Freund's adjuvant is an antigen solution emulsified in mineral oil, used as an immunopotentiator (booster of the immune system). An antigen (from antibody-generating) or immunogen is a substance that prompts the generation of Antibodies and can cause an immune response In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids Mineral oil or liquid Petroleum is a By-product in the Distillation of Petroleum to produce Gasoline and other petroleum Immunostimulators are substances (drugs and nutrients that stimulate the Immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor

Contents 1 Forms 2 Eponym 3 Regulation 4 Effects 5 Mechanism 6 External links 7 References

Forms

The so-called complete form (CFA) is composed of inactivated and dried mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the pathogenic agent of tuberculosis). Mycobacterium is a Genus of Actinobacteria, given its own family the Mycobacteriaceae Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the Bacterium that causes most cases of Tuberculosis. A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering passion" and γἰγνομαι (γεν- gignomai (gen- "I give birth to" infectious Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common

The so-called incomplete form (IFA) is the same adjuvant, but without the mycobacterial components.

Eponym

It is named after Jules T. Freund (1890-1960), Hungarian-born American immunologist. Jules T Freund (1890 &ndash 1960 was an Hungarian-born American Immunologist. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Immunology is a broad branch of biomedical Science that covers the study of all aspects of the Immune system in all Organisms It deals with

Regulation

Freund's adjuvant is effective in stimulating cell-mediated immunity and may lead to the potentiation of the production of certain immunoglobulins, but this effect depends on the animal model used. Cell-mediated immunity is an Immune response that does not involve Antibodies or complement but rather involves the activation of Macrophages Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviated Ig) are Gamma globulin Proteins that are found in Blood or other Bodily An animal model is a non-human Animal that has a Disease or injury that is similar to a human condition Its use in humans is forbidden, due to its toxicity. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Even for animal research there are currently guidelines associated with its use, due to its painful reaction and potential for tissue damage. A medical guideline (also called a clinical guideline, clinical protocol or clinical practice guideline) is a document with the aim of guiding decisions Pain, in the sense of physical pain, is a typical sensory experience that may be described as the unpleasant awareness of a noxious stimulus or bodily harm Injections of CFA should be subcutaneous or intraperitoneal, because intradermal injections may cause skin ulceration and necrosis; intramuscular injections may lead to temporary or permanent muscle lesion, and intravenous injections may produce pulmonary lipid embolism. Ulcers are healing wounds that develop on the skin mucous membranes or eye Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = "dead" is the name given to unnatural Death of cells and living tissue. Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the In Medicine, an embolism occurs when an object (the embolus, plural emboli) migrates from one part of the Body (through circulation

Effects

When administered to mice, in some laboratory experiments Freund's complete adjuvant was said to have prevented juvenile-onset diabetes^[1][2] and combined with prepared spleen cells was said to have reversed it. Diabetes mellitus type 1 (Type 1 diabetes Type I diabetes T1D T1DM IDDM juvenile diabetes is a form of Diabetes mellitus. ^[3] In 2006 these claims were challenged by the findings of several other researchers. ^[4] Although newspapers have described the 2006 findings as confirming the earlier experiments,^[5] in substantial ways they conflict with them. A report from NIH was released on November 23, 2006 in Science confirming the participation of spleen cells in reversing end-stage diabetes. "NIH" redirects here For other meanings of NIH see NIH (disambiguation. Science is the Academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious Scientific ^[6][7]

It has also been investigated in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease or PD) is a degenerative disorder of the Central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's ^[8]

Mechanism

The adjuvant is known to stimulate production of tumor necrosis factor, which is thought to kill the T-cells responsible for the autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic Beta cells. Tumor necrosis factors (or the TNF-family) refers to a group of Cytokines family that can cause Apoptosis. T cells belong to a group of White blood cells known as Lymphocytes, and play a central role in Cell-mediated immunity. Autoimmunity is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts as self, which results in an immune response against its own cells and tissues Beta cells ( beta-cells, β-cells) are a type of cell in the Pancreas in areas called the Islets of Langerhans. Still in question is whether the regrowth of functional insulin-producing cells occurs due to differentiation and proliferation of existing pancreatic stem cells, or whether the injected spleen cells re-differentiate to an insulin producing form. Insulin is a Hormone with intensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems (eg vascular compliance Cell division is a process by which a cell, called the parent cell divides into two or more cells called daughter cells. The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found throughout the body after embryonic development that divide to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged Denise Faustman, whose work has been central to developing the protocol, has suggested that both mechanisms may play a role. Denise L Faustman, (born 1958 is a US Physician and medical researcher However, in experiments to verify and examine her work, Suri reported that DNA-based evidence yielded no sign of spleen cell derivatives in pancreatic islet Beta cells analyzed after treatments. The pancreas is a Gland organ in the digestive and Endocrine system of Vertebrates. For human anatomy see Islets of Langerhans An islet is a small Island. Beta cells ( beta-cells, β-cells) are a type of cell in the Pancreas in areas called the Islets of Langerhans. ^[9]

External links

• Recommendations for Use and Alternatives to Freund's Complete Adjuvant. University of Iowa

References

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