Rating system of the Royal Navy

Ships of the line First-rate Second-rate Third-rate Fourth-rate Frigates Fifth-rate Sixth-rate Unrated Sloop-of-war

For the bird, see Frigatebird. The rating system of the British Royal Navy was used by the British Royal Navy between the middle of the 17th century and the middle of the 19th century to categorise sailing A ship-of-the-line was a type of naval warship constructed from the 17th century through the mid-19th century to take part in the the naval tactic known as the Line of battle First-rate was the designation used by the Royal Navy for its largest ships of the line, those mounting 100 guns or more on three gundecks In the British Royal Navy, a Second-rate was a Ship of the line mounting 90 to 98 guns on three gun decks In the British Royal Navy, a third-rate was a Ship of the line mounting 64 to 80 guns typically built with two Gun decks (thus the related term In the British Royal Navy, a fourth-rate was during the first half of the 18th century a Ship of the line mounting from 46 up to 60 guns In Britain's Royal Navy during the classic age of fighting sail a fifth-rate was the penultimate class of warships in a hierarchal system of six "ratings" based Sixth-rate was the designation used by the Royal Navy for small warships mounting between 20 and 24 nine-pounder guns on a single deck sometimes with guns on the upper works In the 18th and the earlier part of the 19th centuries a sloop-of-war was a small sailing Warship (also known as one of the Escort types with a single gun deck The frigatebirds are a family Fregatidae, of Seabirds There are five Species in the single Genus Fregata.

A frigate [frĭg'-ĭt] is a warship. The term has been used for warships of many sizes and roles over the past few centuries. A warship is a Ship that is built and primarily intended for Combat.

In the 18th century, the term referred to ships which were as long as a ship-of-the-line and were square-rigged on all three masts (full rigged), but were faster and with lighter armament, used for patrolling and escort. A ship-of-the-line was a type of naval warship constructed from the 17th century through the mid-19th century to take part in the the naval tactic known as the Line of battle Square rig is a generic type of sail and rigging arrangement in which the primary driving sails are carried on horizontal Spars which are perpendicular or square A full rigged ship or fully rigged ship is a sailing vessel with three or more masts all of them Square rigged A full rigged ship is said to have a ship In the 19th century, the armoured frigate was a type of ironclad warship and for a time was the most powerful type of vessel afloat. An ironclad was a steam-propelled Warship of the later 19th century protected by Iron or Steel armor plates

In modern navies, frigates are used to protect other warships and merchant-marine ships, especially as anti-submarine warfare (ASW) combatants for amphibious expeditionary forces, underway replenishment groups, and merchant convoys. Anti-submarine warfare (ASW or in older form A/S is a branch of Naval warfare that uses surface Warships Aircraft, space craft or other Submarines A convoy is a group of Vehicles (of any type but usually motor vehicles or ships traveling together for mutual support But ship classes dubbed "frigates" have also more closely resembled corvettes, destroyers, cruisers and even battleships. A corvette is a small maneuverable lightly armed Warship, originally smaller than a Frigate and larger than a coastal patrol craft, although many In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. A battleship is a large heavily armored Warship with a main battery consisting of the largest Calibre of Guns Battleships were

Contents 1 The age of sail 1.1 Origin 1.2 The classic frigate 1.3 The role of the frigates 2 The age of steam 3 Modern frigates 3.1 Second World War 3.2 Guided missile frigates 3.3 Anti-submarine warfare frigates 3.4 Modern developments 4 References 5 See also 6 External links 7 Lists of frigates

The age of sail

Origin

The term "frigate" (Italian: fregata; Spanish/Catalan/Portuguese/Sicilian: fragata; Dutch: "fregat") originated in the Mediterranean in the late 15th century, referring to a lighter galleass type ship with oars, sails and a light armament, built for speed and maneuverability. Louis-Antoine comte de Bougainville ( November 12 1729 Paris - August 31 1811 Paris) was a French navigator and military Rigging (from Anglo-Saxon wrigan or wringing, "to clothe" is on Sailboats and Sailing ships the collection of A galley (from Greek γαλέα - galea is an ancient Ship which can be propelled entirely by human oarsmen, used for Warfare ^[1]

