of Baduhennawood. The Frisii were known and respected by the Romans and written about by several sources. Tacitus wrote a treatise about the Germanic peoples in 69, describing the habits of the Germanic people, as well as listing numerous tribes by name. 69 (sex position & book by Ryu Murakami are -- already linked by "" with other meanings [8] Of the many tribes he mentioned, the name 'Frisii' is the only one still in use to refer unequivocally to the same ethnic group. [9]

Friesland had been settled early, with evidence of terp-building, the distinctive raised settlements, starting in 700 BC. Frisii were mentioned by Roman historian Tacitus[10] and, before him, by Pliny the Elder[11]. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author According to inscriptions found in Roman Britain [12] they served the Roman Army and used Frisiavones as a synonym. The Roman army was a set of military forces employed by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire as part of the Roman military The Frisiavones (also Frisævones or to distinguish more explicitly from the Frisians, Frisiabones) is a Germanic tribe usually considered as a southern Expansion to the south-west occurred probably as early as 70 AD, when the westernmost parts of the rivermouth were abandoned by the Canninefates in the aftermath of the Batavian revolt by Julius Civilis. Year 70 was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. The Cananefates - also referred to as Canninefates, Caninefates, or Canenefatae; meaning Leek masters - were a Germanic The Batavians ( Latin Batavi) were a Germanic tribe originally part of the Chatti, reported by Tacitus to Gaius Julius Civilis was the leader of the Batavian rebellion against the Romans in 69. Emigration to Flanders [13] and Kent [14] happened peacefully within Roman jurisdiction and probably reached a height in the 250s, due to heavy flooding. KENT (1400 AM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Adult Standards/MOR format Events and Trends Crisis of the Third Century 259 — The Juthungi invade the Roman Empire by crossing the Danube Around 290 AD Constantius Chlorus mentioned Frisians among the pirates that were raiding Britain, but in the records the Saxons took over this reputation in the fourth century. This coincides with archeological evidence that habitation of the original area remained scarce for about 150 years and only recovered in the 400s. It has been suggested that by then a part of the Frisians had already merged with the Saxons, to whom they were closely related. The Frisian languages remain the closest surviving languages to English. The Frisian languages are a closely related group of Germanic languages, spoken by about 500000 members of Frisian Ethnic groups who live on the southern English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States [15]

The Roman historian Tacitus, in his Germania, mentioned the Frisians among people he grouped together as the Ingvaeones. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. The Germania ( Latin title De Origine et situ Germanorum, English for the Origin and Situation of the Germans) written by Gaius The Ingaevones or Ingvaeones ("people of Yngvi " as described in Two different types, or classes are mentioned by Tacitus, the maiores Frisii and the minores Frisii. Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. Divided by the soil of their farmlands, the maiores Frisii or Clay Frisians populated fertile clay soil increasing the size of their harvests, livestock and even their posture. The small and relatively unhealthy minores Frisii (Sand Frisians) farmed on sand lands, and, consequently, their crops lacked size or number compared to those of the maiores Frisii. According to Tacitus even the armies of the maiores were larger and better equipped.

They were probably a people of seafarers, the North Sea spanning from Britain to Eastern Denmark, was referred to as the Mare Frisia at that time. The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Small groups of Frisians settled the surrounding lands and their settlements have been traced to England, Scotland, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, France and obviously to The Netherlands. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands

Their territory followed the coast of the North Sea from the mouth of the Rhine river up to that of the Ems, their eastern border according to Ptolemy's Geographica. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge The Ems (Ems Eems is a River in northwestern Germany and northeastern Netherlands. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca Pliny the Elder states in Belgica that they were conquered by the Roman general Drusus in 12 BC, after several uprisings that were mentioned by Tacitus. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, born Decimus Claudius Drusus (the date of his name change is unknown and variously called Drusus, Drusus I, Nero The most noted of these is their partaking in the Batavian rebellion. The Revolt of the Batavi took place in the Roman province of Germania Inferior (S Thereafter the Frisians largely sank into historical obscurity, until coming into contact with the expanding Merovingian and Carolingian empires. The Merovingians (also Merovings) were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the

