| Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller | |
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| Born | November 10, 1759 Marbach am Neckar, Germany |
| Died | May 9, 1805 Weimar, Germany |
| Occupation | poet, dramatist |
| Nationality | German |
| Literary movement | Weimar Classicism |
| Notable work(s) | The Robbers; The Wallenstein Trilogy; Don Carlos; Mary Stuart; Wilhelm Tell; On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a series of Letters |
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Influences
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Influenced
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Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller [johan/joːhan krɪstɔf friːtʁɪç fɔn ʃɪləʁ/ʃɪlɐ] (November 10, 1759 – May 9, 1805) was a German poet, philosopher, historian, and dramatist. Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Year 1759 ( MDCCLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A poet is a person who writes Poetry. Etymology From the Ancient greek: ποιέω, poieō: "I make or compose" Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language See also History An historian is an individual who studies and writes about History, and is regarded as an Authority on it A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes dramatic literature or Drama. During the last few years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller struck up a productive, if complicated, friendship with already famous and influential Johann Wolfgang Goethe, with whom he greatly discussed issues concerning aesthetics, encouraging Goethe to finish works he left merely as sketches; this thereby gave way to a period now referred to as Weimar Classicism. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Weimar Classicism ( German “ Weimarer Klassik ” and “ Weimarer Klassizismus ” is a cultural and Literary movement of Europe They also worked together on Die Xenien (The Xenies), a collection of short but harshly satiric poems in which both Schiller and Goethe verbally attacked those persons they perceived to be enemies of their aesthetic agenda.
Contents |
Biography
Schiller was born in Marbach, Württemberg (located at the river Neckar in southwest Germany, north of Stuttgart, the region of Swabia), as the only son, besides ten sisters, of military doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (1733-1796), and Elisabeth Dorothea Kodweiß (1732-1802). Marbach am Neckar (pop ca 15000 is a town on the river Neckar in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Württemberg, formerly known as Wirtemberg, is an area and a former state in Swabia, a region in southwestern Germany. The Neckar is a 367-km long River, mainly flowing through the southwestern state of Baden-Württemberg, but also a short section through Hesse Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Swabia, Suabia, or Svebia ( German: Schwaben, Schwabenland or Ländle) is both a historic and linguistic On 22 February 1790, he married Charlotte von Lengefeld (1766-1826). Four children were born between 1793 and 1804, the sons Karl and Ernst, and the daughters Luise and Emilie. The grandchild of Emilie, Baron Alexander of Gleichen-Rußwurm, died in 1947 at Baden-Baden, Germany, as the last living descendant of Schiller.
His father was away in the Seven Years' War when Friedrich was born. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths He was named after Frederick II of Prussia (Friedrich is German for Frederick), the king of the country his father was fighting, Prussia, but he was called Fritz by nearly everyone. Frederick II (Friedrich II January 24 1712 August 17 1786) was a King of Prussia (1740&ndash1786 from the The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state [1] Caspar Schiller was rarely home at the time, which was hard on the mother, but he did manage to visit the family once in a while and the mother and the children also visited him where he happened to be stationed at the time occasionally. [2] In 1763, the war ended. Schiller's father became a recruiting officer and was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd. Schwäbisch Gmünd is a town in the eastern part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. The family moved with him, of course; but since the cost of living especially the rent soon turned out to be too expensive, the family moved to nearby Lorch, which was at the time still a fairly small village. Lorch may refer to Lorch Hesse, a town in Hesse Germany Lorch (Württemberg, a town in Baden-Württemberg Germany [3]
Although the family was happy in Lorch, the father found his work unsatisfying. He did, however, take young Friedrich with him occasionally. [4] In Lorch Schiller received his primary education, but the schoolmaster was lazy, so the quality of the lessons was fairly bad; therefore, Friedrich regularly cut class with his older sister. [5] Because his parents wanted Schiller to become a pastor himself, they had the pastor of the village instruct the boy in Latin and Greek. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The man was a good teacher, which led Schiller to name the cleric in Die Räuber after Pastor Moser. The Robbers (Die Räuber was the first Drama by German playwright Friedrich Schiller. Schiller was excited by the idea of becoming a clericalist and often put on black robes and pretended to preach. [6]
In 1766, the family left Lorch for the Duke's residence town, Ludwigsburg. Ludwigsburg is a city in Germany, about 12 km (7 miles north of Stuttgart 's city center near the river Neckar. Schiller's father had not been paid for three years and the family had been living on their savings, but could no longer afford to do so. So Kaspar Schiller had himself relocated to the garrison in Ludwigsburg. The move was not easy for Friedrich, since Lorch had been a warm and comforting home throughout his childhood. [7]
He came to the attention of Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg. Karl Eugen Duke of Württemberg ( 11 February 1728 &ndash 24 October 1793) was the eldest son of Duke Karl I Alexander and Maria He entered the Karlsschule Stuttgart (an elite, extremely strict, military academy founded by Duke Karl Eugen), in 1773, where he eventually studied medicine. Hohe Karlsschule ( Carl's High School) was the strict Military academy founded by Karl Eugen Duke of Württemberg in During most of his short life, he suffered from illnesses that he tried to cure himself.