In 1583, during the Eighty Years' War, Habsburg Spain recovered the Southern Netherlands from the rebellious Dutch. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516-1700 when this country was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty (also associated to The Southern Netherlands (Zuidelijke Nederlanden Países Bajos del Sur Pays-Bas du sud were a part of the Low Countries controlled by Spain ( Spanish This soon led to the occupied ports being used as bases for privateers, notably the Dunkirkers, to attack the shipping of the Dutch and their allies. A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping During the Dutch Revolt ( 1568 - 1648) the Dunkirkers or Dunkirk Privateers, were warships in the service of the Spanish Empire operating To achieve this they developed small, maneuverable, sail-only vessels that came to be referred to as frigates. Because most regular navies required ships of greater endurance than the Dunkirker frigates could provide, the useful term 'frigate' was soon applied less exclusively to any relatively fast and elegant sail-only ship, such that much later even the mighty English Sovereign of the Seas was described as 'a delicate frigate' after modifications in 1651. History HMS Sovereign of the Seas was ordered in August 1634 on personal initiative of Charles I of England, who desired a giant Great Ship to be

The navy of the Dutch Republic was the first regular navy to build the larger ocean-going frigates. "United Netherlands" redirects here For the "Kingdom of the United Netherlands" see United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Dutch navy had three principal tasks in the struggle against Spain: to protect Dutch merchant ships at sea, to blockade the ports of Spanish-held Flanders to damage trade and halt enemy privateering, and to fight the Spanish fleet and prevent troop landings. Flanders (Vlaanderen Flandre Flandern is a geographical region located in parts of present day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping The first two tasks required speed, shallowness of draft for the shallow waters around the Netherlands, and the ability to carry sufficient supplies to maintain a blockade. The third task required heavy armament, sufficient to fight against the Spanish fleet. The first of these larger battle-capable frigates were built around 1600 at Hoorn in Holland. Hoorn ( West Frisian: Hoorn) is a municipality and a town in the Netherlands, in the province of Noord Holland. Holland is a region in the western part of the Netherlands. A maritime and economic power in the 17th century Holland today consists of the Dutch provinces of ^[2] By the later stages of the Eighty Years War the Dutch had switched entirely from the heavier ships still used by the English and Spanish to the lighter frigates, carrying around 40 guns and weighing around 300 tons. The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1568—1648 was the revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries

The effectiveness of the Dutch frigates became most visible in the Battle of the Downs in 1639, triggering most other navies, especially the English, to adopt similar innovations. The naval Battle of the Downs took place on 31 October 1639 ( New style) during the Eighty Years' War and was a decisive defeat of the

The fleets built by the Commonwealth of England in the 1650s generally consisted of ships described as 'frigates', the largest of which were two-decker 'great frigates' of the third rate. The Commonwealth of England was the Republican government which ruled first England (including Wales) and then Ireland and Scotland In the British Royal Navy, a third-rate was a Ship of the line mounting 64 to 80 guns typically built with two Gun decks (thus the related term Carrying 60 guns, these vessels were as big and capable as 'great ships' of the time; however, most other frigates at the time were used as 'cruisers': independent fast ships. A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. The term 'frigate' implied a long hull design, which relates directly to speed (see hull speed) and also, in turn, helped the development of the broadside tactic in naval warfare. Hull speed, sometimes referred to as displacement speed, is a Rule of thumb used to provide an approximate maximum efficient speed for a hull A broadside is the side of a Ship; the battery of Cannon on one side of a Warship; or their simultaneous (or near simultaneous fire in

In French, the term 'frigate' became a verb, meaning 'to build long and low', and an adjective, adding further confusion. ^[3]

According to the rating system of the Royal Navy, laid down in the 1660s, frigates were usually of the fifth rate, though small 28-gun frigates were classed as sixth rate. The rating system of the British Royal Navy was used by the British Royal Navy between the middle of the 17th century and the middle of the 19th century to categorise sailing In Britain's Royal Navy during the classic age of fighting sail a fifth-rate was the penultimate class of warships in a hierarchal system of six "ratings" based Sixth-rate was the designation used by the Royal Navy for small warships mounting between 20 and 24 nine-pounder guns on a single deck sometimes with guns on the upper works ^[1]

The classic frigate

The classic sailing frigate, well-known today for its role in the Napoleonic wars, can be traced back to French developments in the second quarter of the 18th century. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The French-built Médée of 1740 is often regarded as the first example of this type. These ships were square-rigged and carried all their main guns on a single gun deck which replaced the upper gun deck on earlier similarly-sized two-decked ships. The lower deck, known as the "gun deck", now carried no armament, and functioned as a "berth deck" where the crew lived, and was in fact placed below the waterline of the new frigates. The new sailing frigates were able to fight with all their guns when the seas were so rough that comparable two-deckers had to close the gun-ports on their lower decks. Like the larger 74 which was developed at the same time, the new frigates sailed very well and were good fighting vessels due to a combination of long hulls and low upperworks compared to vessels of comparable size and firepower.