In the 5th century, during this period of historical silence, many of them no doubt joined the migration of the Angles and Saxons who went through Frisian territory to invade Great Britain, while those who stayed on the continent expanded into the newly-emptied lands previously occupied by the Anglo-Saxons. Frisia ( West Frisian: Fryslân; North Frisian: Fraschlönj, Freesklöön, Freeskluin, Fresklun, and See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south By the end of the sixth century the Frisians occupied the coast all the way to the mouth of the Weser and spread farther still in the seventh century, southward down to Dorestad and even Bruges. In the Early Middle Ages, Dorestad was the biggest most important and flourishing city of West Europe Bruges (Brugge is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium. This farthest extent of Frisian territory is known as Frisia Magna.

The empire that came in to being after the fall of the Western Roman Empire was governed by a king or a duke. The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern The earliest document referring to an independent state ruled by a king is dated 678. Early attempts to Christianize Frisia were unsuccessful in converting the fiercely pagan Frisians, and various monks were murdered or banished, such as the legendary example of the murder of Saint Boniface near Dokkum. Saint Boniface ( Latin: Bonifacius c 672 – June 5, 754) the Apostle of the Germans, born Winfrid or Wynfrith at Dokkum is a Dutch Fortified town in the municipality of Dongeradeel in the province of Friesland. King Radbod was even able to beat the mighty Charles Martel in 714 to preserve independence. Charles "The Hammer" Martel (Carolus Martellus Charles "the Hammer" (ca Twenty years later Charles Martel got his revenge and effectively subjugated the entire Frisian empire. Charles "The Hammer" Martel (Carolus Martellus Charles "the Hammer" (ca Christianity was also enforced by the Christian Franks and in Utrecht a Bishop was installed to see to Christian affairs in Frisia. Not until the early 800s did they fully reclaim their independence from the Frankish grip. Christianity had however taken root and had been adopted by most Frisians. Benedictine monk Saint Willibrord is considered to be the "Apostle of the Frisians". Benedictine refers to the Spirituality and Consecrated life in accordance with the Rule of St Benedict, written by Benedict of Nursia in Saint Willibrord (c 658 – November 7, 739) was a Northumbrian missionary known as the "Apostle to the Frisians " in the modern [16]

Kings or Dukes of Friesland

The princes of the Frisians in the early Middle Ages were:

The last four were certainly historical figures. The first four may be only legendary. What their exact title was depends on the source. Frankish sources tend to call them dukes; other sources often call them kings.

Friesland in the Middle Ages


Freedom of the Frisian People, Frisian Law

In the 8th century, Charlemagne freed the people of Friesland from swearing fealty to foreign overlords "That all Frisians would be fully free, the born and the unborn, so long as the wind blows from heaven and the child cries, grass grows green and flowers bloom, as far as the sun rises and the world stands". This is from a 12th century law text [17] written in Old Frisian using the poetic saga-style of Scandinavian epics. There are a substantial number of existing Frisian law texts and some of these have yet to be studied. There is currently a Frisia Project at the University of Amsterdam that is studying the ancient history of Friesland. The University of Amsterdam ( Universiteit van Amsterdam in Dutch) is a comprehensive research University located in the heart of the city of Amsterdam

But the tantalising tidbits of Frisian history that are already known reveal a people not much given to making their mark on history, except when provoked, and then fighting with a legendary fierceness to protect their freedom.

Frisian Migrations

The Frisian people also migrated to other areas in Europe. Migrations to Great Britain during the early Middle Ages (along with the Angles, Saxons and Jutes) where they founded (along with the other Germanic tribes mentioned) England or Angla-lond; this has been particularly well characterized through genetics, linguistics, and archeology. The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. The Jutes, Iuti, or Iutae were a Germanic people who according to Bede were one of the three most powerful Germanic peoples of the time [18] The Frisian language has much in common with Old English.