While at the Karlsschule, Schiller read Rousseau and Goethe and discussed Classical ideals with his classmates. Lincoln Park is a 1200 acre (49 km² 1875 mi² park along Chicago Illinois ' lakefront facing Lake Michigan. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer At school, he wrote his first play, Die Räuber (The Robbers), which dramatizes the conflict between two aristocratic brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group of rebellious students into the Bohemian forest where they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, the younger brother schemes to inherit his father's considerable estate. The Robbers (Die Räuber was the first Drama by German playwright Friedrich Schiller. The play's critique of social corruption and its affirmation of proto-revolutionary republican ideals astounded the original audience, and made Schiller an overnight sensation. Later, Schiller would be made an honorary member of the French Republic because of this play.
In 1780, he obtained a post as regimental doctor in Stuttgart, a job he disliked. Stuttgart (ˈʃtʊtgaɐ̯t is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
Following the remarkable performance of Die Räuber in Mannheim, in 1781, he was arrested and forbidden by Karl Eugen himself from publishing any further works. The Robbers (Die Räuber was the first Drama by German playwright Friedrich Schiller. Mannheim is a City in Germany. With 327318 inhabitants it is the second-largest city in the state of Baden-Württemberg after the capital Stuttgart Karl Eugen Duke of Württemberg ( 11 February 1728 &ndash 24 October 1793) was the eldest son of Duke Karl I Alexander and Maria He fled Stuttgart, in 1783, coming via Leipzig and Dresden to Weimar, in 1787. This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, In 1789, he was appointed professor of History and Philosophy in Jena, where he wrote only historical works. Jena (pronunciation ˈjeːna is a university City in central Germany on the river Saale. He returned to Weimar, in 1799, where Goethe convinced him to return to playwriting. He and Goethe founded the Weimar Theater which became the leading theater in Germany, leading to a dramatic renaissance. He remained in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar until his death at 45 from tuberculosis. Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, Saxe -Weimar (Sachsen-Weimar was a Duchy in Thuringia, Germany. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common
The coffin containing Schiller's skeleton is in Weimarer Fürstengruft [8] (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial place of Houses of Grand Dukes (großherzoglichen Hauses) of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in the Historical Cemetery of Weimar. Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, The Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Herzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach was created in 1809 by the merger of the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach [9] On 3 May 2008 it was announced that the DNA tests have shown that the skull of this skeleton is not Schiller's. [10] The similarity between this skull and the extant death-mask as well as portraits of Schiller had led many experts to believe that the skull were Schiller's.
