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Fridtjof Nansen

Born October 10, 1861(1861-10-10)
Christiania, Norway
Died May 13, 1930 (aged 68)
Lysaker, Norway

Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen (born October 10, 1861 - died May 13, 1930) was a Norwegian explorer, scientist and diplomat. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Lysaker is a section of and a postal code area of the Norwegian municipality of Bærum, just west of Oslo. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Year 1930 ( MCMXXX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display 1930 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional A scientist, in the broadest sense refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire Knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Nansen was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922 for his work as a League of Nations High Commissioner. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking special executive positions held by a commission of appointment

Initially starting out as a polar explorer, Nansen achieved great success with his Arctic expedition aboard the Fram. The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. Construction Nansen's ambition was to explore the Arctic farther north than anyone else He later became noted as a zoologist and oceanographer, and was a pioneer of the neuron theory. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write also called oceanology or The neuron doctrine is the now fundamental idea that Neurons are the basic structural and functional units of the Nervous system. He was also a distinguished diplomat, eventually becoming Commissioner of refugees for the League of Nations. He was married to Eva Nansen (died 1907) and was the father of noted architect and humanist Odd Nansen and the grandfather of Eigil Nansen. Odd Nansen ( December 6, 1901 &ndash June 27, 1973) was a Norwegian Architect, author and humanitarian credited with Eigil Nansen (Born 18 June 1931 is the son of architect and humanist Odd Nansen and the grandson of explorer and humanist Fridtjof Nansen.

He is one of the key characters in the 2008 play Fram by Tony Harrison, which revolves around Nansen's change from a Social Darwinist to a humanitarian. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Fram is a 2008 play by Tony Harrison. It uses the story of the Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen 's attempt to reach the North Pole and Tony Harrison (born April 30, 1937) is an English Poet and Playwright. Social Darwinism is a theory that competition among all individuals groups nations or ideas drives Social evolution in human societies Humanitarianism is an active belief in Humanism (the idea of the value of human life whereby Humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans

Contents

The Fram expedition to the Arctic

Nansen made his first voyage to Greenland waters in a sealing ship in 1882, and in 1888 succeeded in crossing the Greenland icefield on skis from east to west with Otto Sverdrup, Olaf Dietrichson, Kristian Kristiansen Trana, Samuel Balto and Ole Nielsen Ravna. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the Footnotes Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the Otto Neumann Sverdrup ( October 31, 1854 &ndash November 26, 1930) was a native of Bindal, Nordland county Norway Samuel Johannesen Balto (1862-1922 was a Norwegian explorer and adventurer

In 1893, he sailed to the Arctic in the Fram[1] (a purpose-built, round-hulled ship later used by Roald Amundsen to transport his expedition to Antarctica) which was deliberately allowed to drift north through the sea ice, a journey that took more than three years. The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. Construction Nansen's ambition was to explore the Arctic farther north than anyone else Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (ˈɾuːɑl ˈɑmʉnsən ( July 16, 1872 – c Roald Amundsen 's South Pole expedition (1910–1912 was a Norwegian expedition to Antarctica aiming to be the first to reach the South Pole. Drift ice is Sea ice that floats on the surface of the water in cold regions as opposed to Fast ice, which is attached ("fastened" to a shore Sea ice is formed from Ocean water that freezes Because the Oceans consist of Saltwater, this occurs at about -1 During this first crossing of the Arctic Ocean the expedition became the first to discover the existence of a deep polar basin. The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major The North Polar Basin is an Oceanic basin in the Arctic Ocean, consisting of two main parts the Amerasian Basin (also Central Polar Basin) and

When, after more than one year in the ice it became apparent that Fram would not reach the North Pole, Nansen, accompanied by Hjalmar Johansen (1867–1913), continued north on foot when the Fram reached 84° 4´ N. The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is subject to the caveats explained below defined as the point in the northern Not to be confused with the Danish Gymnast and Olympic medalist Hjalmar Peter Johansen. This was a daring decision, as it meant leaving the ship not to return, and a return journey over drifting ice to the nearest known land some five hundred miles south of the point where they started. Nansen and Johansen started north on March 14, 1895 with three sledges, two kayaks and twenty-eight dogs. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice. Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year On April 8, 1895, they reached 86° 14´ N, the highest latitude then attained. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian Year 1895 ( MDCCCXCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The two men then turned around and started back, and did not find the land they expected at 83°N (it did not exist). In June 1895, they had to use their kayaks to cross open leads of water, and on July 24, they came across a series of islands. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Here they built a hut of moss, stones, and snow, and wintered, surviving on walrus blubber and polar bear meat. The walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus) is a large flippered Marine mammal with a discontinuous circumpolar distribution in the Arctic Ocean and Blubber is a thick layer of vascularized Fat found under the skin of all Cetaceans Pinnipeds and Sirenians Description The polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) is a Bear native to the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas In May of the following year (1896), they started off again for Spitsbergen. Spitsbergen (formerly known as West Spitsbergen, and sometimes misspelled Spitzbergen) is a Norwegian island the largest Island of the After travelling for a month, not knowing where they were, they happened upon the British Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition (led by Frederick George Jackson) whose party were wintering on the island. Frederick George Jackson (1860&ndash1938 British Arctic explorer was educated at Denstone College and Edinburgh University. Jackson informed them that they were in fact on Franz Josef Land. Franz Josef Land, Franz Joseph Land, or Francis Joseph's Land ( Russ Finally, Nansen and Johansen made it back to Vardø in the north of Norway. (Vuoreija Vuorea Várggát is a town and municipality in the county of Finnmark in the extreme northeast of Norway. [2]

