Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (October 15, 1844 – August 25, 1900) (IPA: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhəlm ˈniːtsʃə]) was a nineteenth-century German philosopher and philologist. In the 18th century the philosophies of The Enlightenment began to have a dramatic effect the landmark works of philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Röcken is a municipality in the district of Burgenlandkreis in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state }The Province of Saxony (Provinz Sachsen was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and later the Free State of Prussia from 1816 until 1945 Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Weimar Classicism ( German “ Weimarer Klassik ” and “ Weimarer Klassizismus ” is a cultural and Literary movement of Europe Continental philosophy, in contemporary usage refers to a set of traditions of 19th and 20th century philosophy from mainland Europe Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism Post-structuralism encompasses the intellectual developments of continental philosophers and critical theorists who wrote with tendencies of twentieth-century Psychoanalysis is a body of ideas developed by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud and his followers which is devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life In Philosophy, ontology (from the Greek, genitive: of being (part Philosophy of history or historiosophy is an area of Philosophy concerning the eventual significance if any of human History. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Value theory encompasses a range of approaches to understanding how why and to what degree humans should or do value things whether the thing is a person idea object or anything else " God is dead " ( German:; also known as the death of God) is a widely-quoted and sometimes misconstrued statement by German philosopher Eternal return (also known as " eternal recurrence " is a concept which posits that the Universe has been recurring and will continue to recur in a Herd behaviour describes how individuals in a group can act together without planned direction Master-slave morality is a central theme of Friedrich Nietzsche 's works in particular the first essay of On the Genealogy of Morality. The Übermensch ( German; English: Overman, Superman) is a Concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Perspectivism is the philosophical view developed by Friedrich Nietzsche that all Ideations take place from particular perspectives This means Ressentiment (pronounced /rɛsɑ̃timɑ̃/ is a term used in Psychology and Philosophy derived from the French word 'ressentiment' (meaning Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Blaise Pascal (blɛz paskal (June 19 1623 &ndash August 19 1662 was a French Mathematician, Physicist, and religious Philosopher Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Jacob Christoph Burckhardt ( May 25, 1818, Basel, Switzerland &ndash August 8, 1897, Basel was a Swiss Henri-Marie Beyle ( January 23, 1783 &ndash March 23, 1842) better known by his Pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, Paul Thomas Mann ( June Georges Bataille (ʒɔʀʒ baˈtaj ( September 10, 1897 &ndash July 8, 1962) was a French Writer. Albert Camus ( (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 was an Algerian born French Author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize Gilles Deleuze ( (January 18 1925 &ndash November 4 1995 was a French philosopher of the late 20th century Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Martin Heidegger ( September 26, 1889 &ndash May 26, 1976) (ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈhaɪ̯dɛgɐ was an influential German philosopher Hermann Hesse (ˈhɛʀman ˈhɛsə ( 2 July, 1877 — 9 August, 1962) was a German - Swiss poet novelist and painter Robert Musil born Robert Edler von Musil ( November 6, 1880, Klagenfurt, Austria &ndash Karl Theodor Jaspers ( February 23, 1883 – February 26, 1969) was a German Psychiatrist and Philosopher who Jack London (January 12 1876 &ndash November 22 1916 was an American author who wrote The Call of the Wild, White Fang, and The George Bernard Shaw ( (26 July 1856 &ndash 2 November 1950 was an Irish Playwright. George Santayana ( December 16, 1863, Madrid &ndash September 26, 1952, Rome) was a Philosopher, Essayist Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno ( September 11, 1903 &ndash August 6, 1969) was a German -born international sociologist Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Jean Baudrillard ( July 29, 1929 – March 6, 2007) (ʒɑ̃ bo Sir Bernard Arthur Owen Williams FBA (21 September 1929 &ndash 10 June 2003 has been described as the most important British moral philosopher of his time Leo Strauss (September 20 1899 &ndash October 18 1973 was a German -born Jewish-American political philosopher who specialized in the study of classical Martin Buber ( 8 February 1878 – 13 June 1965) was an Austrian Israeli Jewish Philosopher, translator Ayn Rand (ˈaɪn ˈrænd &ndash March 6 1982 born Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum (Алиса Зиновьевна Розенбаум was a Russian born American Judith Butler (born February 24, 1956) is an American Post-structuralist philosopher who has contributed to the fields of Feminism Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler (29 May 1880 Blankenburg am Harz &ndash 8 May 1936 Munich) was a German Historian and Philosopher whose Stefan Anton George ( July 12, 1868 &ndash December 4, 1933) was a German Poet, editor and Translator Kenneth Elton Kesey ( September 17, 1935 &ndash November 10, 2001) was an American Author, best known for his major novels Kahlil Gibran (born Gibrān Khalīl Gibrān bin Mikhā'īl bin Sa'ad; Arabic ar جبران خليل جبران بن ميخائيل بن سعد (born January Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar In the 18th century the philosophies of The Enlightenment began to have a dramatic effect the landmark works of philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Jean-Jacques The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy, and science, using a distinctive German language style and displaying a fondness for aphorism. The word critic comes from the Greek el κριτικός ( el-Latn kritikós) "able to discern" which in turn derives from the word A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Nietzsche's influence remains substantial within and beyond philosophy, notably in existentialism and postmodernism. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence Postmodernism literally means 'after the modernist movement' While " Modern " itself refers to something "related to the present" the movement of modernism His style and radical questioning of the value and objectivity of truth raise considerable problems of interpretation, generating an extensive secondary literature in both continental and analytic philosophy. Continental philosophy, in contemporary usage refers to a set of traditions of 19th and 20th century philosophy from mainland Europe Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a generic term for a style of Philosophy that came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century Nonetheless, his key ideas include interpreting tragedy as an affirmation of life, an eternal recurrence (which numerous commentators have re-interpreted), a rejection of Platonism, and a repudiation of (especially 19th-century) Christianity. Eternal return (also known as " eternal recurrence " is a concept which posits that the Universe has been recurring and will continue to recur in a Platonism is the Philosophy of Plato or the name of other philosophical systems considered closely derived from it Anticipatory repudiation (or anticipatory breach) is a term in the Law of Contracts that describes a declaration by one party (the promising party to a Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings
Nietzsche began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. At the age of 24 he became the Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel (the youngest-ever holder of this position), but resigned in 1879 due to health problems, which would plague him for most of his life. The University of Basel (German Universität Basel) is located at Basel, Switzerland. In 1889 he exhibited symptoms of a serious mental illness, living out his remaining years in the care of his mother and sister until his death in 1900.
Biography
Youth (1844–1869)
Born on 15 October 1844, Nietzsche grew up in the small town of Röcken, near Leipzig, in the Prussian Province of Saxony. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Röcken is a municipality in the district of Burgenlandkreis in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state }The Province of Saxony (Provinz Sachsen was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and later the Free State of Prussia from 1816 until 1945 His name comes from King Frederick William IV of Prussia, who turned 49 on the day of Nietzsche's birth. Life Frederick William was educated by private tutors many of whom were experienced civil servants such as Friedrich Ancillon. (Nietzsche later dropped his given middle name, "Wilhelm". )[1] Nietzsche's parents, Carl Ludwig (1813–1849), a Lutheran pastor and former teacher, and Franziska Oehler (1826–1897), married in 1843 and had two other children: a daughter, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, born in 1846, and a second son, Ludwig Joseph, born in 1848. Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther A pastor is an official person within a Protestant group of people and related to the positions of Priest or Bishop within the Anglican, Roman Catholic Therese Elisabeth Alexandra Förster-Nietzsche ( July 10, 1846 Röcken, Germany, - November 8, 1935 Weimar, Germany Nietzsche's father died from a brain ailment in 1849; his younger brother died in 1850. The family then moved to Naumburg, where they lived with Nietzsche's paternal grandmother and his father's two unmarried sisters. Naumburg (ˈnaʊ̯mbʊɐ̯k is a town in Germany, on the Saale River. After the death of Nietzsche's grandmother in 1856, the family moved into their own house.
Nietzsche attended a boys' school and later a private school, where he became friends with Gustav Krug and Wilhelm Pinder, both of whom came from respected families. In 1854 he began to attend the Domgymnasium in Naumburg, but after he showed particular talents in music and language, the internationally-recognized Schulpforta admitted him as a pupil, and there he continued his studies from 1858 to 1864. Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. Pforta, or Schulpforta, is a former Cistercian Monastery, Pforta Abbey (1137-1540 near Naumburg on the Saale River in Here he became friends with Paul Deussen and Carl von Gersdorff. Paul Jakob Deussen (paʊl jakop doʏsən ( January 7, 1845 &ndash July 6, 1919) was a German Orientalist and He also found time to work on poems and musical compositions. At Schulpforta, Nietzsche received an important introduction to literature, particularly that of the ancient Greeks and Romans, and for the first time experienced a distance from his family life in a small-town Christian environment. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings
After graduation in 1864 Nietzsche commenced studies in theology and classical philology at the University of Bonn. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective The University of Bonn ( German: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn) is a public research university located in Bonn, Germany For a short time he and Deussen became members of the Burschenschaft Frankonia. German Burschenschaften (abbreviated B!, plural B!B!) are a special type of Studentenverbindungen After one semester (and to the anger of his mother) he stopped his theological studies and lost his faith. [2] This may have happened in part due to his reading about this time of David Strauss' Life of Jesus, which had a profound effect on the young Nietzsche,[2] though in an essay entitled Fate and History written in 1862, Nietzsche had already argued that historical research had discredited the central teachings of Christianity. David Friedrich Strauss (or Strauß; January 27 1808 &ndash February 8 1874 was a German theologian and writer [3] Nietzsche then concentrated on studying philology under Professor Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl, whom he followed to the University of Leipzig the next year. Friedrich Wilhelm Ritschl (1806-1876 German scholar was born in Thuringia. The University of Leipzig (Universität Leipzig located in Leipzig in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, is one of the oldest universities There he became close friends with fellow-student Erwin Rohde. Erwin Rohde ( October 9, 1845 &ndash January 11, 1898) was one of the great German classical scholars of the 19th and early 20th centuries Nietzsche's first philological publications appeared soon after.