Freemasonry
Some Freemasons speculate that Schiller was a Freemason, but this has not been proven. [11]
In 1787, in his tenth letter about Don Carlos Schiller wrote:
- “I am neither Illuminati nor Mason, but if the fraternization has a moral purpose in common with one another, and if this purpose for the human society is the most important, . . . ”[12]
In a letter from 1829, two Freemasons from Rudolstadt complain about the dissolving of their Lodge Günther zum stehenden Löwen that was honoured by the initiation of Schiller. Rudolstadt is a Town in the German Bundesland of Thuringia, close to the Thuringian Forest to the southwest and to Jena According to Schiller's great-grandson Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Schiller was brought to the Lodge by Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm, but no membership document exists. [12]
Writing
Philosophical papers
Schiller wrote many philosophical papers on ethics and aesthetics. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called He synthesized the thought of Immanuel Kant with the thought of Karl Leonhard Reinhold. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Karl Leonhard Reinhold ( 26 October, 1757 - 10 April, 1823) was an Austrian philosopher. He developed the concept of the Schöne Seele (beautiful soul), a human being whose emotions have been educated by his reason, so that Pflicht und Neigung (duty and inclination) are no longer in conflict with one another; thus "beauty," for Schiller, is not merely a sensual experience, but a moral one as well: the Good is the Beautiful. His philosophical work was also particularly concerned with the question of human freedom, a preoccupation which also guided his historical researches, such as the Thirty Years War and The Revolt of the Netherlands, and then found its way as well into his dramas (the "Wallenstein" trilogy concerns the Thirty Years War, while "Don Carlos" addresses the revolt of the Netherlands against Spain. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. ) Schiller wrote two important essays on the question of the Sublime (das Erhabene), entitled "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene"; these essays address one aspect of human freedom as the ability to defy one's animal instincts, such as the drive for self-preservation, as in the case of someone who willingly dies for a beautiful idea.
The dramas
Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright. Critics like F. J. Lamport and Eric Auerbach have noted his innovative use of dramatic structure and his creation of new forms, such as the melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy. What follows is a brief, chronological description of the plays.
- The Robbers (Die Räuber): The language of The Robbers is highly emotional and the depiction of physical violence in the play marks it as a quintessential work of Germany's Romantic 'Storm and Stress' movement. The Robbers (Die Räuber was the first Drama by German playwright Friedrich Schiller. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the The Robbers is considered by critics like Peter Brooks to be the first European melodrama. Peter Brooks (born 1938 is Sterling Professor of Comparative Literature at Yale University and from 2008-2014 Mellon Visiting Professor in the department of Comparative Melodrama refers to theatre in which music is used to increase the spectator's emotional response or to suggest character types The play pits two brothers against each other in alternating scenes, as one quests for money and power, while the other attempts to create a revolutionary anarchy in the Bohemian Forest. The play strongly criticises the hypocrisies of class and religion and the economic inequities of German society; it also conducts a complicated inquiry into the nature of evil.
- Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua):
- Intrigue and Love (Kabale und Liebe): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to marry Luisa Miller, the bourgeois daughter of the city's music instructor. Intrigue and Love (or sometimes Love and Intrigue) ( German, Kabale und Liebe) is a play, written by the German Court politics involving the duke's beautiful but conniving mistress, Lady Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless father create a disastrous situation reminiscent of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the Schiller develops his criticisms of absolutism and bourgeois hypocrisy in this bourgeois tragedy. Bourgeois Tragedy (German Bürgerliches Trauerspiel) is a form of Tragedy that developed in 18th century Europe Act 2, Scene 2 is an anti-British parody that depicts a bloody firing-squad massacre, in which young Germans who refused to join the Hessian Army to quash the American Revolutionary Army are fired upon. [13] Giuseppe Verdi's opera Luisa Miller is based on this play. Luisa Miller is an Opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian Libretto by Salvatore Cammarano, based on the play
- Don Carlos: This play marks Schiller's entrée into historical drama. Don Carlos ( German: Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien) is a historical Tragedy in five acts by Friedrich Very loosely based on the events surrounding the real Don Carlos of Spain, Schiller's Don Carlos is another republican figure--he attempts to free Flanders from the despotic grip of his father, King Phillip. Several of the Carlist pretenders to the Spanish throne were also known as Don Carlos. Philip II (Felipe II de España Filipe I ( May 21, 1527 &ndash September 13 1598) was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598 The Marquis Posa's famous speech to the king proclaims Schiller's belief in personal freedom and democracy.
- The Wallenstein Trilogy: These plays follow the fortunes of the treacherous commander Albrecht von Wallenstein during the Thirty Years' War. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War.
- Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart): This "revisionist" history of the Scottish queen who was Elizabeth I's rival makes of Mary Stuart a tragic heroine, misunderstood, and used by ruthless politicians, including and especially, Elizabeth herself. Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart is a play by Friedrich Schiller based on the life of Mary I of Scotland.