Map of the Fram voyage and Nansen's journey at the Fram Museum (Frammuseet). The Fram Museum (Norwegian - Frammuseet) is a museum telling the story of Norwegian polar exploration

He was the first to note and describe dead water. Dead water is the nautical term for a strange phenomenon which can occur when a layer of fresh or Brackish water rests on top of denser salt water, without

Fridtjof Nansen
Fridtjof Nansen
Dr. Nansen in 1914 during a trip to Siberia to write Gjennem Sibirien.
Dr. Nansen in 1914 during a trip to Siberia to write Gjennem Sibirien. Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving

Academic career and scientific works

Nansen was a professor of zoology and later oceanography at the Royal Frederick University in Oslo and contributed with groundbreaking works in the fields of neurology and fluid dynamics. Zoology (from Greek ζῷον, zoon, "animal" + λόγος, " Logos " "knowledge" is the branch of Oceanography (from the greek words Ωκεανός meaning Ocean and γράφω meaning to write also called oceanology or The University of Oslo (Universitetet i Oslo Universitas Osloensis is the oldest and largest University in Norway, situated in the Norwegian capital (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. Fluid dynamics is the sub-discipline of Fluid mechanics dealing with fluid flow: Fluids ( Liquids and Gases in motion

Nansen was one of the founders of the neuron theory stating that the neural network consists of individual cells communicating with each other. Neurons (ˈnjuːɹɒn also known as neurones and nerve cells) are responsive cells in the Nervous system that process and transmit information Traditionally the term neural network had been used to refer to a network or circuit of biological neurons. He set out to study the nervous system of invertebrates and soon he became preoccupied with the question of how nerve cells communicated with each other. At that time, there was a major discussion whether the nervous system was a continuous structure of interconnected cells like the circulatory system (reticular theory) or if it consisted of separate neurons as key elements (the neuron doctrine).

It was a clever choice to look at this basic features of the nervous system in model organisms with a lucid nervous system, however his microscope could not tell him the answers without utilizing the newest technology developed by the nobel laureate Camillo Golgi. Camillo Golgi ( July 7, 1843 &ndash January 21, 1926) was an Italian Physician and Scientist. In February 1886 he took off to Italy, to Pavia, to work with Golgi. After mastering the technique during his short stay, he continued his explorations of the nervous system at the marine biological station in Napels, established by Dohrn, where he worked among others on amphioxus. Most probably, he was the first to apply the Golgi technique to lower vertebrates (chordates).

His work developed in line with and supported the work of contemporary scientists such as His and Forel, in showing that nerve cells all were enclosed by membranes, implying that nerve cells are discontinuous. He published these major contributions to the currently well accepted neuronal theory of the brain in German and English in established international journals, but it was not until he translated these papers into Norwegian that he received his doctorate degree in 1887 in Oslo. In this, he not only became the godfather of Norwegian (Scandic) neuroscience, he also became an early proponent of the neuronal theory, originally put forth by Ramón y Cajal, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Golgi in 1906. Santiago Ramón y Cajal ( May 1 1852 &ndash October 17 1934) was a Spanish histologist, Physician, and The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin is awarded once a year by the Swedish Karolinska Institute.

Nansen did extensive research into the behavior and origin of ocean currents, following his experiences from the Fram expedition. An ocean current is continuous directed movement of Ocean water. He was, together with the Swedish mathematician V. Walfrid Ekman, deeply involved in the discovery of how currents are generated from the planetary rotation and the formulation of the theory of the Ekman spiral that explains the phenomenon. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Vagn Walfrid Ekman ( May 3, 1874 &ndash March 9, 1954) was a Swedish Oceanographer. The Ekman spiral refers to a structure of currents or winds near a horizontal boundary in which the flow direction rotates as one moves away from the boundary He also invented a bottle for collection of water samples from various depths known as the Nansen bottle that, further developed by Shale Niskin, is still in use. A Nansen bottle is a device for obtaining samples of Seawater at a specific depth Shale Niskin was the inventor of the Niskin bottle, a device used for collecting water samples

Diplomatic and political career

Before Norway's dissolution of its union with Sweden on 7 June 1905, Nansen had been a devoted republican, along with other prominent Norwegians like the authors Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and Arne Garborg. Events 1099 - The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson ( 8 December, 1832 – 26 April, 1910) was a Norwegian writer and the 1903 Nobel Prize in Arne Garborg, born Aadne Eivindsson Garborg ( January 25, 1851, Time Norway - January 14, 1924) was a Norwegian writer However, after hearing compelling arguments from Sigurd Ibsen and others, Nansen changed his position (as did Bjørnson and Garborg) and was thereafter influential in convincing Prince Carl of Denmark that he should accept the position as king of Norway. Sigurd Ibsen (1859&ndash1930 was a Norwegian author and politician Haakon VII (Prince Carl of Denmark born Christian Frederik Carl Georg Valdemar Axel) (3 August 1872 in Charlottenlund 21 September 1957 in Oslo) In a referendum where the Norwegian electorate chose between a monarchy and a republic, Nansen campaigned for monarchy, certain it was the right thing for Norway, although the general view was that Nansen would be elected President if Norwegians chose republican rule. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Carl was crowned as King Haakon VII after the referendum results indicated Norwegians' strong preference for monarchy.