In 1865 Nietzsche thoroughly studied the works of Arthur Schopenhauer and he read Friedrich Albert Lange's History of Materialism in 1866. Friedrich Albert Lange ( September 28, 1828 - November 23, 1875) was a German Philosopher and Sociologist Geschichte des Materialismus und Kritik seiner Bedeutung in der Gegenwart ("History of Materialism and Critique of its Present Importance" is a philosophical work His encounter with Schopenhauer's ideas had an influence on him until the end of his sentient life. Lange's descriptions of Kant's anti-materialistic philosophy, the rise of European Materialism, Europe's increased concern with science, Darwin's theory, and the general rebellion against tradition and authority greatly intrigued Nietzsche. Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life The cultural environment encouraged him to expand his horizons beyond philology and to continue his study of philosophy. In 1867 Nietzsche signed up for one year of voluntary service with the Prussian artillery division in Naumburg. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine However, a bad riding accident in March 1868 left him unfit for service. [4] Consequently Nietzsche turned his attention to his studies again, completing them and first meeting with Richard Wagner later that year. [5]
Professor at Basel (1869–1879)
Due in part to Ritschl's support, Nietzsche received a generous offer to become professor of classical philology at the University of Basel before having completed his doctorate or certificate for teaching. Classical Philology is the study of the language systems of Latin, specifically ancient Latin and of Ancient Greek. The University of Basel (German Universität Basel) is located at Basel, Switzerland. This opportunity came at the exact time that Nietzsche had begun to lose all interest in philology and to become extremely interested in philosophy. Before moving to Basel, Nietzsche renounced his Prussian citizenship: for the rest of his life he remained officially stateless. A stateless person is someone with no Citizenship or Nationality. [6]
Nevertheless, Nietzsche served in the Prussian forces during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 to 1871 as a medical orderly. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 This article is about orderlies in medical work For the 1964 film that portrays the profession see The Disorderly Orderly. In his short time in the military he experienced much, and witnessed the traumatic effects of battle. He also contracted diphtheria and dysentery. Diphtheria ( Greek διφθερα ( diphthera)—“pair of leather scrolls" is an upper respiratory tract illness characterized by sore Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood Walter Kaufmann speculates that he might also have contracted syphilis along with his other infections at this time, and some biographers speculate that syphilis caused his eventual madness, though there is some dispute on this matter. Walter Arnold Kaufmann ( July 1, 1921 Freiburg Germany - September 4, 1980 Princeton New Jersey) was a German-American Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. [7] On returning to Basel in 1870 Nietzsche observed the establishment of the German Empire and the following era of Otto von Bismarck as an outsider and with a degree of skepticism regarding its genuineness. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898) At the University, he delivered his inaugural lecture, "Homer and Classical Philology". Nietzsche also met Franz Overbeck, a professor of theology, who remained his friend throughout his life. Franz Camille Overbeck ( 16 November 1837 - 26 June 1905) was a German Protestant theologian. Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Afrikan Spir,[8] a little-known Russian philosopher and author of Thought and Reality (1873), and his colleague the historian Jacob Burckhardt, whose lectures Nietzsche frequently attended, began to exercise significant influence on Nietzsche during this time. Afrikan Aleksandrovich Spir ( Африкан Александрович Спир | ( November 15, 1837 - March 13, 1890) was a little-known Jacob Christoph Burckhardt ( May 25, 1818, Basel, Switzerland &ndash August 8, 1897, Basel was a Swiss
Nietzsche had already met Richard Wagner in Leipzig in 1868, and (some time later) Wagner's wife Cosima. Cosima Francesca Gaetana Wagner ( née de Flavigny, since 1844 Liszt; December 24, 1837 April 1, 1930) was Nietzsche admired both greatly, and during his time at Basel frequently visited Wagner's house in Tribschen in the Canton of Lucerne. Tribschen is a suburb of Lucerne in the Canton of Lucerne in central Switzerland. Lucerne (Luzern is a canton of Switzerland. It is located in the centre of Switzerland The Wagners brought Nietzsche into their most intimate circle, and enjoyed the attention he gave to the beginning of the Bayreuth Festival Theatre. Bayreuthfestjpg|thumb|350px|right|Bayreuth Festspielhaus as seen in 1882 In 1870 he gave Cosima Wagner the manuscript of 'The Genesis of the Tragic Idea' as a birthday gift. In 1872 Nietzsche published his first book, The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music. The Birth of Tragedy ( Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik, 1872 is a 19th Century work of philosophy by Friedrich Nietzsche. However, his colleagues in the field of classical philology, including Ritschl, expressed little enthusiasm for the work, in which Nietzsche forewent a precise philological method to employ a style of philosophical speculation. In a polemic, Philology of the Future, Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff dampened the book's reception and increased its notoriety. Polemics (pəˈlɛmɪks/ /poʊ- is the practice of disputing or controverting religious, philosophical, or political matters Enno Friedrich Wichard Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff ( 22 December 1848 &ndash 25 September 1931) was a German Classical In response, Rohde (by now a professor in Kiel) and Wagner came to Nietzsche's defense. For the city in the United States, see Kiel Wisconsin. For the name see Kiel (name. Nietzsche remarked freely about the isolation he felt within the philological community and attempted to attain a position in philosophy at Basel, though unsuccessfully.
Between 1873 and 1876, Nietzsche published separately four long essays: David Strauss: the Confessor and the Writer, On the Use and Abuse of History for Life, Schopenhauer as Educator, and Richard Wagner in Bayreuth. (These four later appeared in a collected edition under the title, Untimely Meditations. ) The four essays shared the orientation of a cultural critique, challenging the developing German culture along lines suggested by Schopenhauer and Wagner. Starting in 1873 Nietzsche also accumulated the notes later posthumously published as Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks. Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks ( Philosophie im tragischen Zeitalter der Griechen) is a publication of an incomplete book by Friedrich Nietzsche During this time, in the circle of the Wagners, Nietzsche met Malwida von Meysenbug and Hans von Bülow, and also began a friendship with Paul Rée, who in 1876 influenced him in dismissing the pessimism in his early writings. Malwida von Meysenbug ( October 28, 1816 - April 23, 1903) was a German writer who was friend of Friedrich Nietzsche and Richard WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Hans Guido Freiherr von Bülow (January 8 1830 &ndash February 12 1894 Paul Ludwig Carl Heinrich Rée ( 21 November 1849 - 28 October, 1901) was a German author and Philosopher, and friend However, his disappointment with the Bayreuth Festival of 1876, where the banality of the shows and the baseness of the public repelled him, caused him in the end to distance himself from Wagner. The Bayreuth Festival is a music festival held annually in Bayreuth, Germany, at which performances of Operas by the 19th century German composer
With the publication of Human, All Too Human in 1878, a book of aphorisms on subjects ranging from metaphysics to morality and from religion to the sexes, Nietzsche's reaction against the pessimistic philosophy of Wagner and Schopenhauer became evident. Human All Too Human ( Menschliches Allzumenschliches) subtitled A Book for Free Spirits ( Ein Buch für freie Geister) is a book by 19th century philosopher Nietzsche's friendship with Deussen and Rohde cooled as well. Nietzsche in this time attempted to find a wife — to no avail. In 1879, after a significant decline in health, Nietzsche had to resign his position at Basel. (Since his childhood, various disruptive illnesses had plagued him — moments of shortsightedness practically to the degree of blindness, migraine headaches and violent stomach attacks. The 1868 riding accident and diseases in 1870 may have aggravated these persistent conditions, which continued to affect him through his years at Basel, forcing him to take longer and longer holidays until regular work became impractical. )
Independent philosopher (1879–1888)
Because his illness drove him to find more compatible climates, Nietzsche traveled frequently, and lived until 1889 as an independent author in different cities. He spent many summers in Sils Maria, near St. Moritz in Switzerland, and many winters in the Italian cities of Genoa, Rapallo, and Turin, and in the French city of Nice. Sils is the name of a municipality in the ''comarca'' of Selva in Catalonia St Moritz ( German: Sankt Moritz, Romansh: San Murezzan) is an exclusive resort town in the Engadine valley in Switzerland Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Rapallo is a commune in the Province of Genoa, in Liguria, Italy. Nice (nis Niçard Occitan: Niça norm or Nissa, Italian: Nizza or Nizza Marittima, Greek In 1881, when France occupied Tunisia, he planned to travel to Tunis in order to gain a view of Europe from the outside, but later abandoned that idea (probably for health reasons). The French occupation of Tunisia began in spring 1881 and would end only with the independence of Tunisia in 1956 Tunis ( Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the Capital of the Tunisian Republic and also the Tunis [9]
Nietzsche occasionally returned to Naumburg to visit his family, and, especially during this time, he and his sister had repeated periods of conflict and reconciliation. He lived on his pension from Basel, but also received aid from friends. A past student of his, Peter Gast (born Heinrich Köselitz), became a sort of private secretary to Nietzsche. Johann Heinrich Köselitz ( 10 January 1854 – 15 August 1918) was a German author and composer To the end of his life, Gast and Overbeck remained consistently faithful friends. Malwida von Meysenbug remained like a motherly patron even outside the Wagner circle. Soon Nietzsche made contact with the music-critic Carl Fuchs. Nietzsche stood at the beginning of his most productive period. Beginning with Human, All Too Human in 1878, Nietzsche would publish one book (or major section of a book) each year until 1888, his last year of writing, during which he completed five. Human All Too Human ( Menschliches Allzumenschliches) subtitled A Book for Free Spirits ( Ein Buch für freie Geister) is a book by 19th century philosopher
In 1882 Nietzsche published the first part of The Gay Science. The Gay Science language|German] Die fröhliche Wissenschaft ("la gaya scienza" ] is a book written by Friedrich Nietzsche That year he also met Lou Andreas Salomé through Malwida von Meysenbug and Paul Rée. Lou Andreas-Salomé (née Louise von Salomé) ( February 12, 1861 St Nietzsche and Salomé spent the summer together in Tautenburg in Thuringia, often with Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth as chaperone. Tautenburg is a municipality in the district Saale-Holzland, in Thuringia, Germany. The Free State of Thuringia (Freistaat Thüringen is located in central Germany. However, Nietzsche regarded Salomé less as an equal partner than as a gifted student. Nietzsche fell in love with Salomé and pursued her with the help of their mutual friend Rée. Salomé reports that he asked her to marry him and that she refused, though the reliability of her reports of events has come into question. [10] Nietzsche's relationship with Rée and Salomé broke up in the winter of 1882/1883, partially due to intrigues conducted by Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth. In the face of renewed fits of illness, in near isolation after a falling-out with his mother and sister regarding Salomé, and plagued by suicidal thoughts, Nietzsche fled to Rapallo, where he wrote the first part of Thus Spoke Zarathustra in only ten days. Thus Spoke Zarathustra (German Also sprach Zarathustra, sometimes translated Thus Spake Zarathustra) subtitled A Book for All and None
After severing his philosophical ties with Schopenhauer and his social ties with Wagner, Nietzsche had few remaining friends. Now, with the new style of Zarathustra, his work became even more alienating and the market received it only to the degree required by politeness. Nietzsche recognized this and maintained his solitude, even though he often complained about it. His books remained largely unsold. In 1885 he printed only 40 copies of the fourth part of Zarathustra, and distributed only a fraction of these among close friends, including Helene von Druskowitz. Helene von Druskowitz ( May 2, 1856, Hietzing &mdash May 31, 1918 Mauer-Öhling; real name Helena Maria Druschkovich was
In 1886 Nietzsche broke with his editor, Ernst Schmeitzner, disgusted over his anti-Semitic opinions. Nietzsche saw his writings as "completely buried and unexhumeable in this anti-Semitic dump" of Schmeitzner — associating the editor with a movement that should be "utterly rejected with cold contempt by every sensible mind". [11] He then printed Beyond Good and Evil at his own expense, and issued in 1886-87 second editions of his earlier works (The Birth of Tragedy, Human, All Too Human, Daybreak, and The Gay Science), accompanied by new prefaces in which he re-read his earlier works. Beyond Good and Evil (German Jenseits von Gut und Böse) subtitled "Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future" ( Vorspiel einer Philosophie der Zukunft Human All Too Human ( Menschliches Allzumenschliches) subtitled A Book for Free Spirits ( Ein Buch für freie Geister) is a book by 19th century philosopher Hereafter, he saw his work as completed for the time and hoped that soon a readership would develop. In fact, interest in Nietzsche's thought did increase at this time, even if rather slowly and hardly perceived by him. During these years Nietzsche met Meta von Salis, Carl Spitteler, and also Gottfried Keller. Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler ( April 24, 1845 — December 29, 1924) was a Swiss poet who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Gottfried Keller ( July 19, 1819 – July 15, 1890) a Swiss writer of German literature, became arguably best-known for In 1886 his sister Elisabeth married the anti-Semite Bernhard Förster and traveled to Paraguay to found Nueva Germania, a "Germanic" colony — a plan to which Nietzsche responded with laughter. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Bernhard Förster ( March 31, 1843, Delitzsch, Saxony &mdash June 3, 1889, San Bernardino Paraguay) was Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay ( Spanish: República del Paraguay; Guaraní: Tetã Paraguái) is one of the only Nueva Germania (New Germania) is a district of San Pedro Department in Paraguay. Through correspondence, Nietzsche's relationship with Elisabeth continued on the path of conflict and reconciliation, but they would meet again only after his collapse. He continued to have frequent and painful attacks of illness, which made prolonged work impossible. In 1887 Nietzsche wrote the polemic On the Genealogy of Morality. Polemics (pəˈlɛmɪks/ /poʊ- is the practice of disputing or controverting religious, philosophical, or political matters On the Genealogy of Morality, or On the Genealogy of Morals (German Zur Genealogie der Moral) subtitled "A Polemic " ( Eine Streitschrift
During this year Nietzsche encountered Fyodor Dostoyevsky's work, which according to some, he quickly appropriated. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, [12] He also exchanged letters with Hippolyte Taine, and then also with Georg Brandes. Hippolyte Adolphe Taine ( April 21, 1828 - March 5, 1893) was a French Critic and Historian. Georg Morris Cohen Brandes ( 4 February 1842 - 19 February 1927) was a Danish critic and scholar who had great influence on Scandinavian Brandes, who had started to teach the philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard in the 1870s, wrote to Nietzsche asking him to read Kierkegaard, to which Nietzsche replied that he would come to Copenhagen and read Kierkegaard with him. Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (ˈsœːɐn ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌɡ̊ɒˀ in Danish Anglicized as;) Most researchers believe that Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900 knew little of the 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855 However, before fulfilling this undertaking, he slipped too far into sickness and madness. In the beginning of 1888, in Copenhagen, Brandes delivered one of the first lectures on Nietzsche's philosophy.