The Royal Navy captured a handful of the new French frigates during the early stages of the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) and were impressed by them, particularly for their inshore handling capabilities. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths They soon built copies and started to adapt the type to their own needs, setting the standard for other frigates as a superpower.

Royal Navy frigates of the late 18th century were based on the 1780-vintage Perseverance class, which displaced around 900 tons and carried 36 guns; this successful class was followed by the Tribune class batch of fifteen ships starting in 1801 that displaced over 1,000 tons and carried 38 guns.

In 1797, the US Navy's first major ships were 44-gun frigates (or "super-frigates"), which actually carried fifty-six to sixty 24-pounder long guns and 36-pounder or 48-pounder carronades on two decks, and were exceptionally powerful and tough. The carronade was a short Smoothbore, Cast iron Cannon, developed for the Royal Navy by the Carron Company, an Ironworks These ships were so well-respected that they were often seen as equal to 4th-rate ships of the line and, after a series of losses at the outbreak of the War of 1812, British Royal Navy fighting instructions ordered British frigates (usually of 38-guns or less) to never engage American frigates at any less than a 2:1 advantage. The War of 1812 was fought between the United States of America and the British Empire, particularly Great Britain and her North American colonies The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) The USS Constitution, better known as "Old Ironsides", the oldest commissioned ship afloat, is the last remaining example of an American 44. Construction In August 1785 after the Revolutionary War drew to a close Congress sold, the last ship remaining in the Continental Navy.

The role of the frigates

Frigates were perhaps the hardest-worked of warship types during the age of sail. The Age of Sail was the period in which International trade and Naval warfare were dominated by Sailing Ships lasting from the 16th to the mid While smaller than a ship-of-the-line, they were formidable opponents for the large numbers of sloops and gunboats, not to mention privateers or merchantmen. A ship-of-the-line was a type of naval warship constructed from the 17th century through the mid-19th century to take part in the the naval tactic known as the Line of battle For the military definition of sloop see Sloop-of-war. For the open learning project see SLOOP Project. A gunboat is literally a Boat carrying one or more Guns The term is rather broad and the usual connotation has changed over the years (sometimes encompassing A privateer was a private Warship authorized by a country's Government by Letters of marque to attack foreign shipping Able to carry six months' stores, they had very long range; and vessels larger than frigates were considered too valuable to operate independently.

Frigates scouted for the fleet, went on commerce-raiding missions and patrols, conveyed messages and dignitaries. Usually frigates would fight in small numbers or singly against other frigates. They would avoid contact with ships-of-the-line; even in the midst of a fleet engagement it was bad etiquette for a ship of the line to fire on an enemy frigate which had not fired first. A ship-of-the-line was a type of naval warship constructed from the 17th century through the mid-19th century to take part in the the naval tactic known as the Line of battle

For officers in the Royal Navy a frigate was a desirable posting. Frigates often saw action, which meant a greater chance of glory, promotion. and prize money. Generally prize money or purse is a monetary Prize awarded for winning or coming a place in a competition

Unlike larger ships that were placed in ordinary, frigates were kept in service in peacetime as a cost-saving measure and to provide experience to frigate captains and officers which would be useful in wartime. A reserve fleet or (less formally mothball fleet is a collection of Naval vessels (both Warships and support vessels that are fully equipped for Frigates could also carry marines for boarding enemy ships or for operations on shore. Marines (from the English adjective marine, meaning of the sea, from Latin language mare, meaning sea via French adjective

Frigate armament ranged from 22 guns on one deck to up to even 60 guns on two decks. Common armament was 32 to 44 long guns, from 8 to 24 pounders (3. 6 to 11 kg), plus a few carronades (large bore short range guns). The carronade was a short Smoothbore, Cast iron Cannon, developed for the Royal Navy by the Carron Company, an Ironworks

Frigates remained a crucial element of navies until the mid-19th century. For the 1954 film starring Kirk Douglas see 20000 Leagues Under the Sea. The first ironclads were classified as 'frigates' because of the number of guns they carried. An ironclad was a steam-propelled Warship of the later 19th century protected by Iron or Steel armor plates However, terminology changed as iron and steam became the norm, and the role of the frigate was assumed first by the protected cruiser and then by the destroyer. Protected cruisers were a type of naval Cruiser of the late 19th century so known because their deck armour offered protection for vital machine spaces from shrapnel caused In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy

Frigates are often the vessel of choice in historical naval novels, such at the Patrick O'Brian Aubrey–Maturin series and C. S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower series. Patrick O'Brian, CBE ( 12 December 1914 &ndash 2 January 2000; born as Richard Patrick Russ) was an English The Aubrey–Maturin series is a sequence of Historical novels — 20 completed and one unfinished — by Patrick O'Brian, set during the Napoleonic Cecil Scott Forester was the Pen name of Cecil Louis Troughton Smith ( August 27 1899 – April 2, 1966) an English Admiral of the Fleet Horatio Hornblower 1st Baron Hornblower, GCB, is a fictional protagonist of a series of Novels by C The motion picture Master and Commander features a reconstructed historic frigate, HMS Rose to depict Aubrey's frigate HMS Surprise. Master and Commander is an historical naval novel by Patrick O'Brian.