In the Faorese island of Suðuroy people refer to 'Frísarnir í Akrabergi' (the Frisians of Akraberg), indicating that the Frisians might have had some sort of settlement there. The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse Tvøroyri The biggest mountain Gluggarnir 610 mMountains 55 --> Suðuroy (literally South Island is the southernmost of the Faroe Islands

Modern history

Satellite view of the German Bight.
Satellite view of the German Bight. German Bight (Deutsche Bucht Tyske Bugt Duitse Bocht Dútske bocht is the south-eastern bight of the North Sea bounded by the Netherlands and Germany

The modern remnants of Frisia Magna are small and scattered. Most of it became dominated by its expanding neighbors: the Saxons (who were moving north and west) and the Franks (who were pushing north and east). The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Western and Middle Frisia are solidly within the modern state of the Netherlands, which now includes the "heartland" of the Frisians from the North Sea coast from Alkmaar in the modern province of North Holland, along the coasts of the modern provinces of Friesland and Groningen, and up to the mouth of the Ems. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands For the place with the same name in Commewijne District of Suriname, see Alkmaar (Suriname. North Holland ( Dutch: Noord-Holland,, West Frisian: Noôrd-Holland) is a province situated on the North Sea in the Friesland ( West Frisian: Fryslân, Dutch Friesland) is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the bigger region known Groningen is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands. Culturally, it has shrunk down to the province of Friesland alone. The West Frisian language is now spoken there and in parts of the Wadden Sea islands of Terschelling and Schiermonnikoog, Saterland Frisian is spoken in the German municipality of Saterland just south of East Frisia, and North Frisian is spoken in the German region of North Frisia (within the Kreis of Nordfriesland) on the west coast of Jutland. West Frisian ( Frysk) is a Language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland ( Fryslân) in the north of the Netherlands. The Wadden Sea ( Vadehavet, Waddenzee, Wattenmeer, Low German: Wattensee, West Frisian: Waadsee Terschelling ( Skylge Terschelling dialect: Schylge) is a Municipality and an Island in the northern Netherlands, one Schiermonnikoog ( Skiermûntseach is an Island, a Municipality, and a National park in the northern Netherlands. Saterland Frisian, also known as Sater Frisian or Saterlandic ( Seeltersk) is the last living dialect of the East Frisian language Saterland ( Saterland Frisian: Seelterlound) is a Municipality in the district of Cloppenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany East Frisia or Eastern Friesland ( Low Saxon: Oostfreesland, German Ostfriesland) is a coastal region in the northwest of the North Frisia or Northern Friesland (Nordfriesland is the northernmost portion of Frisia, located primarily in Germany between the rivers Eider German districts (de ''Kreise'' or de ''Landkreise'' in the states of Nordrhein-Westfalen and Schleswig-Holstein, singular de ''Kreis'' and de ''Landreis'' Nordfriesland, English " Northern Friesland " or " North Frisia " is a district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. This article is about the region of Denmark. For the World War I naval battle see Battle of Jutland. The North Frisian language is under heavy pressure from Low German and Standard German and faces possible extinction. Low German or Low Saxon (in Germany: Plattdüütsch or Nedderdüütsch; in Netherlands: Nedersaksisch or Nederduuts The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. A total of 29 schools in Southern Schleswig offer courses in Frisian. [19] Frisian is not spoken in Denmark any more[20]. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The East Frisian Low Saxon (a dialect of the Low Saxon) is spoken in East Frisia. East Frisian Low Saxon is a West Low German Dialect spoken in the East Frisian peninsula of northwestern Lower Saxony.