Following Norway's independence, Nansen was appointed as the Norwegian ambassador in London (1906-08), becoming a close friend of King Edward VII and assuring support from Britain in the campaign for an international guarantee of Norwegian territorial integrity. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

In the period between the wars, Nansen's admirers made an unsuccessful effort to make him Prime Minister in a broad government based on all the non-socialist parties. This was proposed to counter the growth of Arbeiderpartiet, the Norwegian labour party. The Norwegian Labour Party ( Norwegian: Det norske arbeiderparti ( DNA) or Arbeiderpartiet ( AP) is a Social democratic In 1925 Nansen co-founded Fedrelandslaget (The Fatherland Society), an anti-socialist political organisation that folded at the outbreak of the Second World War. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

The League of Nations

After World War I, Nansen became involved in the League of Nations as a High Commissioner for several initiatives, including organisation of exchange of war prisoners and help to Russian refugees, in which campaign he originated the Nansen passport for refugees. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920 High Commissioner is the title of various high-ranking special executive positions held by a commission of appointment Nansen passports were internationally recognized identity cards first issued by the League of Nations to stateless Refugees. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race He was aided by Vidkun Quisling in his work to help the Russian peasants. Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling (18 July 1887 – 24 October 1945 was a Norwegian army Officer and politician

In 1917 and 1918, Nansen was in Washington D. C, he convinced the allies to allow essential food supplies to be brought through their blockade. In 1920, the League of Nations asked Nansen to send home many prisoners of war, most being in Russia. With limited funds Nansen sent home 450,000 within a year and a half. In 1921, Nansen was asked by the League of Nations to administer the newly formed High Commission for Refugees. Nansen created the “Nansen passport” for refugees, it eventually became recognised by fifty-two governments.

Red Cross then asked him in 1921, to organise a relief program for the millions of Russians dying in the Russian Famine of 1921-1922. The Russian famine of 1921, better known as Povolzhye famine, which began in the early spring of that year and lasted through 1922, was a severe Famine The West was suspicious that the Russian famine was created by government mismanagement of the economy and it was hard to gain funding, but still Nansen found enough supplies for between 7,000,000 and 22,000,000. For the next few years, Nansen did some more humanitarian work, and in 1922, won the Nobel Peace Prize. He was involved in the negotiations between the Greek and Turkish governments that lead to the Treaty of Lausanne. The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning [3] In the latter half of the 1920s he worked to solve the crisis involving the Armenians in Turkey. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches [4]

In 1896, he was awarded the Grand Cross of The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav and in 1925, he received the Collar as well. The Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav ( Norwegian: Den Kongelige Norske St

Posthumous honors

References

  1. ^ Mowat, Farley (1973). Yerevan (Երևան Երեւան or Երեվան ˌjɛrəˈvɑːn sometimes written as Erevan, Iravan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Ordeal by ice; the search for the Northwest Passage (The Passage West), Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Ltd, 366. OCLC 1391959. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  
  2. ^ Apsley Cherry-Garrard, The Worst Journey in the World, Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1922, p. xx-xxiii
  3. ^ Clark, B. (2006). "Twice a Stranger". London: Granta Books.
  4. ^ The Nobel institute on Nansen
  5. ^ EGS on their Nansen medal
  6. ^ NERSC home page on Nansen
  7. ^ Centre for Development Co-operation in Fisheries page on the Nansen Programme
  8. ^ Kongsberg municipality on naming Nansen street (Norwegian)
  9. ^ Press release on street in Kosovo
  10. ^ Oslo municipality on the square (Norwegian)

See also

Further reading

by Nansen

by others

External links

Academic offices
Preceded by
Bredo Henrik von Munthe af Morgenstierne		 Rector of the University of Oslo
1919–1921		 Succeeded by
Fredrik Stang
Preceded by
Rudyard Kipling		 Rector of the University of St Andrews
1925 - 1928		 Succeeded by
Sir Wilfred Grenfell
The Rector of the University of Oslo is the university's highest administrative officer This article is about the Minister of Justice for the Prime Minister see Frederik Stang. Joseph Rudyard Kipling (30 December 1865 – 18 January 1936 was an English Author and poet The Lord Rector of the University of St Andrews is chosen every three years by the students of the University of St Andrews. Sir Wilfred Thomason Grenfell KCMG ( February 28, 1865 - October 9, 1940) was a medical Missionary to Newfoundland
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