The age of steam

Vessels classed as frigates continued to play a great role in navies with the adoption of steam power in the 19th century. A paddle steamer is a ship or boat driven by a Steam engine that uses one or more Paddle wheels to develop thrust for propulsion. In the 1830s navies experimented with large paddle-steamers equipped with large guns mounted on one deck, which were termed 'paddle frigates'. From the mid-1840s frigates which more closely resembled the traditional sailing frigate were built with steam engines and screw propellers. These 'screw frigates', built first of wood and later of iron, continued to perform the traditional role of the frigate until late in the 19th century.

From 1859, armour was added to ships based on existing frigate and ship of the line designs. A ship-of-the-line was a type of naval warship constructed from the 17th century through the mid-19th century to take part in the the naval tactic known as the Line of battle The additional weight of the armour on these first ironclad warships meant that they could have only one gun deck, and they were technically frigates, even though they were more powerful than existing ships-of-the-line and occupied the same strategic role. An ironclad was a steam-propelled Warship of the later 19th century protected by Iron or Steel armor plates The phrase 'armoured frigate' remained in use for some time to denote a sail-equipped, broadside-firing type of ironclad.

Towards the end of the 19th century, the term 'frigate' fell out of use. Armoured vessels were designated as either 'battleships' or 'armoured cruisers', while unarmoured vessels including frigates and sloops were classified as 'unprotected cruisers'.

Modern frigates

Second World War

Modern frigates are related to earlier frigates only by name. Construction Swale was built to the RN's specifications as a Group I River class frigate Construction Darwin was laid down by Todd Pacific Shipyards at Seattle in Washington on 2 July 1981 launched on 26 March 1982 and commissioned Construction and acquisition Three units of the ''Oliver Hazard Perry'' class were ordered by the Australian government under Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. Service Regina serves on MARPAC missions protecting Canada's sovereignty in the Pacific Ocean and enforcing Canadian laws in its territorial sea and Exclusive Description Weapons Systems The primary weapon deployed by Halifax -class vessels is the CH-124 Sea King helicopter which acts in concert with shipboard Photographs French version Context In the late 1980s the Marine Nationale started the studies for frigates adapted to low-intensity conflicts in the post-Cold War era Images List of ships See also ''De Zeven Provinciën'' class frigate ''F125'' class frigate Accidents In December 2005 INS Trishul collided with a commercial ship Ambuja Laxmi outside the Mumbai harbour History On 17 November 1997, Russia and India signed a $1 billion contract for three Krivak III class multi-purpose frigates Armament These multi-purpose frigates can be used in the Anti-submarine, Anti-aircraft or surface combat roles Improvements The new frigates will prove a great improvement over their predecessors the ''Oslo'' class frigates not only in size but also in personnel capabilities and Gallery Sources Rodríguez John "Las fragatas Lupo una breve mirada retrospectiva y perspectivas" Design In the early 1970s the Marina Militare faced an increased Soviet naval presence in the Mediterranean Sea which constituted a threat to its Design Origin The Type 23 was initially conceived as an Anti-submarine warfare platform with a Westland Lynx or EHI Merlin Helicopter Ships The ships were designed by Maine shipyard Bath Iron Works in partnership with New York-based naval architects Gibbs & Cox. The term "frigate" was readopted during World War II by the British Royal Navy to describe a new type of anti-submarine escort vessel that was larger than a corvette, but smaller than a destroyer. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) An anti-submarine weapon is any one of a range of devices that are intended to act against a submarine and its crew to destroy (sink the vessel or to destroy or reduce its capability A corvette is a small maneuverable lightly armed Warship, originally smaller than a Frigate and larger than a coastal patrol craft, although many In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy The frigate was introduced to remedy some of the shortcomings inherent in the corvette design: limited armament, a hull form not suited to open-ocean work, a single shaft which limited speed and maneuverability, and a lack of range. The frigate was designed and built to the same mercantile construction standards (scantlings) as the corvette, allowing manufacture by yards unused to warship construction. Scantling is a measurement of prescribed size dimensions or cross sectional areas The first frigates of the River class (1941) were essentially two sets of corvette machinery in one larger hull, armed with the latest Hedgehog anti-submarine weapon. Design The River class ships were designed by naval engineer William Reed to have the endurance and anti-submarine capabilities of the ''Black Swan'' class sloops For the area denial weapon see Czech hedgehog. The Hedgehog was an Anti-submarine weapon developed by the Royal Navy The frigate possessed less offensive firepower and speed than a destroyer, but such qualities were not required for anti-submarine warfare. In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy Submarines were slow, and ASDIC sets did not operate effectively at speeds of over 20 knots). Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate Rather, the frigate was an austere and weatherly vessel suitable for mass-construction and fitted with the latest innovations in anti-submarine warfare. As the frigate was intended purely for convoy duties, and not to deploy with the fleet, it had limited range and speed.