Although Nietzsche had in 1886 announced (at the end of Beyond Good and Evil) a new work with the title The Will to Power. Essay of a transvaluation of all values, he eventually abandoned this project and used its draft materials to compose Twilight of the Idols and The Antichrist (both written in 1888). The revaluation of all values or the transvaluation of all values (Umwertung aller Werte is a Concept from the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche Twilight of the Idols ( Götzen-Dämmerung) is a book by Friedrich Nietzsche, written in 1888 and published in 1889 The Anti-Christ (Der Antichrist (also could be translated as The Anti-Christian is a book by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, originally published in 1895 [13]
His health seemed to improve, and he spent the summer in high spirits. In the fall of 1888 his writings and letters began to reveal a higher estimation of his own status and "fate. " He overestimated the increasing response to his writings, especially to the recent polemic, The Case of Wagner. The Case of Wagner ( Der Fall Wagner) is a German Philosophy book by Friedrich Nietzsche, originally published in 1888 On his 44th birthday, after completing Twilight of the Idols and The Antichrist, he decided to write the autobiography Ecce Homo, which presents itself to his readers in order that they "[h]ear me! For I am such and such a person. For other uses of Ecce Homo see Ecce Homo (disambiguation Ecce Homo How One Becomes What One Is ( Ecce homo Above all, do not mistake me for someone else. " (Preface, section 1, translated by Walter Kaufmann) In December, Nietzsche began a correspondence with August Strindberg, and thought that, short of an international breakthrough, he would attempt to buy back his older writings from the publisher and have them translated into other European languages. Walter Arnold Kaufmann ( July 1, 1921 Freiburg Germany - September 4, 1980 Princeton New Jersey) was a German-American ( January 22, 1849 &ndash May 14, 1912) was a Swedish Writer, Playwright, and painter. Moreover, he planned the publication of the compilation Nietzsche Contra Wagner and of the poems Dionysian Dithyrambs. Nietzsche contra Wagner is a critical essay by Friedrich Nietzsche, written in his last year of lucidity (1888-1889
Mental breakdown and death (1889–1900)
On January 3, 1889, Nietzsche exhibited signs of what society perceived as a serious mental illness. Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Two policemen approached him after he caused a public disturbance in the streets of Turin. What actually happened remains unknown, but the often-repeated tale states that Nietzsche witnessed the whipping of a horse at the other end of the Piazza Carlo Alberto, ran to the horse, threw his arms up around the horse’s neck to protect it, and collapsed to the ground. The first dream-sequence from Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment (Part 1, Chapter 5) has just such a scene in which Raskolnikov witnesses the whipping of a horse around the eyes. Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, Crime and Punishment (Преступление и наказание is a Novel by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky that This article is about the fictional protagonist of Crime and Punishment. [14] Incidentally, Nietzsche called Dostoevsky "the only psychologist from whom I have anything to learn. "[15]
In the following few days, Nietzsche sent short writings — known as the Wahnbriefe ("Madness Letters") — to a number of friends (including Cosima Wagner and Jacob Burckhardt). To his former colleague Burckhardt, Nietzsche wrote: "I have had Caiaphas put in fetters. Yosef Bar Kayafa ( Hebrew יוסף בַּר קַיָּפָא joˑsef bar qayːɔfɔʔ (which translates as Joseph son of Caiaphas) also known simply as Also, last year I was crucified by the German doctors in a very drawn-out manner. Wilhelm, Bismarck, and all anti-Semites abolished. Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen Duke of Lauenburg Prince of Bismarck ( April 1, 1815 July 30, 1898) "[16] Additionally, he commanded the German emperor to go to Rome in order to be shot and summoned the European powers to take military action against Germany. [17]
On January 6, 1889 Burckhardt showed the letter he had received from Nietzsche to Overbeck. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The following day Overbeck received a similarly revealing letter, and decided that Nietzsche's friends had to bring him back to Basel. Overbeck traveled to Turin and brought Nietzsche to a psychiatric clinic in Basel. By that time Nietzsche appeared fully in the grip of insanity, and his mother Franziska decided to transfer him to a clinic in Jena under the direction of Otto Binswanger. Jena (pronunciation ˈjeːna is a university City in central Germany on the river Saale. Otto Ludwig Binswanger ( October 14, 1852 - July 15, 1929) was a Swiss Psychiatrist and Neurologist who came from a famous From November 1889 to February 1890 Julius Langbehn attempted to cure Nietzsche, claiming that the doctors' methods were ineffective to cure Nietzsche's condition. Julius Langbehn ( 26 March 1851 - 30 April 1907) was a German Conservative art historian. Langbehn assumed progressively greater control of Nietzsche until his secrecy discredited him. In March 1890 Franziska removed Nietzsche from the clinic, and in May 1890 brought him to her home in Naumburg. During this process Overbeck and Gast contemplated what to do with Nietzsche's unpublished works. In January 1889 they proceeded with the planned release of Twilight of the Idols, by that time already printed and bound. In February they ordered a 50-copy private edition of Nietzsche contra Wagner, but the publisher C. G. Naumann secretly printed 100. Overbeck and Gast decided to withhold publishing The Antichrist and Ecce Homo due to their more radical content. Nietzsche's reception and recognition enjoyed their first surge.
In 1893 Nietzsche's sister Elisabeth returned from Nueva Germania (Paraguay) following the suicide of her husband. Nueva Germania (New Germania) is a district of San Pedro Department in Paraguay. She read and studied Nietzsche's works, and piece by piece took control of them and of their publication. Overbeck eventually suffered dismissal, and Gast finally co-operated. After the death of Franziska in 1897 Nietzsche lived in Weimar, where Elisabeth cared for him and allowed people, including Rudolf Steiner, to visit her uncommunicative brother. Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, Rudolf Steiner ( 25 February 1861 – 30 March 1925) was an Austrian philosopher literary scholar educator artist playwright
Commentators have frequently diagnosed a syphilitic infection as the cause of the illness. While most commentators regard Nietzsche's breakdown as unrelated to his philosophy, some, including Georges Bataille and René Girard, argue that his breakdown may have been caused by a psychological maladjustment brought on by his philosophy. Georges Bataille (ʒɔʀʒ baˈtaj ( September 10, 1897 &ndash July 8, 1962) was a French Writer. René Girard (born December 25, 1923, Avignon, France) is a world-renowned French Historian, Literary critic [18][19] At least one study has suggested that brain cancer (rather than syphilis) led to his breakdown and killed him;[20] others have classified Nietzsche's "madness" as frontotemporal dementia. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD is a clinical Syndrome caused by degeneration of the Frontal lobe of the Brain and may extend back to the Temporal lobe [21]
In 1898 and 1899 Nietzsche suffered from at least two strokes which partially paralyzed him and left him unable to speak or walk. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain After contracting pneumonia in mid-August 1900 he had another stroke during the night of August 24 / August 25, and died about noon on August 25. Pneumonia is an inflammatory illness of the Lung. Frequently it is described as lung Parenchyma / alveolar inflammation and abnormal Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar 's General Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in the Second Battle of the Bagradas River Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the [22] Elisabeth had him buried beside his father at the church in Röcken. Röcken is a municipality in the district of Burgenlandkreis in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. His friend, Gast, gave his funeral oration, proclaiming: "Holy be your name to all future generations!"[23] Nietzsche had written in Ecce Homo (then unpublished) of his fear that one day his name would be regarded as "holy".
Nietzsche's sister, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, compiled The Will to Power from notes he had written and published it posthumously. Since his sister arranged the book, the general consensus holds that it does not reflect Nietzsche's intent. Indeed, Mazzino Montinari, the editor of Nietzsche's Nachlass, called it a forgery in The 'Will to Power' does not exist. Among other forgeries and suppressions of passages, Elisabeth removed aphorism 35 of The Antichrist, where Nietzsche rewrote a passage of the Bible (see The Will to Power and Nietzsche's criticisms of anti-Semitism and nationalism).
Notes on citizenship, nationality and ethnicity
Nietzsche had Saxon ancestry, Prussian birth, a Polish self-image,[24] Swiss residence, official statelessness and an international intellectual outlook/influence: he never held citizenship of the German Empire founded in 1871. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Statelessness is the Legal and social concept of a person lacking belonging (or a legally enforceable claim to any recognised State. The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification At the time of his appointment to Basel, Nietzsche applied for the annulment of his Prussian citizenship[25] The official response came in a document dated 17 April 1869. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. [26] Janz comments:
Von diesem Tage an war Nietzsche also staatsrechtlich kein Preusse und kein Deutscher mehr, sondern . . . staatenlos, oder, wie der Terminus damals in der Schweiz lautete, heimatlos, was auf Nietzsche besonders zutrifft, und er blieb es. . . Er wurde und blieb Europäer.