- The Maid of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans):
- The Bride of Messina (Die Braut von Messina):
- William Tell (Wilhelm Tell):
- Demetrius (unfinished):
The Aesthetic Letters
A pivotal work by Schiller was On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a series of Letters, (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen) which was inspired by the great disenchantment Schiller felt about the French Revolution, its degeneration into violence and the failure of successive governments to put its ideals into practice. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an [14] Schiller wrote that "a great moment has found a little people," and wrote the Letters as a philosophical inquiry into what had gone wrong, and how to prevent such tragedies in the future. In the Letters he asserts that it is possible to elevate the moral character of a people, by first touching their souls with beauty, an idea that is also found in his poem Die Künstler (The Artists): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate the land of knowledge. "
On the philosophical side, Letters put forth the notion of der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb ("the sensuous drive") and Formtrieb ("the formal drive"). In a comment to Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism between Form and Sinn, with the notion of Spieltrieb ("the play drive") derived from, as are a number of other terms, Kant's The Critique of the Faculty of Judgment. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg The Critique of Judgement ( Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790 or in the new Cambridge translation Critique of the Power of Judgement, also known The conflict between man's material, sensuous nature, and his capacity for reason (Formtrieb being the drive to impose conceptual and moral order on the world), Schiller resolves with the happy union of Form and Sinn, the "play drive," which for him is synonymous with artistic beauty, or "living form. " On the basis of Spieltrieb, Schiller sketches in Letters a future ideal state (an eutopia), where everyone will be content, and everything will be beautiful, thanks to the free play of Spieltrieb. Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the Schiller's focus on the dialectical interplay between Form and Sinn has inspired a wide range of succeeding aesthetic philosophical theory.
Ennoblement
For his achievements, Schiller was ennobled, in 1802, by the Duke of Weimar. His name changed from Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller to Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller.
Quotations
- "Against stupidity the gods themselves contend in vain. " — (Talbot in Maid of Orleans)
- "The voice of the majority is no proof of justice. " (Sapieha, in: Demetrius)
- "Deeper meaning resides in the fairy tales told to me in my childhood than in any truth that is taught in life. "
- "Eine Grenze hat die Tyrannenmacht", which literally means "A tyrant's power has a limit" - — Wilhelm Tell
- "It is not flesh and blood but the heart which makes us fathers and sons. "
- "All men will be brothers" (included in the chorus of Beethoven's ninth symphony)
Musical settings of Schiller's poems and stage plays
Ludwig van Beethoven said that a great poem is more difficult to set to music than a merely good one because the composer must improve upon the poem. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. In that regard, he said that Schiller's poems were greater than those of Goethe, and perhaps that is why there are relatively few famous musical settings of Schiller's poems. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Two notable exceptions are Beethoven's setting of An die Freude (Ode to Joy)[13] in the final movement of the Ninth Symphony), and the choral setting of Nänie by Johannes Brahms. " To Joy " ( An die Freude in German, in English often familiarly called the Ode to Joy) is an Ode written in Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer In addition, several poems were set by Franz Schubert in lieder, mostly for voice and piano. de Lied (plural de Lieder) (liːt plural) is a German word meaning literally " Song " among English speakers however the word