The contemporaneous German Flottenbegleiter ("fleet escorts"), also known as "F-Boats" were essentially frigates. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Construction The ships were all were built by Germaniawerft, Kiel, and entered service between 1936 and 1939 ^[4] They were based on a pre-war Oberkommando der Marine concept of vessels which could fill roles such as fast minesweeper, minelayer, merchant escort and anti-submarine vessel. The Oberkommando der Marine (or OKM for short was Germany 's Naval High Command until 1945 Because of the Treaty of Versailles their displacement was officially limited to 600 tons, although in reality they exceeded this by about 100 tons. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. F-boats had two stacks and two 105 mm gun turrets. The design was flawed because of its narrow beam, sharp bow and unreliable high pressure steam turbines. F-boats suffered relatively heavy losses and were succeeded in operational duties later in the war by Type 35 and Elbing class torpedo boats. The Type 35 and Type 37 Torpedo boats were small Destroyers (German Flottentorpedoboot "Fleet Torpedo Boat" built for the Kriegsmarine The ships The ships were unnamed but numbered T22 to T36. See also German torpedoboats of World War II Flottenbegleiter remained in service as advanced training vessels.

It was not until the Royal Navy's Bay class of 1944 that a British design bearing the name of frigate was produced for fleet use, although it still suffered from limited speed. The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) Design The Bay class made use of the hull machinery lattice mast and superstructure of incomplete Loch class frigates These frigates were similar to the United States Navy's (USN) destroyer escorts (DE), although the latter had greater speed and offensive armament to better suit them to fleet deployments. A Destroyer Escort (DE is the classification for a small relatively slow Warship (when compared to first-rate Naval fleet vessels designed to be used to escort American DEs serving in the British Royal Navy were rated as frigates, and British-influenced Tacoma class frigates serving in the USN were classed as patrol frigates (PF). The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Royal Navy of the United Kingdom is the oldest of the British armed services (and is therefore known as the Senior Service) One of the most successful post-1945 designs was the British Leander class frigate, which was used by several navies. Batch 1 The first batch comprising 8 ships and built between 1963 and 1965 were general purpose alternatives to the far more expensive single-role classes such as the Rothesay

Guided missile frigates

The introduction of the surface-to-air missile after the Second World War made relatively small ships effective for anti-aircraft warfare (AAW): the "guided missile frigate. A surface to air missile ( SAM) or ground-to-air missile ( GTAM) is a Missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy Aircraft " In the USN, these vessels were called "Ocean Escorts" and designated "DE" or "DEG" until 1975 - a holdover from the World War II Destroyer Escort or DE. Ocean Escort was a type of United States Navy Warship. Ocean Escorts were an evolution of the World War II Destroyer escort types The United States Navy uses hull classification symbols (sometimes called hull codes) to identify the types of its ships A Destroyer Escort (DE is the classification for a small relatively slow Warship (when compared to first-rate Naval fleet vessels designed to be used to escort Other navies maintained the use of the term "frigate. "

From the 1950s to the 1970s, the USN commissioned ships classed as guided missile frigates which were actually AAW cruisers built on destroyer-style hulls. A cruiser is a large type of Warship, which had its prime period from the late 19th century to the end of the Cold War. In naval terminology a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance Warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, Convoy Some of these ships - the Bainbridge-, Truxtun-, California- and Virginia- classes - were nuclear-powered. See also List of United States Navy destroyer leaders General characteristics Lead Ship USS Truxtun (CGN-35 Number of Ships 1 Displacement: See also List of United States Navy destroyer leaders Class description The ships were derived from the earlier ''California''-class nuclear cruiser (CGN-36 class Nuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into parts (lighter nuclei) often producing Free neutrons and other smaller nuclei which may These were larger than any previous frigates and the use of the term frigate here is much more analogous to its original use. All such ships were reclassified as guided missile cruisers (CG / CGN) or, in the case of the smaller Farragut-class, as guided missile destroyers (DDG) in 1975. List of Farragut class destroyers A guided missile destroyer is a Destroyer designed to launch Guided missiles Many are also equipped to carry out anti-submarine, anti-air The last of these particular frigates were struck from the Naval Vessel Register in the 1990s. The Naval Vessel Register ( NVR) is the official inventory of ships and service craft in custody of or titled by the United States Navy.