[Translation:] So from this day onwards Nietzsche, in terms of international law, was no longer a Prussian and no longer a German, but . . . stateless, or in the terminology used in Switzerland at that time, "homeland-less", which was particularly appropriate for Nietzsche; and he remained so. . . He became and remained a European [italics in original]. [27]
Many commentators, whether emphasizing his cultural background or his language, label Nietzsche as a "German philosopher". [28] Others omit to assign him a nationalist category. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation [29] But although he emerged from the Central European cultural tradition and wrote in the German language and moves somewhere between Schopenhauer and Heidegger, much of Nietzsche's work does not fit readily into mainstream German philosophical currents. [30]
Philosophy
Nietzsche’s works did not reach a wide readership during his active writing career. However, in 1888 Georg Brandes (an influential Danish critic) aroused considerable excitement about Nietzsche through a series of lectures he gave at the university of Copenhagen. Georg Morris Cohen Brandes ( 4 February 1842 - 19 February 1927) was a Danish critic and scholar who had great influence on Scandinavian Then in 1894 Lou Andreas-Salomé published her book, Friedrich Nietzsche in seinen Werken [Friedrich Nietzsche in His Works]. Lou Andreas-Salomé (née Louise von Salomé) ( February 12, 1861 St Andreas-Salomé had known Nietzsche intimately in the early 1880s, and she returned to the subject of Nietzsche, years later, in her work Lebensrückblick – Grundriß einiger Lebenserinnerungen [Looking Back: Memoirs] (written in 1932), which covered her intellectual relationships with Nietzsche, Rilke, and Freud. Rainer Maria Rilke (also Rainer Maria von Rilke (4 December 1875 &ndash 29 December 1926 is considered one of the German language 's greatest 20th century Poets Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Nietzsche himself had acquired the publication-rights for his earlier works in 1886 and began a process of editing and re-formulation that placed the body of his work in a more coherent perspective.
In the years after his death in 1900 Nietzsche's works became widely read, partly thanks to translations into other languages, including English. In the United States, extensive translations of Nietzsche's works appeared, translated by Walter Kaufmann, who also wrote influential interpretations of Nietzsche’s philosophy (such as Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist (1950), which he revised and enlarged in numerous later editions). Walter Arnold Kaufmann ( July 1, 1921 Freiburg Germany - September 4, 1980 Princeton New Jersey) was a German-American Many other major 20th-century philosophers wrote commentaries on Nietzsche’s philosophy, including Martin Heidegger, who produced a four-volume study. Martin Heidegger ( September 26, 1889 &ndash May 26, 1976) (ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈhaɪ̯dɛgɐ was an influential German philosopher An even greater number of major 20th-century philosophers (particularly in the tradition of continental philosophy) cited him as a profound influence on their own philosophy — including Jean Paul Sartre, Foucault and Derrida. Continental philosophy, in contemporary usage refers to a set of traditions of 19th and 20th century philosophy from mainland Europe Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist.
Nietzsche’s works remain controversial, and no real consensus exists on their meaning. The interpretation of his works seems shakier than the interpretative literature on most other major philosophers. One can readily identify some key concepts, but the meaning of each, let alone the relative significance of each, remains contested.
Part of the difficulty in interpreting Nietzsche arises from the uniquely provocative style of his philosophical writing. Nietzsche called himself a philosopher of the hammer, and he frequently delivered trenchant critiques of Christianity and of great philosophers like Plato and Kant in the most offensive and blasphemous terms possible given the context of 19th-century Europe. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg His arguments often employed ad-hominem attacks and emotional appeals, and, particularly in his aphoristic works, he often jumps from one grand assertion to another (leaping from mountain-top to mountain-top, as he describes it), with little sustained logical support or elucidation of the connection between his ideas. An ad hominem argument, also known as argumentum ad hominem ( Latin: "argument to the man" "argument against the man" Appeal to emotion is a Fallacy which uses the manipulation of the recipient's emotions rather than valid logic to win an argument All these aspects of Nietzsche's style run counter to traditional values in philosophical writing, and they alienated Nietzsche from the academic establishment both in his time and, to a lesser extent, today (when some analytic philosophers still tend to dismiss Nietzsche as inconsistent and speculative, producing something other than "real" philosophy). Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a generic term for a style of Philosophy that came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century
A few of the themes that Nietzsche scholars have devoted the most attention to include Nietzsche's views on morality, his view that "God is dead" (and along with it any sort of God's-eye view on the world thus leading to perspectivism), his notions of the will to power and Übermensch, and his suggestion of eternal return. Master-slave morality is a central theme of Friedrich Nietzsche 's works in particular the first essay of On the Genealogy of Morality. " God is dead " ( German:; also known as the death of God) is a widely-quoted and sometimes misconstrued statement by German philosopher Perspectivism is the philosophical view developed by Friedrich Nietzsche that all Ideations take place from particular perspectives This means The will to power ( German: " Der Wille zur Macht " is a prominent concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. The Übermensch ( German; English: Overman, Superman) is a Concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Eternal return (also known as " eternal recurrence " is a concept which posits that the Universe has been recurring and will continue to recur in a
Morality
In Daybreak Nietzsche begins his "Campaign against Morality"[31]. He calls himself an "immoralist" and harshly criticizes the prominent moral schemes of his day: Christianity, Kantianism, and Utilitarianism. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Kantianism is the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher born in Königsberg, Germany (now Kaliningrad, Russia Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall Utility, that is its contribution to happiness However, Nietzsche did not want to destroy morality, but rather to initiate a re-evaluation of the values of the Judeo-Christian world. A personal and cultural value is a Relative ethic value, an assumption upon which implementation can be extrapolated He indicates his desire to bring about a new, more naturalistic source of value in the vital impulses of life itself (readers have also often seen this as a desire to return to the values of Homeric Greece). Personal life (or everyday life or human existence) is the course of an individual Human 's life especially when viewed as the sum of personal choices Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the
In both these projects, Nietzsche's genealogical account of the development of master-slave morality occupies a central place. Master-slave morality is a central theme of Friedrich Nietzsche 's works in particular the first essay of On the Genealogy of Morality. Nietzsche presents master-morality as the original system of morality—perhaps best associated with Homeric Greece. Here, value arises as a contrast between good and bad: wealth, strength, health, and power (the sort of traits found in an Homeric hero) count as good; whereas badness becomes associated with the poor, weak, sick, and pathetic (the sort of traits conventionally found among ancient Greek slaves).
Slave-morality, in contrast, can only come about as a reaction to master-morality. Nietzsche associates slave-morality with the Jewish and Christian traditions. Here, value emerges from the contrast between good and evil: good associated with charity, piety, restraint, meekness, and subservience; evil seen in the cruel, selfish, wealthy, indulgent, and aggressive. Nietzsche sees slave-morality as an ingenious ploy among the slaves and the weak (such as the Jews and Christians dominated by Rome) to overturn the values of their masters and to gain value for themselves: explaining their situation, and at the same time fixing themselves in a slave-like life.
Whatever its cynical cleverness, Nietzsche sees the slave-morality as a sociological illness which has overtaken Europe — a derivative and resentful value which can only work by condemning others as evil. In Nietzsche's eyes, Christianity exists in a hypocritical state wherein people preach love and kindness but find their joy in condemning and punishing others for pursuing the impulses they themselves are not publicly allowed to act upon. Nietzsche calls for the strong in the world to break their self-imposed chains and assert their own power, health, and vitality upon the world.
The death of God, nihilism, and perspectivism
The statement "God is dead," occurring in several of Nietzsche's works (primarily, and perhaps most notably, in The Gay Science), has probably become the single most-quoted line in all of Nietzsche's texts. " God is dead " ( German:; also known as the death of God) is a widely-quoted and sometimes misconstrued statement by German philosopher Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that Existence is without objective meaning Purpose Perspectivism is the philosophical view developed by Friedrich Nietzsche that all Ideations take place from particular perspectives This means " God is dead " ( German:; also known as the death of God) is a widely-quoted and sometimes misconstrued statement by German philosopher The Gay Science language|German] Die fröhliche Wissenschaft ("la gaya scienza" ] is a book written by Friedrich Nietzsche Many people take the quotation as a reflection of Nietzsche's concerns about the development of Western society in the modern age. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions The term modern period or modern era (sometimes also modern times) is the period of history that followed the Middle Ages between c In Nietzsche's view, recent developments in modern science and the increasing secularization of European society had effectively "killed" the Christian God, who had served as the basis for meaning and value in the West for the previous thousand years.
Nietzsche claimed the "death of God" would eventually lead to the loss of any universal perspective on things, and along with it any coherent sense of objective truth. [32] Instead we would retain only our own multiple, diverse, and fluid perspectives. This view has acquired the name "perspectivism". Perspectivism is the philosophical view developed by Friedrich Nietzsche that all Ideations take place from particular perspectives This means
Alternatively, the death of God may lead beyond bare perspectivism (to which some appeal in support of tolerant relativism) to outright nihilism, the belief that nothing has any importance and that life lacks purpose. Compare Moral relativism, Aesthetic relativism, Social constructionism, Cultural relativism, and Cognitive relativism. Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that Existence is without objective meaning Purpose Personal life (or everyday life or human existence) is the course of an individual Human 's life especially when viewed as the sum of personal choices As Heidegger put the problem, "If God as the suprasensory ground and goal of all reality is dead, if the suprasensory world of the Ideas has suffered the loss of its obligatory and above it its vitalizing and upbuilding power, then nothing more remains to which man can cling and by which he can orient himself. "[33] The secular-minded people of Nietzsche's day did not recognize this crisis, and both to clarify and to overcome it Nietzsche wrote Thus Spoke Zarathustra and introduced the concept of a value-creating Übermensch. Thus Spoke Zarathustra (German Also sprach Zarathustra, sometimes translated Thus Spake Zarathustra) subtitled A Book for All and None The Übermensch ( German; English: Overman, Superman) is a Concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. According to Lampert, "the death of God must be followed by a long twilight of piety and nihilism (II. 19; III. 8). […] Zarathustra's gift of the superman is given to a mankind not aware of the problem to which the superman is the solution. "[34]
The Will to Power
Probably the most important aspect of Nietzsche's picture of human psychology arises in the "will to power", which Nietzsche at points claims as the motivation that underlies all human behavior. The will to power ( German: " Der Wille zur Macht " is a prominent concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. The will to power ( German: " Der Wille zur Macht " is a prominent concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche.
Some commentators understand Nietzsche's notion of the "will to power" as a response to Schopenhauer's "will to live". The will to power ( German: " Der Wille zur Macht " is a prominent concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Writing a generation before Nietzsche, Schopenhauer had regarded the entire universe and everything in it as driven by a primordial will to live, thus resulting in all creatures' desire to avoid death and to procreate. Nietzsche, however, challenges Schopenhauer's account and suggests that people and animals really want power; living in itself appears only as a subsidiary aim — something necessary to promote one's power. In defense of his view, Nietzsche appeals to many instances in which people and animals willingly risk their lives in order to promote their power, most notably in instances like competitive fighting and warfare. Once again, Nietzsche seems to take part of his inspiration from the ancient Homeric Greek texts he knew well: Greek heroes and aristocrats or "masters" did not desire mere living (they often died quite young and risked their lives in battle) but wanted power, glory, and greatness.
In addition to Schopenhauer's psychological views, Nietzsche contrasts his notion of the will to power with many of the other most popular psychological views of his day: utilitarianism, which claims all people want fundamentally to be happy (Nietzsche responds that only the Englishman wants that), and Platonism, which claims that people ultimately want to achieve unity with the good or, in Christian neo-Platonism, with God. Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall Utility, that is its contribution to happiness In each case, Nietzsche argues that the "will to power" provides a more useful and general explanation of human behavior.