Notable Frisians

Statue to Frisian priest Prof. Dr. Titus Brandsma, O.Carm. in Nijmegen.
Statue to Frisian priest Prof. Dr. Titus Brandsma, O. Blessed Titus Brandsma ( Bolsward, February 23, 1881 &ndash Dachau July 26, 1942) was a Dutch Carm. in Nijmegen. Nijmegen (ˈnɛɪmeɣən) (obsolete spellings Nijmwegen Nymegen Nieumeghen &mdash Nimwegen in local dialect and in German, Nimègue in French

See also

External links

References

  1. ^ Churches and their members in East Frisia
  2. ^ Interfriesischer Rat / Ynterfryske Rie - Start
  3. ^ Carleton S. Frisia ( West Frisian: Fryslân; North Frisian: Fraschlönj, Freesklöön, Freeskluin, Fresklun, and The Frisian languages are a closely related group of Germanic languages, spoken by about 500000 members of Frisian Ethnic groups who live on the southern ||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||}The Frisian Islands, also known as the Wadden Islands or Wadden Sea Islands, form an Archipelago at the eastern edge of There are very few surviving early Mediaeval Frisian given names. Saint Willibrord (c 658 – November 7, 739) was a Northumbrian missionary known as the "Apostle to the Frisians " in the modern Coon, The Races of Europe,1939 (New York: Knopf, 1962), Chapter XII, section 4 [1] :"The hair is blond to medium brown, especially the latter (Saller-Fischer chart A-O), in over 60 per cent, except for the North Frisian parish of Bökingharde, where it is darker; red hair runs as high as 7 per cent on Spiekeroog. The Races of Europe is the title of two books related to the Anthropology of Europeans The first book was written by American sociologist/anthropologist The eyes are pure blue or light-mixed in 70 per cent to 80 per cent of instances. The Frisians are among the blondest people in the world. "
  4. ^ Op Zoek naar de Kelten, Nieuwe archeologische ontdekkingen tussen Noordzee en Rijn - Leo Verhart, ISBN 90 5345 303 2, 2006, p67
  5. ^ Leo Verhart - Op zoek naar de Kelten, 2006,ISBN 90 5345 303 2, p81-82
  6. ^ European Journal of Human Genetics - Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms, Giuseppe Passarino1 et al [2]
  7. ^ 1979: Nederland in de bronstijd, J. J. Butler
  8. ^ i-Friesland: Tacitus - Characteristics of Germanic people
  9. ^ i-Friesland: History: Tacitus - Tribes of Germania
  10. ^ http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/tacitus-germ-latin.html Tacitus mentions two different sections of Frisians, maioribus minoribusque frisii (major and minor Frisians), both having settled downstream the Rhine: Publius Cornelius Tacitus - Germania, paragraph 34
  11. ^ Pliny the Elder mentions Frisii and Frisiavones in book IV of his encyclopedic compilation Naturalis Historia (77 AD)
  12. ^ http://www.roman-britain.org/military/coh1fri.htm Inscriptions dated between 103-249 AD mention the "Cohors Primae Frisiavonum" - "First Cohort of the Frisiavones"
  13. ^ Frisian "Tritzum" pottery from Roman times has been found in Zele-Kamershoek, Belgium
  14. ^ Early Frisian pottery has been found in Kent: Looijenga T. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Naturalis Historia ( Latin for "Natural History" is an Encyclopedia written Circa AD 77 by Pliny the Elder. Year 77 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. , Runes around the North Sea and on the Continent A. D. 150-700, SSG Groningen, 1997
  15. ^ Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration - Weale et al. 19 (7): 1008 - Molecular Biology and Evolution
  16. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia on Saint Willibrord
  17. ^ i-Friesland: History: Freedom and Frisian Law
  18. ^ AS-26-11-03b
  19. ^ http://www.grenzlandportal.eu/default.asp?objtype=artikel1&func=showdetail&id=2051&ilanguage=dansk&menuItem=menuItemA_a_7311_a_&curMenu=A (Danish)
  20. ^ De vergeten Friezen in Denemarken - Voorpagina

Dictionary

Frisians

-noun

  1. Plural form of Frisian.
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