Nearly all modern frigates are equipped with some form of offensive or defensive missiles, and as such are rated as guided-missile frigates (FFG). Improvements in surface-to-air missiles (e. g. , the Eurosam Aster 15) allow modern guided-missile frigates to form the core of many modern navies and to be used as a fleet defence platform, without the need for specialised AAW frigates. Eurosam GIE is a European manufacturer of anti-air missiles Eurosam was established in June 1989 for the development of the Famille de missiles Sol-Air Futurs (Future Surface-to-Air Aster is a family of surface-to-air missiles manufactured by Eurosam, a European consortium consisting of MBDA France MBDA Italy (combined 66% and the

Anti-submarine warfare frigates

At the opposite end of the spectrum, some frigates are specialised for anti-submarine warfare (ASW). Anti-submarine warfare (ASW or in older form A/S is a branch of Naval warfare that uses surface Warships Aircraft, space craft or other Submarines Increasing submarine speeds towards the end of the Second World War (see German Type XXI submarine) greatly reduced the margin of speed superiority of frigate over submarine. Description The key improvement in the Type XXI was greatly increased battery capacity roughly three times that of the Type VIIC. The frigate could therefore no longer be a relatively slow vessel powered by mercantile machinery, and as such postwar frigate construction was of fast vessels, such as the Whitby class. Design Critical to the design of the Type 12 was the requirement to be able to steam for long periods of time in heavy seas economically and at high speed Such ships carry improved sonar equipment, such as the variable depth sonar or towed array, and specialised weapons such as torpedoes, ahead-throwing weapons such as Limbo and missile-carried anti-submarine torpedoes like ASROC or Ikara. Sonar (which started as an Acronym for sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses Sound propagation (usually underwater to navigate A towed array sonar is a Sonar array that is towed behind a Submarine or surface Ship. The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below Limbo, or Anti Submarine Mortar Mark 10 (A/S Mk10 was the final British development of the anti-submarine ahead-throwing weapon stemming from ASROC (for Anti-Submarine ROCket) is an all-weather all sea-conditions anti-submarine missile system developed by the United States Navy in the 1950s The Ikara Missile was an Australian ship-launched anti- Submarine missile named after an Australian Aboriginal word for a "throwing They can retain defensive and offensive capabilities by the carriage of surface-to-air and surface-to-surface missiles (such as Sea Sparrow or Exocet, respectively). The AIM-7 Sparrow is a medium-range Semi-active radar homing Air-to-air missile operated by the United States Air Force, United States Navy The Exocet is a French -built Anti-ship missile whose various versions can be launched from surface vessels submarines and airplanes The Royal Navy's original Type 22 frigate is an example of such a specialised ASW frigate. Design The Type 22 was designed to be a specialist Anti-submarine warfare vessel as part of the Royal Navy's contribution to NATO.

Especially for ASW, most modern frigates have a landing deck and hangar aft to operate helicopters. The word helipad is a portmanteau meaning helicopter landing pad, a landing area for Helicopters Though helicopters can usually land anywhere flat a fabricated A hangar is an enclosed structure to hold Aircraft in protective storage History Since 400 AD Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. This negates the need for the frigate to close with unknown sub-surface contacts it has detected, and thus risking attack and is especially pertinent as modern submarines are often nuclear powered and faster than surface warships. The helicopter is utilised for this purpose instead, allowing the parent ship to stand off at a safe distance. For this task the helicopter is equipped with sensors such as sonobuoys, wire-mounted dipping sonar and magnetic anomaly detectors, to identify possible threats and combat confirmed targets with torpedoes or depth-charges. A sonobuoy (a Portmanteau of Sonar and Buoy) is a relatively small (typically 4⅞ inches or 124 mm in diameter and 36 inches or 910 mm long expendable A magnetic anomaly detector (MAD is an instrument used to detect minute variations in the Earth's magnetic field. The modern torpedo (historically called an automotive automobile locomotive or fish torpedo is a self-propelled explosive Projectile weapon launched above or below Depth Charge is a character in the Beast Wars: Transformers universe With their onboard radar, helicopters can also be used to reconnoitre targets over-the-horizon and, if equipped with anti-ship missiles such as Penguin or Sea Skua, to engage in anti-surface warfare as well. Anti-ship missiles are a Missile designed for use against Ships Most anti-ship missiles are of the Sea-skimming type and use a combination of The Penguin Anti-ship missile (US designation AGM-119) made by Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KDA of Norway from the early 1970s and continually The Sea Skua is a British lightweight short range Air-to-Surface missile (ASM designed use from Helicopters against ships The helicopter is also invaluable for search and rescue operation and has largely replaced the use of small boats or the jackstay rig for such duties as transferring personnel, mail and cargo between ships or to shore. For the TV series of this title see Search and Rescue (TV series. A dinghy is a type of small Boat, often carried or towed by a larger vessel A yard is a Spar on a mast from which Sails are set It may be constructed of timber steel or from more modern materials like Aluminum or With helicopters, these tasks can be accomplished faster and less dangerously, and without the need for the frigate to deviate from its course.