Also, Giuseppe Verdi admired Schiller greatly and adapted several of his stage plays for his operas: I masnadieri is based on Die Räuber; Giovanna d'Arco, on Die Jungfrau von Orleans; Luisa Miller, on Kabale und Liebe; Don Carlos on the play of the same title. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto I masnadieri ( The Bandits) is an Opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian Libretto by Andrea Maffei, based on The Robbers (Die Räuber was the first Drama by German playwright Friedrich Schiller. Giovanna d'Arco ( Joan of Arc) is an Operatic dramma lirico with a prologue and three acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian Libretto The Maid of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans is a Tragedy by Friedrich Schiller, written in 1801 in Leipzig. Luisa Miller is an Opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian Libretto by Salvatore Cammarano, based on the play Intrigue and Love (or sometimes Love and Intrigue) ( German, Kabale und Liebe) is a play, written by the German This article refers to the opera Don Carlos ( Don Carlo when performed in Italian translation by Giuseppe Verdi Donizetti's Maria Stuarda is based on Maria Stuart, and Rossini's Guillaume Tell is an adaptation of Wilhelm Tell. Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 &ndash 8 April 1848 was an Italian composer from Bergamo, Lombardy. Maria Stuarda ( Mary Stuart) is a tragic Opera, Tragedia lirica, in two acts by Gaetano Donizetti, to a Libretto Guillaume Tell ( William Tell) is an Opera in four acts by Gioachino Rossini to a French Libretto by Etienne de Jouy William Tell (;)
Works
Plays
- Die Räuber (The Robbers), 1781
- Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue and Love),[13] 1784
- Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos),[15] 1787
- Wallenstein,[16] 1800
- Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans), 1801
- Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart),[17] 1801
- Turandot, 1802
- Die Braut von Messina (The Bride of Messina), 1803
- Wilhelm Tell (William Tell), 1804
- Demetrius (unfinished at his death)
Histories
- Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung or The Revolt of the Netherlands
- Geschichte des dreissigjährigen Kriegs or A History of the Thirty Years' War
- Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge und Mittelalter or On the Barbarian Invasions, Crusaders and Middle Ages
Translations
- Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis
- William Shakespeare, Macbeth
- Jean Racine, Phèdre
Prose
- Der Geisterseher or The Ghost-Seer (unfinished novel) (started in 1786 and published periodically. The Robbers (Die Räuber was the first Drama by German playwright Friedrich Schiller. Intrigue and Love (or sometimes Love and Intrigue) ( German, Kabale und Liebe) is a play, written by the German Don Carlos ( German: Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien) is a historical Tragedy in five acts by Friedrich The Maid of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans is a Tragedy by Friedrich Schiller, written in 1801 in Leipzig. Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart is a play by Friedrich Schiller based on the life of Mary I of Scotland. Carlo Gozzi wrote Turandot (1762 for the Commedia dell'arte. The play provides the general story for the homonymous opera by Puccini The Bride of Messina (Die Braut von Messina is a Tragedy by Friedrich Schiller; it premiered on March 19, 1803 in Weimar William Tell (German Wilhelm Tell) is a drama written by Friedrich Schiller in 1804 Euripides ( Ancient Greek:) (ca 480 BC–406 BC was the last of the three great tragedians of classical Athens (the other two being Aeschylus William Shakespeare ( baptised Macbeth is among the best-known of William Shakespeare 's plays, and is his shortest tragedy, believed to have been written some time between Jean Racine ( ( December 22, 1639 &ndash April 21, 1699) was a French Dramatist, one of the "big three" of Phèdre (originally Phèdre et Hippolyte) is a dramatic Tragedy in five acts written in Alexandrine verse by Jean Racine, first performed Published as book in 1789)
- Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen (On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a series of Letters), 1794
Poems
- An die Freude or Ode to Joy[13](1785) became the basis for the fourth movement of Beethoven's ninth symphony
- The Artists
- The Hostage which Schubert set to music
- The Cranes of Ibykus
- Song of the Bell
- Columbus
- Hope
- Pegasus in Harness
- The Glove
- Nänie which Brahms set to music
Notes and Citations
- ^ Lahnstein 1981, pg. " To Joy " ( An die Freude in German, in English often familiarly called the Ode to Joy) is an Ode written in Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. The Symphony No 9 in D minor Op 125 "Choral" is the last complete Symphony composed by Ludwig van Beethoven. The Song of the Bell (German “ Das Lied von der Glocke ” is a poem that the German poet Friedrich Schiller published in 1798 Nänie (the German form of Latin nenia, meaning "a funeral song" is a composition for SATB chorus and orchestra op Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state 18
- ^ Lahnstein 1981, pg. 20
- ^ Lahnstein 1981, pg. 20-21
- ^ Lahnstein 1981, pg. 23
- ^ Lahnstein 1981, pg. 24
- ^ Lahnstein 1981, pg. 25
- ^ Lahnstein 1981, pg. 27
- ^ Weimarer Fürstengruft, German Wikipedia.
- ^ Historischer Friedhof Weimar, German Wikipedia.
- ^ Schädel in Schillers Sarg wurde ausgetauscht (Skull in Schiller's coffin is exchanged), Spiegel Online, Saturday 3 May 2008, [1].