Übermensch
Nietzsche also introduced as an important concept: the Übermensch (variously translated (often without regard to the gender-neutrality of the German word Mensch) as superman, superhuman, or overman). The Übermensch ( German; English: Overman, Superman) is a Concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. The Übermensch ( German; English: Overman, Superman) is a Concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Nietzsche contrasts the Übermensch with the Last Man, who appears as an exaggerated version of the degraded "goal" that unified the liberal democratic, bourgeois, socialist, and communist social and political programs. The term "liberal" in "liberal democracy" does not imply that the government of such a democracy must follow the political ideology of Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based [35] The plural Übermenschen never appears in Nietzsche's writings, which sharply contrasts with Nazi interpretations of his corpus. Michael Tanner suggests Übermensch means the man who lives above and beyond pleasure and suffering, treating both circumstances equally "because joy and suffering are . . . inseparable. "[36]
The principle of Eternal Return
Another of Nietzsche's ideas has become frequently cited, his notion of "eternal recurrence" or eternal return. Eternal return (also known as " eternal recurrence " is a concept which posits that the Universe has been recurring and will continue to recur in a Eternal return (also known as " eternal recurrence " is a concept which posits that the Universe has been recurring and will continue to recur in a Scholars disagree about the proper interpretation of this idea. In one view, Nietzsche proposes a thought-experiment to determine who actually leads their life in a strong and vital way: we need to imagine that this life which we lead does not simply end at our deaths, but will repeat over and over again for all eternity, each moment recurring in exactly the same way, without end. Personal life (or everyday life or human existence) is the course of an individual Human 's life especially when viewed as the sum of personal choices Those who recoil from this idea with horror have not yet learned to love and value life in the way that Nietzsche would admire; those who would embrace the idea cheerfully, ipso facto, lead the right sort of life.
However, based on some of the unpublished notes, many scholars think Nietzsche meant the suggestion as something more than a thought-experiment, and that he might have taken it quite seriously as a factual premise. This would, of course, only redouble the importance of living life in such a way that one could wish its eternal repetition.
Another interpretation, favored by many later Existential and Post-modern thinkers, argues that Nietzsche did not intend his readers to take eternal recurrence as a factual premise of physical reality but rather as a perpetually recurring condition of human existence. One faces, in every moment, infinite possibilities or modes of interpretation. A person may will a certain mode of being, but in each moment that will is exhausted and must be re-willed in the next. This would imply an eternal recurrence of the same state without necessitating a physical repetition of material beings in identical configurations.
The idea occurs in a parable in Sec. 341 of The Gay Science, and also in the chapter "Of the Vision and the Riddle" in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, among other places. The Gay Science language|German] Die fröhliche Wissenschaft ("la gaya scienza" ] is a book written by Friedrich Nietzsche Thus Spoke Zarathustra (German Also sprach Zarathustra, sometimes translated Thus Spake Zarathustra) subtitled A Book for All and None
Works
The Birth of Tragedy
Nietzsche published his first book in 1872 as The Birth of Tragedy, Out of the Spirit of Music (Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik) and reissued it in 1886 as The Birth of Tragedy, Or: Hellenism and Pessimism (Die Geburt der Tragödie, Oder: Griechentum und Pessimismus). This is a list of writings and other compositions by Friedrich Nietzsche. The Birth of Tragedy ( Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik, 1872 is a 19th Century work of philosophy by Friedrich Nietzsche. The later edition contained a prefatory essay, An Attempt at Self-Criticism, wherein Nietzsche commented on this very early work.
In contrast to the typical Enlightenment view of ancient Greek culture as noble, simple, elegant and grandiose,[37] Nietzsche characterizes it as a conflict between two distinct tendencies: the Apollonian and Dionysian. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The Apollonian in culture he sees as Arthur Schopenhauer's concept of the principium individuationis (principle of individuation) with its refinement, sobriety and emphasis on superficial appearance, whereby man separates himself from the undifferentiated immediacy of nature. Individuation (Latin principium individuationis) is a concept which appears in numerous fields and may be encountered in work by Gilbert Simondon, Bernard Stiegler Nietzsche claims sculpture as the art-form that captures this impulse most fully: sculpture has clear and definite boundaries and seeks to represent reality, in its perfectly stable form. The Dionysian impulse, by contrast, features immersion in the wholeness of nature, intoxication, non-rationality, and inhumanity; rather than the detached, rational representation of the Apollonian that invites similarly detached observation, the Dionysian impulse involves a frenzied participation in life itself. Nietzsche sees the Dionysian impulse as best realized in music, which tends not to have clear boundaries, is unstable and non-representational, and, in Nietzsche's view, invites participation among its listeners through dance. Nietzsche argues that the Apollonian has dominated Western thought since Socrates, but he sees German Romanticism (especially Richard Wagner) as a possible re-introduction of the Dionysian, which might offer the salvation of European culture. SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. For the general context see Romanticism. In the Philosophy, Art, and Culture of German -speaking countries German Romanticism The book shows the influence of Schopenhauer.
Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff criticised The Birth of Tragedy heavily. Enno Friedrich Wichard Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff ( 22 December 1848 &ndash 25 September 1931) was a German Classical By 1886 Nietzsche himself had reservations about the work, referring to it as "an impossible book . . . badly written, ponderous, embarrassing, image-mad and image-confused, sentimental, saccharine to the point of effeminacy, uneven in tempo, [and] without the will to logical cleanliness. "
"On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense"
Nietzsche wrote his unpublished "On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense" in 1873; and so it sits comfortably with The Birth of Tragedy as an important expression of his youthful romanticism, a romanticism that he would reject but which would also condition his views on "truth" and prepare him for so many of his mature projects: "the problem of science itself, science considered for the first time as problematic, as questionable. Über Wahrheit und Lüge im außermoralischen Sinn (in English " On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense " is an (initially unpublished work of Friedrich Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the . . to look at science in the perspective of the artist, but at art in that of life. "[38]
As this work represents one of his first engagements with epistemology and the philosophy of language, Nietzsche often rewrites Kant’s description of perception and experience to emphasize the aesthetic over the conceptual: nodding at the categories of understanding, in particular time and space, Nietzsche notes that "the artistic process of metaphor formation with which every sensation begins in us already presupposes these forms and thus occurs within them". Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg [39]
Nietzsche expresses a nuanced but immature argument, and does not seem so much interested in refuting Kant — or even seriously arguing with Kant — on Kant’s own terms. As he later admitted, his early writings struggled to use Kantian, or even Hegelian, modes of expression in a spirit quite against Kant and Hegel: "I tried laboriously to express by means of Schopenhauerian and Kantian formulas strange and new variations which were basically at odds with Kant's and Schopenhauer's spirit and taste!"[40]
Untimely Meditations
Started in 1873 and completed in 1876, this work comprises a collection of four (out of a projected 13) essays concerning the contemporary condition of European, especially German, culture. The Untimely Meditations are four works by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, started in 1873 and completed in 1876 A fifth essay, published posthumously, had the title "We Philologists", and gave as a "Task for philology: disappearance". [41]
-
- David Strauss: the Confessor and the Writer, 1873 (David Strauss: der Bekenner und der Schriftsteller) attacks David Strauss's The Old and the New Faith: A Confession (1871), which Nietzsche holds up as an example of the German thought of the time. David Friedrich Strauss (or Strauß; January 27 1808 &ndash February 8 1874 was a German theologian and writer He paints Strauss's "New Faith" — scientifically-determined universal mechanism based on the progression of history — as a vulgar reading of history in the service of a degenerate culture, polemically attacking not only the book but also Strauss as a Philistine of pseudo-culture. Polemics (pəˈlɛmɪks/ /poʊ- is the practice of disputing or controverting religious, philosophical, or political matters Philistinism is a derogatory term used to describe a particular attitude or set of values
- On the Use and Abuse of History for Life, 1874 (Vom Nutzen und Nachtheil der Historie für das Leben) offers—instead of the prevailing view of "knowledge as an end in itself"—an alternative way of reading history, one where living life becomes the primary concern; along with a description of how this might improve the health of a society. It also introduced an attack against the basic precepts of classic humanism. In this essay, Nietzsche attacks both the historicism of man (the idea that man is created through history) and the idea that one can possibly have an objective concept of man, since a major aspect of man resides in his subjectivity. Nietzsche expands the idea that the essence of man dwells not inside of him, but rather above him, in the following essay, "Schopenhauer als Erzieher" ("Schopenhauer as Educator"). Glenn Most argues for the possible translation of the essay as "The Use and Abuse of History Departments for Life", as Nietzsche used the term Historie and not Geschichte. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Furthermore, he alleges that this title may have its origins via Jacob Burckhardt, who would have referred to Leon Battista Alberti's treatise, De commodis litterarum atque incommodis (1428 — "On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Literary Studies"). Jacob Christoph Burckhardt ( May 25, 1818, Basel, Switzerland &ndash August 8, 1897, Basel was a Swiss Leon Battista Alberti ( February 14, 1404 &ndash April 25, 1472) was an Italian author artist Architect, Poet Glenn Most argues that the untimelessness of Nietzsche here resides in calling to a return, beyond historicism, to Humboldt's humanism, and, maybe even beyond, to the first humanism of the Renaissance. Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand Freiherr von Humboldt ( June 22, 1767 April 8, 1835) government functionary The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere [41]
- Schopenhauer as Educator, 1874 (Schopenhauer als Erzieher) describes how the philosophic genius of Schopenhauer might bring on a resurgence of German culture. Nietzsche gives special attention to Schopenhauer's individualism, honesty and steadfastness as well as his cheerfulness, despite Schopenhauer's noted pessimism.
- Richard Wagner in Bayreuth, 1876 investigates Richard Wagner's psychology — less flatteringly than Nietzsche's friendship with his subject might suggest. Nietzsche considered not publishing it because of this, and eventually settled on drafts that criticized the musician less than they might have done. Nonetheless this essay foreshadows the imminent split between the two.
Human, All Too Human
Nietzsche supplemented the original edition of this work, first published in 1878, with a second part in 1879: Mixed Opinions and Maxims (Vermischte Meinungen und Sprüche), and a third part in 1880: The Wanderer and his Shadow (Der Wanderer und sein Schatten). Human All Too Human ( Menschliches Allzumenschliches) subtitled A Book for Free Spirits ( Ein Buch für freie Geister) is a book by 19th century philosopher The three parts appeared together in 1886 as Human, All Too Human, A Book for Free Spirits (Menschliches, Allzumenschliches, Ein Buch für freie Geister). This book represents the beginning of Nietzsche's "middle period", with a break from German Romanticism and from Wagner and with a definite positivist slant. Positivism is the Philosophy that the only authentic knowledge is knowledge that is based on actual sense experience Note the style: reluctant to construct a systemic philosophy, Nietzsche composed these works as a series of several hundred aphorisms, ranging in length from a single line to a few pages. This book comprises more a collection of debunkings of unwarranted assumptions than an interpretation, though it offers some elements of Nietzsche's thought in his arguments: he uses his perspectivism and the idea of the will to power as explanatory devices, though the latter remains less developed than in his later thought. The will to power ( German: " Der Wille zur Macht " is a prominent concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche.
Daybreak
In Daybreak: Reflections on Moral Prejudices (Morgenröte. Gedanken über die moralischen Vorurteile, 1881), Nietzsche de-emphasizes the role of hedonism as a motivator and accentuates the role of a "feeling of power". His relativism, both moral and cultural, and his critique of Christianity also reaches greater maturity. Compare Moral relativism, Aesthetic relativism, Social constructionism, Cultural relativism, and Cognitive relativism. This article attempts to confine itself to discussion of relativism in morals and ethics Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual Human 's Beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her own Culture. In Daybreak Nietzsche devoted a lengthy passage to his criticism of Christian biblical exegesis, including its arbitrary interpretation of objects and images in the Old Testament as prefigurements of Christ's crucifixion. Exegesis (from the Greek 'to lead out' involves an extensive and critical interpretation of an authoritative text, especially of a Holy The clear, calm and intimate style of this aphoristic book seems to invite a particular experience, rather than showing concern with persuading his readers to accept any point of view. He would develop many of the ideas advanced here more fully in later books.