Modern developments

Stealth technology has been introduced in modern frigate design. Stealth technology also known as LOT (Low Observability Technology is a sub-discipline of military Electronic countermeasures which covers a range of techniques used with Frigate shapes are designed to offer a minimal radar cross section, which also lends them good air penetration; the maneuverability of these frigates has been compared to that of sailing ships. Radar cross section (RCS is a measure of how detectable an object is with a Radar. Examples are the French La Fayette-class with the Aster 15 missile for anti-missile capabilities, and the German F125 class and Sachsen class frigates. French version Context In the late 1980s the Marine Nationale started the studies for frigates adapted to low-intensity conflicts in the post-Cold War era Aster is a family of surface-to-air missiles manufactured by Eurosam, a European consortium consisting of MBDA France MBDA Italy (combined 66% and the Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Images List of ships See also ''De Zeven Provinciën'' class frigate ''F125'' class frigate

The modern French Navy applies the term frigate to both frigates and destroyers in service. The French Navy, officially the Marine nationale ( National Navy) and often called La Royale ( The Royal Navy) is the maritime arm Pennant numbers remain divided between F-series numbers for those ships internationally recognized as frigates and D-series pennant numbers for those more traditionally recognized as destroyers. This can result in some confusion as certain classes are referred to as frigates in French service while similar ships in other navies are referred to as destroyers. This also results in some recent classes of French ships being among the largest in the world to carry the rating of frigate.

Also in the German Navy frigates were used to replace aging destroyers; however in size and role the new German frigates exceed the former class of destroyers. The German Navy ( Deutsche Marine ( is the Navy of Germany and part of the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces The future F125 class frigate will be the largest class of frigates worldwide with a displacement of 6,800 tons. The same was done in the Spanish Navy, which went ahead with the deployment of the first Aegis frigates, the F-100 class frigates. The Aegis combat system is an integrated weapons system used by the United States Navy. Units ''Álvaro de Bazán'' (F101 (2002 ''Almirante Juan de Borbón'' (F102 (2003 ''Blas de Lezo'' (F103

Some new classes of frigates are optimized for high-speed deployment and combat with small craft rather than combat between equal opponents; an example is the U. S. Littoral Combat Ship. The Littoral Combat Ship is the first design of the US Navy 's next-generation surface combatants

References

• Gresham, John D. , "The swift and sure steeds of the fighting sail fleet were its dashing frigates", Military Heritage magazine, (John D. Gresham, Military Heritage, February 2002, Volume 3, No. 4, pp. 12 to 17 and p. 87).
• Royal Navy Frigates 1945-1983 Leo Marriot, Ian Allan, 1983, ISBN 0-7110-1322-5

See also

• List of frigate classes
• List of frigate classes by country
• United States Navy 1975 ship reclassification
• Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald

External links

• Frigates from battleships-cruisers. This list of frigate classes includes all Frigate classes listed alphabetically The list of frigates by country includes all Frigates organized by the country they were in service of The United States Navy reclassified many of its surface vessels in 1975 changing terminology and Hull classification symbols for Aircraft carriers Admiral Lord Sir Thomas Alexander Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, Marquês do Maranhão GCB, RN (14 December co. uk - history and pictures of United Kingdom frigates since World War II
• Frigates from Destroyers OnLine - pictures, history, crews of United States frigates since 1963
• The Development of the Full-Rigged Ship From the Carrack to the Full-Rigger

Lists of frigates

Note that Algerian, Tripolitan and Tunisian sail frigates are listed under Turkey. All Italian city-state frigates are listed under Italy.

Sail frigates (1640-1860)	Steam frigates (1830-1880)	Modern frigates (1940-present)	Current frigates
		Australia	Australia
Austria	Austria
		Canada	Canada
Denmark		Denmark
Egypt	Egypt
		Finland
France	France	France	France
Germany	Germany	Germany	Germany
	Greece	Greece	Greece
			India
			Iran
Italy	Italy	Italy	Italy
Netherlands			Netherlands
		New Zealand	New Zealand
		Norway	Norway
		Pakistan	Pakistan
	Peru	Peru	Peru
Portugal	Portugal	Portugal	Portugal
Russia	Russia	Russia
			Singapore
Spain	Spain		Spain
Sweden
Turkey		Turkey	Turkey
United Kingdom	United Kingdom	United Kingdom	United Kingdom
United States	United States	United States	United States
		Republic of China (Taiwan)	Taiwan

Note that the People's Republic of China also currently operates the Jianghu and Jiangwei class frigates, as well as constructing the 054 Jiangkai series of modern stealth frigates. This is a list of sail frigates in the Austrian imperial Navy: Bellona 42 (ex-French Bellona, captured 1798 This is a list of Royal Canadian Navy (RCN ships that have served past and present from 1911&ndash1968 and Maritime Command (MARCOM of the Canadian Forces Description Weapons Systems The primary weapon deployed by Halifax -class vessels is the CH-124 Sea King helicopter which acts in concert with shipboard This is a list of sail frigates serving either in the Royal Danish Navy or the Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy in the period 1650-1860 Phenix/Føniks 30/32 This is a list of Egyptian frigates of the period 1640-1870 They were built in Alexandria, Marseille, Venice or Trieste. This is a list of former Frigates of the Finnish Navy: Riga class ''Hämeenmaa'' (1964 - 1987 ''Uusimaa'' This is a list of French sail frigates from the start of the 1740s This is a non-comprehensive list of French steam Frigates of the period 1841 - 59: Paddle frigates Asmodée 16 (1841 First rank Frigates (destroyers The French Navy does not use the term " Destroyer " thus some large ships of the first rank (like ''Horizon'') are designated This is a list of German sail Frigates Mohrian (ex-Swedish Kurprinz Deutschland 36 This is a list of current German Frigates F122 ''Bremen'' class General purpose frigates 130m/3680t in service since 1982 130m/3600t CODOG History The Shivalik class ship has been designed by the Directorate of Naval Design of the Indian Navy Submarines SSK Kilo (3 **Displacement 4000 tons submerged Dimensions 74 x 9 This is a list of Italian sail frigates of the period 1640-1840 Venice Cavalier Angelo Pallade Venere Minerva - Wrecked c This is a list of Italian steam Frigates of the period 1853 -63 Several vessels were renamed on entry to the Italian navy Maestrale class Maestrale (F 570 Grecale (F 571 Libeccio (F 572 Scirocco This is a list of Dutch sail Frigates of the period 1640 to 1860: Year is building year not necessarily launching year The Koninklijke Marine ( Royal Netherlands Navy) is the Navy of the Netherlands. The Royal New Zealand Navy ( RNZN) (Maori Te Taua Moana, The Sea Army) is the maritime arm of the New Zealand Defence Force. This is a list of current Norwegian Frigates Oslo class KNM Oslo (F 300 (1964 - 1994 KNM Bergen (F 301 (1965 - 2005 KNM This is a list of Peruvian steam frigates of the period 1852-1881 ! |Ship name! |Ship type! |Origin! |Commissioned! |Guns! |Fate|-| Amazonas | Screw frigate This is a list of Russian sail frigates of the period 1694–1852 The format is Name number of guns (rank/real amount launch year (A = built in Arkhangelsk) fate (service This is a list of Russian paddle & screw frigates corvettes and clippers of the period 1836-1892 The format is Name number of guns (rank/real amount launch year This is list of Spanish sail frigates (incomplete Spanish frigates often had secular names and religious aliases This is a list of Swedish sail Frigates of the period 1640 to 1860: Fenix 30 Danska Fenix 30/32 (ex-Danish This is a list of Turkish and allied sail and steam frigates of the period 1650-1900 The guns listed are sometimes approximate as it's difficult to get accurate data for early Turkish This is a list of Frigate classes of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom in chronological order This is a list of Frigate classes of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom in chronological order This is a list of Frigate classes of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom in chronological order This is a list of Frigate classes of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom in chronological order This is a list of sailing Frigates of the United States Navy. Mississippi class USS Mississippi (1841 USS Missouri (1841 Susquehannah class USS Susquehanna This is a list of Frigates of the United States Navy, sorted by hull number The following list enumerates the classes of Frigates operated by the Republic of China Navy. The following list enumerates the classes of Frigates operated by the Republic of China Navy.

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