Schädel in Weimar gehört nicht Schiller (Skull in Weimar does not belong to Schiller), Welt Online, Saturday 3 May 2008, [2]. - ^ Friedrich Von Schiller
- ^ a b Eugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A. Binder: Internationales Freimaurer Lexikon. Herbig publishing, 2006, ISBN 978-3-7766-2478-6
- ^ a b c d Schiller was an icon of the Revolution of 1848 to Europeans as he was earlier during the American Revolution (7000 Hessians defected permanently to the US during that war and many thousands of Germans followed later when the Revolutions of 1848 were quashed and one despot after another ruled in Europe) with his numerous anti Hessian/British plays and poems, including The Robbers (1781) and Intrigue and Love (1784) (SEE Act 2, Scene 2, that describes that massacre of young German-Hessians for refusing to fight the Americans) and, just months after that later revolutionary play, Schiller's heavily censored 'Declaration of Independence' poem, “To the Happiness” (The correct translation is "Happiness", not "Joy", since it refers to the concept expressed in “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”), poetry that Beethoven later set to the last, choral movement of his 9th Symphony.
Schiller also had a copy of an engraving version of the "Battle of Bunker Hill", original 1786 oil, by John Trumbull, that he hung in his living room in Weimar and is probably still there. John Trumbull ( June 6, 1756 &ndash November 10, 1843) was an American artist during the period of the American Revolutionary (SEE The Autobiography of Col. John Trumbull, Sizer 1953 ed. , pg. 184,n. 13) - ^ Shiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man, Ed. Wilinson and Willoughby, 1967 (OED)
- ^ Mike Poulton translated this play in 2004. Mike Poulton is an English translator and adapter of classic plays for contemporary audiences
- ^ Wallenstein was translated from a manuscript copy into English as The Piccolomini and Death of Wallenstein by Coleridge in 1800. Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher
- ^ Mike Poulton translated this play in 2054. Mike Poulton is an English translator and adapter of classic plays for contemporary audiences
Bibliography
- Lahnstein, Peter [1981] (January 1984). Schillers Leben. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer. ISBN 3-596-25621-6.
Schiller's complete works are published in the following excellent editions:
- historical-critical edition by K. Goedeke (17 volumes, Stuttgart, 1867-76); Säkular-Ausgabe edition by Von der Hellen (16 volumes, Stuttgart, 1904-05); historical-critical edition by Günther and Witkowski (20 volumes, Leipzig, 1909-10). Karl Goedeke ( 15 April 1814 &ndash 28 October 1887) was a German historian of literature an author and a professor Other valuable editions are: the Hempel edition (1868-74); the Boxberger edition, in Kürschners National-Literatur (12 volumes, Berlin, 1882-91); the edition by Kutscher and Zisseler (15 parts, Berlin, 1908); the Horenausgabe (16 volumes, Munich, 1910, et. seq. ); the edition of the Tempel Klassiker (13 volumes, Leipzig, 1910-11); and that in the Helios Klassiker (6 volumes, Leipzig, 1911). Documents and other memorials of Schiller are in the Schiller Archiv, united in 1889 with the Goethe Archiv in Weimar. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, [3]
See also
External links
- Works by Friedrich Schiller at Project Gutenberg
- Friedrich Schiller Chronology
- 2005 is Schiller year: all dates
- Letters upon the Education of Man at [4]
- Letters Upon The Aesthetic Education of Man in PDF Format at filepedia.org
- Schiller Monument in Schiller Park, German Village, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Schiller multimedial combines a biographical observation by Norbert Oellers with classic recordings and video clips
- Mobile Schiller Mobile Java application containing 20 poems of Schiller
- Say it loud – it's Schiller and it's proud What relevance does Schiller have today? By George Steiner at signandsight. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Weimar Classicism ( German “ Weimarer Klassik ” and “ Weimarer Klassizismus ” is a cultural and Literary movement of Europe This article is about Carleton College in Northfield Minnesota Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works German Village is a historic neighborhood just south of downtown Columbus, Ohio. com
- A small crater on the surface of the moon, named after Schiller
- Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Schiller, Friedrich |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | German poet, philosopher, historian, and dramatist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | November 10, 1759 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Marbach, Württemberg |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 9, 1805 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Weimar, Saxe-Weimar |
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