The Gay Science
The Gay (Merry) Science (Die fröhliche Wissenschaft, 1882), the largest and most comprehensive of Nietzsche's middle-period books, continues the aphoristic style and contains more poetry than any other of his works (except possibly, "Human, All too Human, A Book for the Free Spirit," a book on "coming to grips with chaos and emptiness"). The Gay Science language|German] Die fröhliche Wissenschaft ("la gaya scienza" ] is a book written by Friedrich Nietzsche It has central themes of a joyful affirmation of life and of an immersion in a light-hearted scholarship that takes aesthetic pleasure in life (the title refers to the Provençal phrase for the craft of poetry). Provençal ( Provençau) is one of several dialects of Occitan spoken by a minority of people mostly in Provence (in southern France As an example, Nietzsche offers the doctrine of eternal recurrence, which ranks one's life as the sole consideration when evaluating how one should act. Eternal return (also known as " eternal recurrence " is a concept which posits that the Universe has been recurring and will continue to recur in a This contrasts with the Christian view of an afterlife which emphasizes later reward at the cost of one's immediate happiness. AfterLife is a film drama set in Scotland directed by Alison Peebles made in 2003 about an ambitious Scottish journalist forced to choose between The Gay Science has however perhaps become best known for the statement "God is dead", which forms part of Nietzsche's naturalistic and aesthetic alternative to traditional religion.
Thus Spoke Zarathustra
A break with his middle-period works, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, A Book for All and None (Also Sprach Zarathustra, Ein Buch für Alle und Keinen, 1883–1885) became Nietzsche's best-known book and the one he considered the most important. Thus Spoke Zarathustra (German Also sprach Zarathustra, sometimes translated Thus Spake Zarathustra) subtitled A Book for All and None [42] Noteworthy for its format, it comprises a philosophical work of fiction whose style often lightheartedly imitates that of the New Testament and of the Platonic dialogues, at times resembling pre-Socratic works in tone and in its use of natural phenomena as rhetorical and explanatory devices. The Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers were active before Socrates or contemporaneously but expounding knowledge developed earlier It also features frequent references to the Western literary and philosophical traditions, implicitly offering an interpretation of these traditions and of their problems. Nietzsche achieves all of this through the character of Zarathustra (referring to the traditional prophet of Zoroastrianism), who makes speeches on philosophic topics as he moves along a loose plotline marking his development and the reception of his ideas. Zoroaster ( Latinized from Greek variants) or Zarathushtra (from Avestan Zaraθuštra) also referred to as Zartosht (زرتشت Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings One can view this characteristic (following the genre of the bildungsroman) as an inline commentary on Zarathustra's (and Nietzsche's) philosophy. A bildungsroman (ˈbɪldʊŋsroˌmaːn "novel of formation" is a Novelistic genre that arose during the German Enlightenment (and is regarded by some as All this, along with the book's ambiguity and paradoxical nature, has helped its eventual enthusiastic reception by the reading public, but has frustrated academic attempts at analysis (as Nietzsche may have intended). Thus Spoke Zarathustra remained unpopular as a topic for scholars (especially those in the Anglo-American analytic tradition) until the second half of the twentieth century brought widespread interest in Nietzsche and his unconventional style that does not distinguish between philosophy and literature. Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a generic term for a style of Philosophy that came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century [43] It offers formulations of eternal recurrence, and Nietzsche for the first time speaks of the Übermensch: themes that would dominate his books from this point onwards.
Beyond Good and Evil
Of the four "late-period" writings of Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future (Jenseits von Gut und Böse. Beyond Good and Evil (German Jenseits von Gut und Böse) subtitled "Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future" ( Vorspiel einer Philosophie der Zukunft Vorspiel einer Philosophie der Zukunft, 1886) most closely resembles the aphoristic style of his middle period. In it he exposes the deficiencies of those usually called "philosophers" and identifies the qualities of the "new philosophers": imagination, self-assertion, danger, originality, and the "creation of values". He then contests some of the key presuppositions of the old philosophic tradition like "self-consciousness," "knowledge," "truth," and "free will", explaining them as inventions of the moral consciousness. In their place he offers the will to power as an explanation of all behavior; this ties into his "perspective of life", which he regards as "beyond good and evil", denying a universal morality for all human beings. The will to power ( German: " Der Wille zur Macht " is a prominent concept in the Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. Religion and the master and slave moralities feature prominently as Nietzsche re-evaluates deeply-held humanistic beliefs, portraying even domination, appropriation and injury to the weak as not universally objectionable. Master-slave morality is a central theme of Friedrich Nietzsche 's works in particular the first essay of On the Genealogy of Morality. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal
On the Genealogy of Morality
The three "treatises" that make up On the Genealogy of Morality (Zur Genealogie der Moral, 1887) represent the last of Nietzsche's works before his flurry of activity in 1888. On the Genealogy of Morality, or On the Genealogy of Morals (German Zur Genealogie der Moral) subtitled "A Polemic " ( Eine Streitschrift Each treatise deals with the evolution of moral concepts and institutions, showing that the origins of contemporary morality reside in non-moral relationships in which power struggles and cruelty play an important part. The work appears more unproblematically philosophical in style and tone than many of Nietzsche's works, and has has become a popular topic for scholarly analysis. [44]
In the First Treatise Nietzsche traces Christian morality back to what he calls the "slave revolt in morality", which he attributes to the ressentiment experienced by the weak members of society vis-à-vis their strong, aristocratic masters. Ressentiment (pronounced /rɛsɑ̃timɑ̃/ is a term used in Psychology and Philosophy derived from the French word 'ressentiment' (meaning The morality of the nobles operates with the value-distinction "good/bad"; they view themselves as evidently good and their inferiors as beneath contempt. The slaves find their subjection to the strong intolerable and thus set up an "imaginary revenge" by labelling the strong as evil and themselves as good, thereby instituting the morality of Christianity, which says that the meek shall inherit the earth.
In the Second Treatise Nietzsche sketches a pre-moral society (what he calls a "morality of custom") in which the right to inflict harm on others emerges from man's capacity, as an animal capable of memory, to make promises. The infliction of harm on the transgressor can compensate for the breaking of promises. In this way, according to Nietzsche, the institution of punishment comes about, free from any moral purpose or justification. "Bad conscience", too, originates in a pre-moral situation. Here man turns his violent animal nature on himself once he loses the freedom to roam and to pillage.
In the Third Treatise Nietzsche considers the many ways in which the "ascetic ideal" (the paradigm of Christian morality) has manifested itself, ever taking on new forms and perpetuating itself by "underground" means. Nietzsche suggests that the "will to power" drives the need to hold on to the ascetic ideal in one form or another, as a surrogate for taking revenge on a hostile world.
The Case of Wagner
In his first book of a highly productive year, The Case of Wagner, A Musician's Problem (Der Fall Wagner, Ein Musikanten-Problem, May - August 1888), Nietzsche launches into a devastating and unbridled attack upon the figure of Richard Wagner. The Case of Wagner ( Der Fall Wagner) is a German Philosophy book by Friedrich Nietzsche, originally published in 1888 While he recognizes Wagner's music as an immense cultural achievement, he also characterizes it as the product of decadence and nihilism and thereby of sickness. Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that Existence is without objective meaning Purpose The book shows Nietzsche as a capable music-critic, and provides the setting for some of his further reflections on the nature of art and on its relationship to the future health of humanity.
Twilight of the Idols
The title of this highly polemical book, Twilight of the Idols, or How One Philosophizes with a Hammer (Götzen-Dämmerung, oder Wie man mit dem Hammer philosophiert, August-September 1888), word-plays upon Wagner's opera, The Twilight of the Gods (Götterdämmerung). Twilight of the Idols ( Götzen-Dämmerung) is a book by Friedrich Nietzsche, written in 1888 and published in 1889 In this short work, written in the flurry of his last productive year, Nietzsche re-iterates and elaborates some of the criticisms of major philosophic figures (Socrates, Plato, Kant and the Christian tradition). SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg He establishes early on in the section The Problem of Socrates that nobody can estimate the value of life and that any judgment concerning it only reveals the judging person's life-denying or life-affirming tendencies. Personal life (or everyday life or human existence) is the course of an individual Human 's life especially when viewed as the sum of personal choices He attempts to portray philosophers from Socrates onwards as (in his own term) "decadents" who employ dialectics as a tool for self-preservation while the authority of tradition breaks down. In classical Philosophy, dialectic (διαλεκτική is controversy the exchange of arguments and counter-arguments respectively advocating Propositions He also criticizes the German culture of his day as unsophisticated, and shoots some disapproving arrows at key French, British, and Italian cultural figures. In contrast to all these alleged representatives of cultural decadence, Nietzsche applauds Caesar, Napoleon, Goethe, Dostoevsky, Thucydides and the Sophists as healthier and stronger types. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (Фёдор Миха́йлович Достое́вский, sometimes transliterated Dostoyevsky, Dostoievsky, Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek The book states the transvaluation of all values as Nietzsche's final and most important project, and gives a view of antiquity wherein the Romans for once take precedence over the ancient Greeks. The revaluation of all values or the transvaluation of all values (Umwertung aller Werte is a Concept from the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche
The Anti-christ
In one of his best-known and most contentious works, The Anti-christ, Curse on Christianity (Der Antichrist. The Anti-Christ (Der Antichrist (also could be translated as The Anti-Christian is a book by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, originally published in 1895 Fluch auf das Christentum, September 1888), Nietzsche launches into a polemic, hyperbolic attack on the morals of Christianity — the view of Nietzsche as an enthusiastic attacker of Christianity largely arises from this book. Therein he elaborates on his criticisms of Christianity expressed in his earlier works, but now using a sarcastic tone, expressing a disgust over the way the slave-morality corrupted noble values in ancient Rome. Sarcasm is stating the opposite of an intended meaning especially in order to sneeringly slyly jest or mock a person situation or thing He frames certain elements of the religion — the Gospels, Paul, the martyrs, priests and the crusades — as creations of ressentiment for the upholding of the unhealthy at the cost of stronger sentiments. This article is about the canonical books of the New Testament Paul the apostle (שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi, meaning " Saul of Tarsus " Σαούλ Saul and Σαῦλος Saulos and Ressentiment (pronounced /rɛsɑ̃timɑ̃/ is a term used in Psychology and Philosophy derived from the French word 'ressentiment' (meaning Even in this extreme denunciation Nietzsche does not begrudge some respect to the figure of Jesus and to some Christian elements, but this book abandons the relatively even-handed (if inflammatory) analysis of his earlier criticisms for outright polemic — Nietzsche proposes an "Anti-Christian" morality for the future: the transvaluation of all values. Denunciation refers to the announcement of a Treaty 's termination
Ecce Homo
Though Ecce Homo, How One Becomes What One Is (Ecce Homo, Wie man wird, was man ist, October to November 1888) appears as a curiously-styled autobiography (with sections entitled "Why I Am So Clever", "Why I Am So Wise", "Why I Write Such Good Books") it offers much more of a history of Nietzsche's ideas than of the man himself, highlighting Nietzsche's project of genealogical analysis as well as de-emphasizing the splits between philosophy and literature, personality and philosophy, and body and mind. For other uses of Ecce Homo see Ecce Homo (disambiguation Ecce Homo How One Becomes What One Is ( Ecce homo The author does this by tying certain qualities of his thought with idiosyncrasies of his physical person, as well as extremely candid remarks occasionally made throughout his half-joking self-adulation (a mockery of Socratic humility). After this self-description, wherein Nietzsche proclaims the goodness of everything that has happened to him (including his father's early death and his near-blindness — an example of amor fati) — he offers brief insights into all of his works, concluding with the section "Why I Am A Destiny", calmly laying out the principles he places at the center of his project: eternal recurrence and the transvaluation of all values. Amor Fati is the second full-length release from the Avant-garde metal band Peccatum.
Nietzsche contra Wagner
A selection of passages concerning Wagner and art in general which Nietzsche extracted from his works from the period 1878 to 1887 appears in Nietzsche Contra Wagner, Out of the Files of a Psychologist (Nietzsche contra Wagner, Aktenstücke eines Psychologen, December 1888). Nietzsche contra Wagner is a critical essay by Friedrich Nietzsche, written in his last year of lucidity (1888-1889 The passages serve as a background for the comparison Nietzsche would make between his own aesthetics and those of Wagner and his description of how Wagner became corrupted through Christianity, Aryanism, and anti-semitism. The " Aryan race " is a concept in European culture that was influential in the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility
The unpublished notebooks
Nietzsche's Nachlass contains an immense amount of material and discusses at great length the issues around which Nietzsche's philosophy revolves. [45] Nietzsche's sister, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, who acted as executrix of his literary estate, arranged these pieces for publication as The Will to Power.
Later investigation would reveal that Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche had included material extremely selectively and that she gave these excerpts an order different to that of the author, leading to the current opinion of her manuscript as a revisionist corruption bringing her brother's text in line with her own beliefs, which he vehemently opposed. For the critical reexamination of historical facts see Historical revisionism. On the strength of this manuscript, Elisabeth later fostered sympathy for her brother's works among the Nazis, and her revisionism forms the cornerstone of the defense of Nietzsche against the charges of fascism and antisemitism. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology
In the 1960s Mazzino Montinari and Giorgio Colli published the first, integral notebooks, with the fragments arranged in a chronological order (whereas Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche and Peter Gast had arranged them thematically, added titles, cut parts, and included copied fragments of other authors such as Charles Féré) without quotation marks, as if Nietzsche himself had written them. [46] This reference edition has subsequently appeared in translation in various languages. [47] Martin Heidegger expressed in his courses on Nietzsche the opinion that this unpublished work of Nietzsche is fundamental to the understanding of Nietzsche's thought. Martin Heidegger ( September 26, 1889 &ndash May 26, 1976) (ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈhaɪ̯dɛgɐ was an influential German philosopher
Nietzsche's reading
As a philologist, Nietzsche had a thorough knowledge of Greek philosophy. See Comparative linguistics for the narrower field of "comparative philology" Ancient Greek philosophy focused on the role of Reason and Inquiry. He read Kant, Mill and Schopenhauer,[48] who became his main opponents in his philosophy, and later Spinoza, whom he saw as his "precursor" on some counts[49] but as a personification of the "ascetic ideal" on others. Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 &ndash 8 May 1873 British Philosopher, political economist, civil servant and Member of Parliament, was an influential Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza (ברוך שפינוזה Bento de Espinosa Benedictus de Spinoza ( November 24, 1632 – February 21, Nietzsche expressed admiration for 17th-century French moralists such as La Rochefoucauld, La Bruyère and Vauvenargues,[50] as well as for Pascal and Stendhal. French literature of the 17th century &mdashthe so-called Grand Siècle &mdashspans the reigns of Henry IV of France, the Regency of Marie de Medici François VI duc de La Rochefoucauld le Prince de Marcillac ( September 15, 1613 &ndash March 17, 1680) was a noted French Jean de La Bruyère (ʒɑ̃dəlabʁyˈjɛʁ in French ( August 16 1645 – May 10, 1696) was a French Essayist and Luc de Clapiers marquis de Vauvenargues ( 6 August 1715 &ndash 28 May 1747) was a French Moralist, Essayist Blaise Pascal (blɛz paskal (June 19 1623 &ndash August 19 1662 was a French Mathematician, Physicist, and religious Philosopher Henri-Marie Beyle ( January 23, 1783 &ndash March 23, 1842) better known by his Pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century [51]
The organicism of Paul Bourget influenced Nietzsche,[52] as did that of Rudolf Virchow and Alfred Espinas. Organicism is a philosophical orientation that asserts that reality is best understood as an organic whole Paul Charles Joseph Bourget ( September 2, 1852 &ndash December 25, 1935) was a French Novelist and Critic. Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow ( 13 October 1821 &ndash 5 September 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist, public health Alfred Victor Espinas (23 May 1844 - 24 February 1922 was a French thinker [53]Nietzsche early learned of Darwinism through Friedrich Lange. Darwinism is a term used for various different movements or concepts related to a greater or lesser extent to Charles Darwin 's work on Evolution. Friedrich Albert Lange ( September 28, 1828 - November 23, 1875) was a German Philosopher and Sociologist [54] Nietzsche notably also read some of the posthumous works of Charles Baudelaire,[55] Tolstoy's My Religion, Ernest Renan's Life of Jesus and Dostoevsky's The Possessed. This article is about the Tolstoy family, for other meanings see Tolstoy (disambiguation Tolstoy, or Tolstoi Ernest Renan ( February 28, 1823 &ndash October 12, 1892) was a French Philosopher and writer deeply attached to his native [56][57] Comments in several passages suggests that Nietzsche responded strongly and favorably to the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson. Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25 1803 &ndash April 27 1882 was an American essayist philosopher poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century
Nietzsche's influence and reception
Philosophers and popular culture have responded to Nietzsche's work in complex and sometimes controversial ways. Friedrich Nietzsche 's influence and reception was heterogeneous and may roughly be divided into various chronological periods Many Germans eventually discovered his appeals for greater individualism and personality development in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, but responded to those appeals divergently. He had some following among left-wing Germans in the 1890s; in 1894–95 German conservatives wanted to ban his work as subversive. Subversion refers to an attempt to overthrow structures of Authority, including the State.
By the First World War, however, he had acquired a reputation as an inspiration for right-wing German militarism. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or German soldiers even received copies of Thus Spoke Zarathustra as gifts during World War I. [58] The Dreyfus Affair provides another example of his reception: the French anti-semitic Right labelled the Jewish and Leftist intellectuals who defended Alfred Dreyfus as "Nietzscheans". The Dreyfus Affair a Political scandal which divided France from the 1890s to the early 1900s Alfred Dreyfus (9 October 1859 &ndash 12 July 1935 was a French artillery officer of Jewish background whose trial and conviction in 1894 on charges of treason [59]
Political dictators of the twentieth century, including Stalin,[60] Hitler,[61], and Mussolini[62] read Nietzsche. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Nazis made use of Nietzsche's philosophy, but did so selectively; this association with National Socialism caused Nietzsche's reputation to suffer following the Second World War. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Nevertheless, Nietzschean ideas exercised a major influence on several prominent European philosophers, including Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Jacques Derrida, Martin Heidegger, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre. Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Gilles Deleuze ( (January 18 1925 &ndash November 4 1995 was a French philosopher of the late 20th century Martin Heidegger ( September 26, 1889 &ndash May 26, 1976) (ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈhaɪ̯dɛgɐ was an influential German philosopher Albert Camus ( (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 was an Algerian born French Author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French In the Anglo-American tradition, the scholarship of Walter Kaufmann and R. J. Hollingdale rehabilitated Nietzsche as a philosopher, and analytic philosophers such as Alexander Nehamas and Brian Leiter continue to study him today. Walter Arnold Kaufmann ( July 1, 1921 Freiburg Germany - September 4, 1980 Princeton New Jersey) was a German-American Reginald John Hollingdale ( October 20 1930 – September 28 2001) was best known as a biographer and a translator of German philosophy and literature Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a generic term for a style of Philosophy that came to dominate English-speaking countries in the 20th century Alexander Nehamas (born 1946 is Professor of Philosophy and Edmund N Brian Leiter (born 1963 is an American philosopher and legal scholar who is currently John Wilson Professor of Law at the University of Chicago and Director of Chicago's Center A vocal minority of recent Nietzschean interpreters (Bruce Detwiler, Fredrick Appel, Domenico Losurdo, Abir Taha) have contested what they consider the popular but erroneous egalitarian misrepresentation of Nietzsche's "aristocratic radicalism". Egalitarianism (derived from the French word égal, meaning equal) is a political doctrine that holds that all people should be treated as equals and have
In popular culture, fictional characters sometimes appear ignorant and pretentious when they cite Nietzsche but mispronounce his name, for example as "Nitsh" (Anthony Jr in The Sopranos) or as "Kneeshaw" (Dakin in The History Boys, the film (2006), Faber & Faber Inc. Anthony John Soprano Jr (born July 15, 1986) played by Robert Iler, is a Fictional character on the HBO TV series The Sopranos is an American Television drama series created by David Chase. The History Boys is a British film released in October 2006. It was adapted by Alan Bennett from his play of the same name which won the 2005 , p. 50 and The History Boys, a play by Alan Bennett (2004), Faber & Faber Inc. The History Boys is a play by English playwright Alan Bennett. , p. 47. )
See also
Notes
- ^ Kaufmann, Walter, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist, p. Absurdism is a Philosophy stating that the efforts of humanity to find meaning in the Universe ultimately fail (and hence are absurd because no such Albert Camus ( (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 was an Algerian born French Author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize This is a list of writings and other compositions by Friedrich Nietzsche. The following is a list of works whose subject is 19th-century philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. 22.
- ^ a b Schaberg, William, The Nietzsche Canon, University of Chicago Press, 1996, p32.
- ^ Jörg Salaquarda, "Nietzsche and the Judaeo-Christian tradition," in The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 99.
- ^ For Nietzsche's account of the accident and injury see his letter to Karl Von Gersdorff: Letter of Friedrich Nietzsche to Karl Von Gersdorff - June, 1868
- ^ A letter containing Nietzsche's description of the first meeting with Wagner.
- ^ Hecker, Hellmuth: "Nietzsches Staatsangehörigkeit als Rechtsfrage", Neue Juristische Wochenschrift, Jg. 40, 1987, nr. 23, p. 1388-1391; and His, Eduard: "Friedrich Nietzsches Heimatlosigkeit", Basler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde, vol. 40, 1941, p. 159-186. Note that some authors (among them Deussen and Montinari) mistakenly claim that Nietzsche became a Swiss citizen. Mazzino Montinari ( 4 April 1928 - 24 November 1986) was an Italian scholar of Germanistics.
- ^ Richard Schain, The Legend of Nietzsche's Syphilis (Westwood: Greenwood Press, 2001
- ^ A biography of Spir.
- ^ Stephan Güntzel, "Nietzsche's Geophilosophy", p. 85 in: Journal of Nietzsche Studies 25 (Spring 2003), The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park (Penn State), 2003-10-15; re-published on HyperNietzsche's website (English)/(German)
- ^ Kaufmann, p. 49
- ^ The Nietzsche Channel, Correspondences
- ^ Kaufmann, Walter, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist, pp. 306–340.
- ^ Mazzino Montinari, Friedrich Nietzsche (1974; translated into German in 1991, Friedrich Nietzsche. Eine Einführung. , Berlin-New York, De Gruyter; and in French, Friedrich Nietzsche, PUF, 2001)
- ^ On whips, see also Paolo d'Iorio's discussion of whipping in Thus Spoke Zarathustra and in Schopenhauer's Parerga und Paralipomena, II, chap XXX: Über Lärm und Geräusch: "Genèse, parodie et modernité dans Ainsi parlait Zarathoustra", published on the HyperNietzsche website (French)
- ^ Twilight of the Idols, Friedrich Nietzsche, 1889, §45)
- ^ The Portable Nietzsche, trans. University Presses of France ( French: Presses Universitaires de France or PUF) are the largest French university Walter Kaufmann.
- ^ Zweig, Stefan (1939) Master Builders [trilogy], The Struggle with the Daimon, Viking Press, p. Stefan Zweig ( November 28, 1881, Vienna, Austria &ndash February 22, 1942, Petrópolis, Brazil) 524.
- ^ Georges Bataille & Annette Michelson, Nietzsche's Madness, October, Vol. 36, Georges Bataille: Writings on Laughter, Sacrifice, Nietzsche, Un-Knowing. (Spring, 1986), pp. 42-45.
- ^ René Girard, Superman in the Underground: Strategies of Madness — Nietzsche, Wagner, and Dostoevsky, MLN, Vol. 91, No. 6, Comparative Literature. (December, 1976), pp. 1161-1185.
- ^ [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/05/1051987657451.html "Nietzsche 'died of brain cancer'"
- ^ "Friedrich Nietzsche's mental illness--general paralysis of the insane vs. frontotemporal dementia" in Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2006 Dec;114(6):439-44; summarised in PubMed
- ^ Concurring reports in Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche's biography (1904) and a letter by Mathilde Schenk-Nietzsche to Meta von Salis, August 30, 1900, quoted in Janz (1981) p. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar 221. Cf. Volz (1990), p. 251.
- ^ Schain, Richard. "Nietzsche's Visionary Values — Genius or Dementia? [1]
- ^ See Radwan coat of arms for a discussion of Nietzsche's self-perception as a Pole. Radwan is a Polish coat of arms. It was used by several Szlachta (noble families under the Kingdom
- ^ Er beantragte also bei der preussischen Behörde seine Expatrierung [Translation:] "He accordingly applied to the Prussian authorities for expatrification". Curt Paul Janz: Friedrich Nietzsche: Biographie volume 1. Munich: Carl Hanser, 1978, page 263.
- ^ German text available as Entlassungsurkunde für den Professor Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche aus Naumburg in Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari: Nietzsche Briefwechsel: Kritische Gesamtausgabe. Part I, Volume 4. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1993. ISBN 3 11 012277 4, page 566.
- ^ Curt Paul Janz: Friedrich Nietzsche: Biographie volume 1. Munich: Carl Hanser, 1978, pages 263 - 264
- ^ For example:
- ^
- Edward Craid (editor): The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of philosophy. Abingdon: Routledge, 2005, pages 726-741
- Simon Blackburn: The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, pages 252-253.
- [1960] (2005) in Jonathan Rée and J. O. Urmson: The Concise encyclopedia of western philosophy, 3rd edition, London: Routledge, 267-270. ISBN 0-415-32924-8.
- ^ Compare Nicholas Martin (ed), Nietzsche and the German Tradition (Oxford; Peter Lang, 2003), especially the Preface.
- ^ Kaufmann, p. 187. (Ecce Homo-M I)
- ^ Lampert, Nietzsche's Teaching, 17–8; Heidegger, "The Word of Nietzsche. "
- ^ Heidegger, "The Word of Nietzsche," 61.
- ^ Lampert, Nietzsche's Teaching, 18.
- ^ Lampert, Nietzsche's Teaching, 18–27.
- ^ Tanner, Nietzsche, 50.
- ^ Johann Winckelmann, History of Ancient Art, 1764
- ^ Preface to The Birth of Tragedy, 1886 edition, p. 18
- ^ For Nietzsche's relationship to rationalism of the Kantian sort, see: Stanford Internet Encyclopedia: Friedrich Nietzsche, Nietzsche's 'Self-Criticism,' and such recent criticism as Richard Rorty's work. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Richard McKay Rorty (October 4 1931 - June 8 2007 was an American Philosopher.
- ^ "'Attempt at a Self-Criticism," p. 24
- ^ a b Glenn W. Most, "On the use and abuse of ancient Greece for life", HyperNietzsche, 2003-11-09 (English)
- ^ Nietzsche, Friedrich, "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" in the chapter "Why I Write Such Good Books" in Ecce Homo, 1888
- ^ Behler, Ernst, Nietzsche in the Twentieth Century in The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche, Magnus and Higgins (ed), Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996, pp. 281-319
- ^ The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche alone contains five essays (excluding the one that gives overviews of each of his works and forms one of the main references for this section) that discuss this book at length:
- Robert B. Pippin, Nietzsche's Alleged Farewell: The Premodern, Modern and Postmodern Nietzsche
- Salaquarda, Jörg, Nietzsche and the Judeo-Christian Tradition
- Schrift, Alan D. Robert B Pippin (born 1948) is an American philosopher He is the Evelyn Stefansson Nef Distinguished Service Professor in the Committee on Social Thought and , Nietzsche's French Legacy
- Solomon, Robert C. , Nietzsche's 'Ad Hominem': Perspectivism, Personality and 'Ressentiment' Revisited
- Strong, Tracy B. , Nietzsche's Political Misappropriation
- ^ Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari compiled a complete collection of these notebooks, comprising 5000 pages in total (compared with the 3500 pages of the Großoktavausgabe edition of Nietzsche's complete works which includes The Will to Power)
- ^ Mazzino Montinari (postface of Paolo d'Iorio), The 'Will to Power' does not exist, Sigrid Oloff-Montinari original Italian edition Centro Montinari (Italian))
- ^ In fact, the French and Italian translations saw publication earlier than the German edition; the first volume of twenty has appeared in English. Giorgio Colli (1917—1979 was an Italian Philosopher, Philologist and Historian. See http://www.washington.edu/research/showcase/1995c.html
- ^ Brobjer, Thomas. Nietzsche's Reading and Private Library, 1885-1889. Published in Journal of History of Ideas. Accessed via JSTOR on 18 May 2007.
- ^ Letter to Franz Overbeck, 30 July 1881
- ^ Brendan Donnellan, "Nietzsche and La Rochefoucauld" in The German Quarterly, Vol. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off 52, No. 3 (May, 1979), pp. 303-318 (English)
- ^ See for example Ecce Homo, "Why I am So Clever", §3
- ^ Johan Grzelczyk, "Féré et Nietzsche : au sujet de la décadence", HyperNietzsche, 2005-11-01 (French). For other uses of Ecce Homo see Ecce Homo (disambiguation Ecce Homo How One Becomes What One Is ( Ecce homo Grzelczyk quotes Jacques Le Rider, Nietzsche en France. De la fin du XIXe siècle au temps présent, Paris, PUF, 1999, pp. 8-9
- ^ Johan Grzelczyk, "Féré et Nietzsche : au sujet de la décadence", HyperNietzsche, 2005-11-01 (French). Grzelczyk quotes B. Wahrig-Schmidt, "Irgendwie, jedenfalls physiologisch. Friedrich Nietzsche, Alexandre Herzen (fils) und Charles Féré 1888" in Nietzsche Studien, Band 17, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1988, p. Walter de Gruyter is a scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature 439
- ^ Note sur Nietzsche et Lange : « le retour éternel », Albert Fouillée, Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger. An. 34. Paris 1909. T. 67, S. 519-525 (on French Wikisource)
- ^ Mazzino Montinari, "La Volonté de puissance" n'existe pas, Éditions de l'Éclat, 1996, §13
- ^ Mazzino Montinari, "La Volonté de puissance" n'existe pas, Éditions de l'Éclat, 1996, §13
- ^ Walter Kaufmann, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist, pp. 306-340.
- ^ Walter Kaufmann
- ^ Schrift, A. D. (1995). Nietzsche's French Legacy: A Genealogy of Poststructuralism. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-91147-8.
- ^ D. Volkogonov: Stalin, part I, near the end of its introduction (2006).
- ^ See e. g. A. Kubizek: The Young Hitler I Knew, c. 17, p. 181, Greenhill Books, 2006.
- ^ See e. g. D. Irving: Hitler's War, part I, c. 3, near the beginning (2005).
References
- Kaufmann, Walter, Nietzsche: Philosopher, Psychologist, Antichrist, Princeton University Press, 1974.
- Lampert, Laurence. Nietzsche's Teaching: An Interpretation of "Thus Spoke Zarathustra". New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.
- Magnus and Higgins, "Nietzsche's works and their themes", in The Cambridge Companion to Nietzsche, Magnus and Higgins (ed. ), University of Cambridge Press, 1996, pp. 21-58.
- Seung, T. K. Nietzsche's Epic of the Soul: Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2005.
- Tanner, Michael, "Nietzsche" Oxford: Oxford University Press 1994.
- Wicks, Robert, "Friedrich Nietzsche", in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2004 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed. ), [2].
- O'Flaherty, James C. , Sellner, Timothy F. , Helm, Robert M. , "Studies in Nietzsche and the Classical Tradition" (University of North Carolina Press)1979 ISBN:0--08078-8085-X
- O'Flaherty, James C. , Sellner, Timothy F. , Helm, Robert M. , ""Studies in Nietzsche and the Judaeo-Christian Tradition" (University of North Carolina Press)1985 ISBN:0-8078-8104-X
External links
Full texts
- Works by Friedrich Nietzsche at Project Gutenberg
- The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche Online, including selected letters 1865-1889
- Poems (German)
Media
- Nietzsche on Hardship: a documentary about Nietzsche and his philosophy
- Human, All Too Human : Nietzsche: a documentary by the BBC (1999)
- Nietzschelieder: the written songs by Nietzsche, set to music by independent artists(German)
- Friedrich Nietzsche: text with concordances and frequency-list
Other sources
- Open Directory Project: Friedrich Nietzsche
- Friedrich Nietzsche entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Robert Wicks, 2007-11-14
- Nietzsche's Moral and Political Philosophy entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Brian Leiter, 2007-07-27
- Nietzsche Chronicle (Detailed Chronology and Biography)
- The Nietzsche Circle
- Friedrich Nietzsche Society
- Nietzsche Research Group: Radboud University Nijmegen (Dutch)(German)(English)
- Nietzsche: Works of Youth - Music - Lou Salomé
- Nietzsche Research Guide
- Seattle Nietzsche Reading Group: Nietzsche memorabilia and bibliography
- Dr. Joseph Jacobs, A Critical Consideration of the German Philosopher, if Philosopher He Can be Called, Based Upon the New English Translation of His Works - May 7, 1910, The New York Times, Page BR8.
- Nietzsche Forum
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Nietzsche, Friedrich |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | 19th-century philosopher |
| DATE OF BIRTH | October 15, 1844 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Röcken, near Leipzig, Saxony |
| DATE OF DEATH | August 25, 1900 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Weimar |
Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works The Open Directory Project ( ODP) also known as dmoz (from directory The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP is a freely-accessible Online encyclopedia of Philosophy maintained by Stanford University. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP is a freely-accessible Online encyclopedia of Philosophy maintained by Stanford University. Brian Leiter (born 1963 is an American philosopher and legal scholar who is currently John Wilson Professor of Law at the University of Chicago and Director of Chicago's Center Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Röcken is a municipality in the district of Burgenlandkreis in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. Events 1248 - The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III the Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald,
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic