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For a specific analysis of the population of France, see Demographics of France. As of January 1, 2008, 64473140 people live in the French Republic. For a more precise analysis on the nationality and identity of France, see French nationality law. French nationality law is historically based on the principle of Jus soli, according to Ernest Renan 's definition opposed to the German For information about French-speaking people around the world, see French language or Francophonie. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people La Francophonie is an international organisation of French-speaking countries and governments and in French, the community of French-speaking peoples "Frenchmen" redirects here. For the street, see Frenchmen Street. Frenchmen Street is a street in the 7th Ward of New Orleans Louisiana.
French people
Français(es)

1st row: Joan of Arc • Jacques Cartier • Descartes • Molière • Pascal
Louis XIV • Voltaire • Diderot • Napoleon
2nd row: Victor Hugo • Alexandre Dumas • Évariste Galois • Pasteur
Jules Verne • Eiffel • de Coubertin • Toulouse-Lautrec • Marie Curie
3rd row: Proust • Charles de Gaulle • Josephine Baker • Cousteau • Camus
Édith Piaf • François Mitterrand • Brigitte Bardot • Zidane
French citizens French speakers French ancestry
Flag of France France 64,473,140 (includes overseas territories and foreigners living in France)[1]
Flag of the United States United States of America 116,438[2] ~2,000,000[3] (including creoles and local dialects such as Cajun) 9,651,769[4] (not including 2,240,648 of French Canadian ancestry and 114,399 of Cajun ancestry)
Flag of Canada Canada 78,785[5] 6,777,665[6] 5,188,685[7]
Flag of Belgium Belgium 132,421[8] ~4,200,000[9]
Flag of Switzerland Switzerland 73,500[10] 1,485,100[11]
Flag of Luxembourg Luxembourg 25,200[12] 430,000[13]
Flag of Germany Germany 104,085[14]
Flag of Spain Spain 100,408[15]
Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom 94,178 French born people were residing in the during the 2001 Census[16] ~ 400,000 are of French descent

The French are the people of France and speak French (le français). Joan of Arc (c 1412 Joan asserted that she had visions from God that told her to recover her homeland from English domination late in the Hundred Years' Jacques Cartier (December 31 1491&ndashSeptember 1 1557 was a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, also known by his Stage name, Molière, ( January 15, 1622 – February 17 1673) was a French Blaise Pascal (blɛz paskal (June 19 1623 &ndash August 19 1662 was a French Mathematician, Physicist, and religious Philosopher Early years Birth and ancestry Louis XIV was born in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye on September 5 1638 and bore the Heir apparent François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French Denis Diderot ( October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) was a French Philosopher and writer Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895 a French Chemist and Microbiologist, is best known for remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and Jules Gabriel Verne ( February 8 1828 &ndash March 24 1905) was a French Author who pioneered the science-fiction Alexandre Gustave Eiffel ( December 15, 1832 &ndash December 27, 1923; in French efɛl in English usually ˈaɪfəl was a French Pierre de Frédy Baron de Coubertin (1 January 1863 &ndash 2 September 1937 was a French Pedagogue and historian who is best known as the founder of the Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (ɑ̃ʁi dø tuluz loˈtʁɛk (24 November 1864 &ndash 9 September 1901 was a French painter, printmaker, draftsman Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (maʁsɛl pʁust (10 July 1871 &ndash 18 November 1922 was a French Novelist Essayist and Critic Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French Josephine Baker (or Joséphine Baker in Francophone countries ( June 3, 1906 &ndash April 12, 1975) was an American-born Jacques-Yves Cousteau ( 11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer explorer, Ecologist, Albert Camus ( (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 was an Algerian born French Author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize Édith Piaf (December 19 1915&mdashOctober 10 1963 was a French singer and cultural icon who "is almost universally regarded as France's greatest popular singer François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand ( 26 October 1916 8 January 1996 served as President of France from 1981 to 1995 elected as representative of the Socialist Brigitte Bardot ( (born 28 September 1934 is a French actress, former fashion model, Singer and animal welfare/rights activist French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people An ancestor is a Parent or ( recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the See also [[Cajun]] Cajun French (sometimes called Louisiana Regional French) is one of three varieties or Dialects of the French language Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people "France" etymologically derives from the word Francia, a territory where the Franks, a Germanic tribe which overran Roman Gaul at the end times of the Roman Empire, lived. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (imperium Francorum Frankish Kingdom (Latin regnum Francorum, "Kingdom of the The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial

French people are primarily the descendants of Gallo-Romans, as well as Aquitanians (Basques), Iberians, and Ligurians in southern France,[17][18] mixed with some Germanic peoples arrived at the end of the Roman Empire (such as the Franks who lent their name to the country) and some Vikings known as Normans who settled in Normandy in the 9th century. This article covers the culture of Romanized areas of Gaul. For the political history of the brief "Gallic Empire" of the 3rd century see Gallic Empire The Aquitani ( Latin for Aquitanians) were a people living in what is now southwestern France, between the Pyrenees and the Garonne The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. The Iberians were a set of peoples that Greek and Roman sources (among others Hecataeus of Miletus, Avienus, Herodot and Strabo The Ligures (singular Ligus or Ligur; English: Ligurians, Greek:) were an ancient people who gave their name to Liguria The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. [19][20] Some regions knew massive migrations of Celtic people for Brittany and Germanic people for Alsatia before the existence of the Frankish kingdoms, and the languages and culture of these keep perpetuating until our days in more modern forms. Alsace (Alsace alzas Alsatian and Elsass pre-1996 German: Elsaß; Alsatia is one of the 26 Regions of France, located on the eastern

Contents

The problematic definition of the "French people"

Legally, the sovereign people of France are composed of all French citizens, regardless of ethnic origins or religious opinions. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The "French people" therefore comprise all French citizens, including the French overseas departments and territories. The French Overseas Departments and Territories ( French: départements d'outre-mer and territoires d'outre-mer or DOM-TOM) consist broadly of Henceforth, members from any ethnic group can be included in the French people, as long as they have French nationality, whether by jus soli ("right of territory") or by naturalization. Jus soli ( Latin for "right of the soil" or somewhat figuratively "right of the territory" or birthright citizenship, is a Right Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born Since the French Revolution, French national identity has been forged on the basis of citizenship creating an identitarian structure. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Successive waves of immigrants during the 20th century were thus rapidly assimilated into French culture. Racial and cultural tensions persist among minority groups who, nevertheless, still identify as pertaining to France, sharing some bonds which transcend citizenship.

The INSEE does not collect any data on language, religious or ethnic groups, on the principle of the secular and unitary nature of the French Republic. INSEE ( French: I nstitut N ational de la S tatistique et des É tudes É conomiques; inse (not) in French is the [21]

Some examples of definitions from notable sources:

There is a view among many observers that France has an adherence to the ideal of a single, homogeneous national culture, supported by the absence of hyphenated identities and avoidance of the very term "ethnicity" in French discourse. [26]

In past years, the debate on social discrimination has been more and more important, sometimes mixing itself with ethnic issues, in particular concerning the so-called "second-generation immigrants", who are French citizens born in France to immigrant parents (whom themselves may either be foreigner or French). Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is [27] France has exhibited a high rate of immigration from Europe, Africa and Asia throughout the 20th century, explaining that a large minority of the French population has various ethnic ascendancies. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology According to Michèle Tribalat, researcher at INED, it is very difficult to estimate the number of French immigrants or those born to immigrants, because of the absence of official statistics. Only three attempts have been made: in 1927, 1942 and 1986. According to this 2004 study, among about 14 million people of foreign ascendancy (immigrants or with at least one parent or grandparent who is an immigrant), 5. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term 2 million are from Southern European ascendancy (Italy, Spain, Portugal), and 3 million come from the Maghreb. The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset [28] Henceforth, 23 % of French citizens have at least one immigrant parent or grandparent. No recognized studies have been done covering wider timescales since mass immigration started in the 20th century. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term

Abroad, the French language is spoken in different countries, in particular the former French colonies. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world However, speaking the French language is completely distinct from being French: one can speak French without being French. Henceforth, francophonie must not be mistaken with French citizenship and/or ethnicity. La Francophonie is an international organisation of French-speaking countries and governments and in French, the community of French-speaking peoples For example, many French-speaking people living in Switzerland (Romandy) are not from France, are often not Catholic (in fact they welcomed religiously persecuted Huguenots), are very proud of their own identity, and therefore may not consider themselves "French". Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Linguistic geography of Switzerland is on the main tripartite with the Swiss German region ( Deutschschweiz) in the northeast The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth Native Anglophone Blacks in the island of Saint-Martin hold the French nationality even though they do not speak the language, while their neighbouring Francophone Haitian immigrants may be able to speak some French yet remain foreigners. Furthermore, although most French people speak the French language as their native tongue, there have been periods of history when large groups of French citizens had other first languages (local dialects such as Basque, Occitan, Corsican, Alsatian, Briton etc. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of ). Large numbers of people of French ancestry outside Europe speak other first languages, particularly English throughout most of North America, Portuguese in southern South America and Afrikaans in South Africa. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Afrikaans is an Indo-European language, derived from 17th century Dutch and classified as Low Franconian Germanic, mainly spoken in The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa

The United States Census Bureau and Statistics Canada collect claims of French ancestry and ethnic origin among U. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census Statistics Canada (Statistique Canada is the Canadian federal government department commissioned with producing Statistics to help An ancestor is a Parent or ( recursively) the parent of an ancestor (i S. and Canadian citizens, asking those individuals completing long form census questionnaires to define themselves. The questions asked in the United States and Canada were not identical, and the data collected may not be commensurable.

Other countries' census figures for persons of French ancestry are also available in Mexico, Brazil, Germany, Britain, Australia, South Africa and other European countries, although French emigration is relatively low. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa French-cultural areas and enclaves exist for the Navarre region, Spain, the Aosta province, Italy, the Saar lander, Germany, and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by However, the countries of Greece, Romania, Portugal, the Netherlands, the Philippines and New Zealand have records of ethnic French descendants. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island

For information regarding the French Jewish community, either a religious denomination or an ethno-cultural identity, please see History of the Jews in France. The Jewish community in France presently numbers around 600000 according to the World Jewish Congress and 500000 according to the Appel Unifié Juif de France and is

History

Main article: History of France

History of Gaul

Gaul before complete Roman conquest circa 58 BC.Gallia Narbonensis was influenced by Romans and Greeks.Aquitania was inhabited or influenced by Basques.Gallia Belgica was influenced by Germanic tribes.
Gaul before complete Roman conquest circa 58 BC. The History of France has been divided into a series of separate historical articles navigable through the list to the right
Gallia Narbonensis was influenced by Romans and Greeks. Gallia Narbonensis ( Narbonese Gaul) was a Roman province located in what is now Languedoc and Provence, in southern France.
Aquitania was inhabited or influenced by Basques.
Gallia Belgica was influenced by Germanic tribes. Gallia Belgica was a Roman province located in what is now the southern part of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northeastern
Main articles: Gaul and Roman Empire

In the pre-Roman era, all of Gaul (an area of Western Europe that encompassed all of what is known today as France, Belgium, part of Germany and Switzerland, and Northern Italy) was inhabited by a variety of peoples who were known collectively as the Gaulish tribes. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Their ancestors were Celtic immigrants who came from Central Europe in the 7th century BC, and dominated native peoples (for the majority Ligures). The Ligures (singular Ligus or Ligur; English: Ligurians, Greek:) were an ancient people who gave their name to Liguria

Gaul was conquered in 58-51 BC by the Roman legions under the command of General Julius Caesar (except the south-east which had already been conquered about one century earlier). For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription," The area then became part of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Over the next five centuries the two cultures and peoples intermingled, creating a hybridized Gallo-Roman culture. This article covers the culture of Romanized areas of Gaul. For the political history of the brief "Gallic Empire" of the 3rd century see Gallic Empire The Gaulish language came to be supplanted by Vulgar Latin, which would later split into dialects that would develop into the French language. Gaulish or Gallic is the name given to the Celtic language that was spoken in Gaul before the Vulgar Latin of the late Roman Empire became Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Today, the last redoubt of Celtic culture and language in France can be found in the northwestern region of Brittany, although this is not the result of a survival of Gaulish language but of a 5th century A.D. migration of Brythonic speaking Celts from Britain. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Gaulish or Gallic is the name given to the Celtic language that was spoken in Gaul before the Vulgar Latin of the late Roman Empire became The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages or British languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family the other being Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands

The Franks

Main article: Franks

With the decline of the Roman empire in Western Europe a third people entered the picture: the Franks, from which the word "French" derives. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Franks were a Germanic tribe who began filtering across the Rhine River from present-day Germany in the third century. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. By the early sixth century the Franks, led by the Merovingian king Clovis I and his sons, had consolidated their hold on much of modern-day France, the country to which they gave their name. The Merovingians (also Merovings) were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region (known as Francia in Latin Clovis I (c 466 &ndash 27 November 511) was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler The other major Germanic people to arrive in France were the Normans, Viking raiders from modern Denmark and Norway, who occupied the northern region known today as Normandy in the 9th century. The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. The Vikings eventually intermarried with the local people, converting to Christianity in the process. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings It was the Normans who, two centuries later, would go on to conquer England. Eventually, though, the independent duchy of Normandy was incorporated back into the French kingdom in the Middle Ages. The Duchy of Normandy stems from various Danish, Hiberno-Norse, Orkney Viking and Anglo-Danish ( from the Danelaw) invasions of France in the Middle Ages covers an area roughly corresponding to modern day France, from the death of Charlemagne in 814 to the middle of the 15th

15th to 18th century: the kingdom of France

See also: Medieval demography

In the roughly 900 years after the Norman invasions France had a fairly settled population. Medieval Demography is the study of human Demography in Europe during the Middle Ages. Unlike elsewhere in Europe, France experienced relatively low levels of emigration to the Americas, with the exception of the Huguenots. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth However, significant emigration of mainly Roman Catholic French populations led to the settlement of the provinces of Acadia, Canada and Louisiana, both (at the time) French possessions, as well as colonies in the West Indies, Mascarene islands and Africa. The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Mascarene Islands (or Mascarenhas Archipelago) is a group of Islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar comprising Mauritius

In the early 1800s, a small migration of French and western Swiss known as Walsers, named for the Swiss canton of Valais, emigrated by official invitation of the Hapsburgs to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now the nations of Austria, Hungary, Slovakia and Romania. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Walser are German -speaking people (more specifically they speak Walser German Dialects who live in the Alps of Switzerland, The Valais ( German:) is one of the 26 Cantons of Switzerland in the southwestern part of the country, around the valley of the Rhône from its Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Walsers were mainly wine vintners who introduced a superior wine-growing industry, notably to boost wine production for the Tokay region in Hungary, and their families became culturally "Magyarized" within a generation in their adopted country. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice

19th to 21st century: the creation of the French nation-state

The French nation-state appeared following the 1789 French Revolution and Napoleon's empire. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. It replaced the ancient kingdom of France, ruled by the divine right of kings. The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and According to historian Eric Hobsbawm, "the French language has been essential to the concept of "France", although in 1789 50% of the French people didn't speak it at all, and only 12 to 13% spoke it "fairly" - in fact, even in oïl language zones, out of a central region, it was not usually spoken except in cities, and, even there, not always in the faubourgs [approximatively translatable by "suburbs"]. Langues d'oïl is the linguistic and historical designation of the Gallo-Romance languages originating from the northern territories of Roman Gaul, Faubourg is an ancient French term approximating " Suburb " (now generally termed Banlieue) In the North as in the South of France, almost nobody spoke French. If the French language at least disposed of a state of which it could become the "national language", the only base of the Italian unification was the Italian language, which gathered the educated elite of the peninsula's writers and readers, although it has been calculated that at the moment of the Unity (1860) 2. Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian 5% of the population only used this language for its daily needs. Because this little group was, at the real sense of the term, one, and therefore potentially the Italian people. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Nobody else could claim it [being the Italian people]. "[29] Hobsbawm highlighted the role of conscription, invented by Napoleon, and of the 1880s public instruction laws, which allowed mixing of the various groups of France into a nationalist mold which created the French citizen and his consciousness of membership to a common nation, while the various regional languages of France were progressively eradicated. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation There are a number of languages of France. The French language is by far the most widely spoken and the only Official language of France, but several

The 1870 Franco-Prussian War, which led to the short-lived Paris Commune of 1871, was instrumental in bolstering patriotic feelings; until World War I (1914-1918), French politicians never completely lost sight of the disputed Alsace-Lorraine region, which played a major role in the definition of the French nation, and therefore of the French people. The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War ( 19 July, 1870 — 10 May, 1871 The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 During the Dreyfus Affair, anti-semitism became apparent. The Dreyfus Affair a Political scandal which divided France from the 1890s to the early 1900s Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility Charles Maurras, a royalist intellectual member of the far-right anti-parliamentarist Action Française party, invented the neologism of the anti-France, which was one of the first attempts at contesting the republican definition of the French people as composed of all French citizens regardless of their ethnic origins or religious beliefs. __FORCETOC__ Charles Maurras ( 20 April 1868 Martigues Bouches-du-Rhône France – 16 November 1952) was A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which The Action Française is a French Monarchist ( Orléanist) Counter-revolutionary movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Charles Maurras' expression of the anti-France opposed the Catholic French people to four "confederate states" incarning the Other: Jews, freemasons, Protestants and, last but not least, the métèques ("metic"). The Other or constitutive other (also referred to as othering) is a key concept in Continental philosophy, opposed to the Same PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. In Ancient Greece, the term metic meant resident alien a person who did not have citizen rights in their Greek City-state ( Polis) of residence

France's population dynamics began to change in the middle of the 19th century, as France joined the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the The pace of industrial growth attracted millions of European immigrants over the next century, with especially large numbers arriving from Poland, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. In the period from 1915 to 1950, just as many immigrants came from Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Russia, Scandinavia and Yugoslavia. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian A small French descent group also subsequently arrived from Latin America (Argentina and Chile) in the 1970s. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Small but significant numbers of Frenchmen in the North and Northeast regions have relatives in Germany and Great Britain. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands French law made it easy for thousands of colons, ethnic or national French from former colonies of North and East Africa, India and Indochina to live in mainland France. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Indochina, or the Indochinese Peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. In just a few months in 1962, 900,000 French Algerians left Algeria in the most massive relocation of population in Europe since the World War II. Pied-Noir ("Black-Foot" plural Pieds-Noirs, pronounced /pje Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In the 1970s, over 30,000 French colons left Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge regime as the Pol Pot government confiscated their farms and land properties. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East The Khmer Rouge (ខ្មែរក្រហម Kmae Krɑhɑɑm was the Communist ruling political party of Cambodia &mdashwhich it renamed Saloth Sar ( May 19, 1925 – April 15, 1998) also known as Pol Pot, was leader of the Communist movement known as

In the 1960s, a second wave of immigration came to France, which was needed for reconstruction purposes and for cheaper labour after the devastation brought on by World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including French entrepreneurs went to Maghreb countries looking for cheap labour, thus encouraging work-immigration to France. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset Their settlement was officialized with Jacques Chirac's family regrouping act of 1976 (regroupement familial). Since then, immigration has became more varied, although France stopped being a major immigration country compared to other European countries. The large impact of North African and Arab immigration is the greatest and has brought racial, socio-cultural and religious questions to a country seen as homogenously European, French and Christian for thousands of years. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth

In 2004, a total of 140,033 people immigrated to France. Of them, 90,250 were from Africa and 13,710 from Europe. [30] In 2005, immigration level fell slightly to 135,890. [31] The European Union allows free movement between the member states. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in While the UK and Ireland did not impose restrictions, France put in place controls to curb Central and Eastern European migration. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent.

To be French, according to the first article of the Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of one's origin, race, or religion (sans distinction d'origine, de race ou de religion). According to its principles, France has devoted herself the destiny of a proposition nation, a generic territory where people are bounded only by the French language and the assumed willingness to live together, as defined by Ernest Renan's "plébiscite de tous les jours" ("daily referendum" about the willingness to live together). Ernest Renan ( February 28, 1823 &ndash October 12, 1892) was a French Philosopher and writer deeply attached to his native Persistent difficulties with French citizens with origins in Maghreb and West Africa is seen by some as signs of racism and discrimination, while others interpret it as the inevitable friction between sizable minorities and the majority culture. The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset West Africa or Western Africa is the Westernmost Region of the African Continent. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is There is increasing dissatisfaction with, and within, growing ethno-cultural enclaves (communautarisme). Communitarianism, as a group of related but distinct philosophies began in the late 20th century opposing in its opinion exalted forms of Individualism while advocating phenomena The 2005 French riots that happened in difficult suburbs (les quartiers sensibles) were an example of such tensions that may be interpreted as ethnic conflict as appeared before in other countries like the USA and the UK. The 2005 civil unrest in France of October and November was a series of Riots and violent clashes involving mainly the burning

Populations with French ancestry

There is a sizable population claiming ethnic French ancestry in the Western Hemisphere. The Western Hemisphere, also Western hemisphere or western hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that lies West There are nearly 7 million French speakers and 6 million people of French ancestry in Canada. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Canadian province of Quebec is the center of French life on the Western side of the Atlantic; however, French settlement began further east, in Acadia. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design Quebec is home to vibrant French-language arts, media, and learning. There are sizable French-Canadian communities scattered throughout the other provinces of Canada, particularly in Ontario and New Brunswick, which is the only fully bilingual province and is approximately 50% acadien. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally This article is about the Acadian people and culture The Acadians (Acadiens are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French

The United States is home to an estimated 13 million people of French descent, or 4% of the US population, particularly in Louisiana, New England and parts of the Midwest. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the French Americans or Franco-Americans are citizens or permanent residents of the United States of French descent The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the The French community in Louisiana consists of the Creoles, the descendants of the French settlers who arrived when Louisiana was a French colony, and the Cajuns, the descendants of Acadian refugees from the Great Upheaval. This article is about an ethnic culture in Louisiana USA For uses of the term "Creole" in other countries and cultures see Creole (disambiguation. Cajuns ('keʒən les Cadiens are an Ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles and peoples of other The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design The Great Upheaval, also known as the Great Expulsion, The Deportation, the Acadian Expulsion, or to the deportees Le Grand Dérangement, was In New England, the vast majority of French immigration in the 19th and early 20th centuries came not from France, but from over the border in Quebec, the Quebec diaspora. For the 1970s migration of Quebec anglophones to other Canadian provinces see English-speaking Quebecers The Quebec diaspora consists of Quebec These French Canadians arrived to work in the timber mills and textile plants that appeared throughout the region as it industrialized. Today, nearly 25% of the population of New Hampshire is of French ancestry, the highest of any state. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America.

It is worth noting that the English and Dutch colonies of pre-Revolutionary America attracted large numbers of French Huguenots fleeing religious persecution in France. The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth In the Dutch colony that later became New York and northeastern New Jersey, these French Huguenots, nearly identical in religion to the Dutch Reformed Church, assimilated almost completely into the Dutch community. Dutch Reformed Church (in Dutch: Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk or NHK was one of many branches of churches coming out of the Protestant Reformation in Europe However, large it may have been at one time, it has lost all identity of its French origin, often with the translation of names (examples: de la Montagne > Vandenberg by translation; de Vaux > DeVos or Devoe by phonetic respelling). Huguenots appeared in all of the English colonies and likewise assimilated. Even though this mass settlement approached the size of the settlement of the French settlement of Quebec, it has assimilated into the English-speaking mainstream to a much greater extent than other French colonial groups, and has left few traces of cultural influence. New Rochelle, New York is named after La Rochelle, France, one of the sources of Huguenot emigration to the Dutch colony; and New Paltz, New York, is one of the few non-urban settlements of Huguenots that did not undergo massive recycling of buildings in the usual redevelopment of such older, larger cities as New York City or New Rochelle. New Rochelle ( French: Nouvelle-Rochelle) is a city in the south-east portion of the U La Rochelle is a city in western France, and a Seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. New Paltz is both a village and town in the US state of New York.

Elsewhere in the Americas, the majority of the French descended population in South America can be found in Argentina, Brazil and Chile. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the Several Presidents of Chile have been of French ancestry including: Michelle Bachelet and Augusto Pinochet. Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria beˈɾonika mɪˈʃɛl baʃˈle ˈxeɾja / --> (born September 29 1951) is a center-left politician and Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November Also, in Mexico, a sizeable population can trace it's ancestry to France, which was the second largest European contributor to Mexico, after Spain. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Many came as a result of the Second Mexican Empire in the 1860's, which was part of Napoleon III's scheme to create a Latin empire in the New World. The Second Mexican Empire was the name of Mexico under the regime established from 1864 to 1867

Apart from Québécois, Acadians, Cajuns, and Métis other populations of French ancestry outside metropolitan France include the Caldoches of New Caledonia and the so-called Zoreilles and Petits-blancs of various Indian Ocean islands. A Québécois or Quebecois (pronounced) or in the feminine Québécoise (pronounced) (plural Québécoises) is a native or resident of the This article is about the Acadian people and culture The Acadians (Acadiens are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French Cajuns ('keʒən les Cadiens are an Ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles and peoples of other The Métis are descendants of marriages of Cree, Ojibway Algonquin, Saulteaux, and Menominee aboriginals to Europeans, Caldoche is the name given to European inhabitants of the French territory of New Caledonia. For the former North American fur-trading district see New Caledonia (Canada, and for the Scottish colony in Panama see Darien scheme. This is a list of Islands in the Indian Ocean. Eastern Indian Ocean (East of India Andaman Islands (India

In Europe large numbers of Huguenots are known to have settled in the United Kingdom and in Protestant areas of Germany, (especially the city of Berlin). The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the eighteenth The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Many people in this two countries still bear French names, even though their culture and identity are now completely assimilated. There are currently an estimated 400,000 French people in the United Kingdom, most of them in London. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. [32]

Nationality, citizenship, ethnicity

According to Dominique Schnapper, "The classical conception of the nation is that of an entity which, opposed to the ethnic group, affirms itself as an open community, the will to live together expressing itself by the acceptation of the rules of a unified public domain which transcends all particularisms". Dominique Schnapper (born November 9, 1934 in Paris) has been a member of the Constitutional Council of France since 2001 [33] This conception of the nation as being composed by a "will to live together", supported by the classic lecture of Ernest Renan in 1882, has been opposed by the French far-right, in particular the nationalist Front National ("National Front" - FN) party, which claims that there is such a thing as a "French ethnic group". Ernest Renan ( February 28, 1823 &ndash October 12, 1892) was a French Philosopher and writer deeply attached to his native Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation The discourse of ethno-nationalist groups such as the Front National (FN), however, forwards the concept of Français de souche or "indigenous" French. The National Front ( FN, Front national is a French Far right, Nationalist Political party, founded in 1972 by Jean-Marie

Since the beginning of the Third Republic (1871-1940), the state has not categorized people according to their alleged ethnic origins. The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe Hence, in contrast to the United States Census, French people are not asked to define their ethnic appartenance, whichever it may be. The United States Census is a decennial Census mandated by the United States Constitution. The usage of ethnic and racial categorization is avoided to prevent any case of discrimination, same regulations apply to religious membership data cannot be compiled under the French Census. This classic French republican non-essentialist conception of nationality is officialized by the French Constitution, according to whom "French" is a nationality, and not a specific ethnicity. In Philosophy, essentialism is the view that for any specific kind of Entity, there is a set of Characteristics or Properties all of which The current Constitution of France was adopted on October 4, 1958. French nationality law is historically based on the principle of Jus soli, according to Ernest Renan 's definition opposed to the German

Nationality and citizenship

Further information: Nationality and Citizenship

Despite this official discourse of universality, French nationality has not meant automatic citizenship. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty Some categories of French people have been excluded, through out the years, from full citizenship:

It must also be noted that France was one of the first countries to implement denaturalization laws. Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born Philosopher Giorgio Agamben has pointed out this fact that the 1915 French law which permitted denaturalization with regard to naturalized citizens of "enemy" origins was one of the first example of such legislation, which Nazi Germany later implemented with the 1935 Nuremberg Laws. Giorgio Agamben (born 1942 in Rome) is an Italian philosopher who teaches at the Università IUAV di Venezia. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Nuremberg Laws ( German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were denaturalization laws passed in Nazi Germany. [36]

Furthermore, some authors who have insisted on the "crisis of the nation-state" allege that nationality and citizenship are becoming separate concepts. They show as example "international", "supranational citizenship" or "world citizenship" (membership to transnational organizations, such as Amnesty International or Greenpeace NGOs). International or internationally most often describes interaction between Nations or encompassing two or more nations constituting a group or association having Supranationalism is a method of decision-making in political communities wherein power is democratically entrusted to independent experienced appointed personalities or to representatives World citizen is a term with a variety of meanings often referring to a person who disapproves of traditional Geopolitical divisions derived from national Citizenship Transnationalism is a Social movement grown out of the heightened interconnectivity between People all around the world and the loosening of boundaries between Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to Greenpeace, originally known as the Greenpeace Foundation, was founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1972 This would indicate a path toward a "postnational citizenship". [35]

Beside this, modern citizenship is linked to civic participation (also called positive freedom), which implies voting, demonstrations, petitions, activism, etc. ||-||} Positive liberty refers to the opportunity and ability to act to fulfill one's own potential as opposed to Negative liberty, which refers to freedom from A demonstration is an historically and geographically common form of Nonviolent action by groups of people A petition is a request to change some thing most commonly made to a government official or public entity Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change Therefore, social exclusion may lead to deprivation of citizenship. Social Exclusion has no agreed to defined or specific single application though one suggested definition is as follows Social exclusion is a multidimensional process This has led various authors (Philippe Van Parijs, Jean-Marc Ferry, Alain Caillé, André Gorz) to theorize a guaranteed minimum income which would impede exclusion from citizenship. Philippe Van Parijs ( Brussels, 23 May, 1951) is a Belgian philosopher and political economist mainly known as a proponent and main defender André Gorz (February 1923 &ndash September 22, 2007) also known by his Pen name Michel Bosquet was an Austrian and French Guaranteed minimum income (GMI is a proposed system of Social welfare provision that guarantees that all Citizens or families have an income sufficient [37]

Multiculturalism versus universalism

In France, the conception of citizenship teeters between universalism and multiculturalism, especially in recent years. Moral universalism (or universal morality) is the meta-ethical position that some system of ethics or a universal ethic applies universally, that The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified French citizenship has been defined for a long time by three factors: integration, individual adherence, and the primacy of the soil (jus soli). Jus soli ( Latin for "right of the soil" or somewhat figuratively "right of the territory" or birthright citizenship, is a Right Political integration (which includes but is not limited to racial integration) is based on voluntary policies which aims at creating a common identity, and the interiorization by each individual of a common cultural and historic legacy. Racial integration, or simply integration includes Desegregation (the process of ending systematic Racial segregation) Since in France, the state preceded the nation, voluntary policies have taken an important place in the creation of this common cultural identity. Cultural identity is the (feeling of identity of a group or Culture, or of an Individual as far as he or she is influenced by her belonging to a group [38] On the other hand, the interiorization of a common legacy is a slow process, which B. Villalba compares to acculturation. Acculturation is the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered According to him, "integration is therefore the result of a double will: the nation's will to create a common culture for all members of the nation, and the communities' will living in the nation to recognize the legitimacy of this common culture". [35] Villalba warns against confusing recent processes of integration (related to the so-called "second generation immigrants", who are subject to discrimination), with older processes which have made modern France. Unlike most discrimination policies discrimination between, which is the discernment of qualities and recognition of the differences focused here discrimination against is Villalba thus shows that any democratic nation characterize itself by its project of transcending all forms of particular memberships (whether biological - or seen as such,[39] ethnic, historic, economic, social, religious or cultural). The citizen thus emancipates himself from the particularisms of identity which characterize himself to attain a more "universal" dimension. He is a citizen, before being member of a community or of a social class[40] Therefore, according to Villalba, "a democratic nation is, by definition, multicultural as it gathers various populations, which differs by their regional origins (Bretons, Corsicans or Lorrains. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures. . . ), their national origins (immigrant, son or grandson of an immigrant), or religious origins (Catholics, Protestants, Jews, Muslims, Agnostics or Atheists. . . ). "[35]

Ernest Renan's What is a Nation? (1882)

Ernest Renan described this republican conception in his famous March 11, 1882 conference at the Sorbonne, Qu'est-ce qu'une nation? ("What is a nation?"). Ernest Renan ( February 28, 1823 &ndash October 12, 1892) was a French Philosopher and writer deeply attached to his native Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 1882 ( MDCCCLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common According to him, to belong to a nation is a subjective act which always has to be repeated, as it is not assured by objective criteria. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Subjectivity refers to a subject's perspective particularly feelings beliefs and desires Objectivity is both an important and very difficult concept to pin down in philosophy A nation-state is not composed of a single homogeneous ethnic group (a community), but of a variety of individuals willing to live together. For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy Ernest Renan's non-essentialist definition, which forms the basis of the French Republic, is diametrically opposed to the German ethnic conception of a nation, first formulated by Fichte. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Johann Gottlieb Fichte ( May 19, 1762 – January 27, 1814) was a German philosopher The German conception is usually qualified in France as an "exclusive" view of nationality, as it includes only the members of the corresponding ethnic group, while the Republican conception thinks itself as universalist, following the Enlightenment's ideals officialized by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Universalism can be classified as a Religion, Theology and Philosophy that generally holds all persons and creatures are related to God or the Divine and The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen is a fundamental document of the French Revolution, defining While Ernest Renan's arguments were also concerned by the debate about the disputed Alsace-Lorraine region, he said that not only one referendum had to be made in order to ask the opinions of the Alsatian people, but a "daily referendum" should be made concerning all those citizens wanting to live in the French nation-state. Alsace-Lorraine (Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen generally Elsass - Lothringen) was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita This plébiscite de tous les jours might be compared to a social contract or even to the classic definition of consciousness as an act which repeats itself endlessly. Social contract describes a broad class of republican theories whose subjects are implied agreements by which people form Nations and maintain a Social order Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the [41] Henceforth, contrary to the German definition of a nation based on objective criteria, such as the "race" or the "ethnic group", which may be defined by the existence of a common language, among others criteria, the people of France are defined by all the people living in the French nation-state and willing to do so, i. The term race or racial group usually refers to the concept of categorizing Humans into Populations or groups on the basis of various sets A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them e. by its citizenship. This definition of the French nation-state contradicts the common opinion according to which the concept of the French people would identify themselves with the concept of one particular ethnic group, and thus explains the paradox to which is confronted by some attempts in identifying the "French ethnic group": the French conception of the nation is radically opposed (and was thought in opposition to) the German conception of the Volk ("ethnic group"). Doxa (δόξα is a Greek word meaning common Belief or popular Opinion, from which are derived the modern terms of Orthodoxy and See also Folk (disambiguation, Volk (disambiguation Folk is one of the Germanic roots that mean "(of the people" or "our

This universalist conception of citizenship and of the nation has influenced the French model of colonization. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism While the British empire preferred an indirect rule system, which did not mix together the colonized people with the colons, the French Republic theoretically chose an integration system and considered parts of its colonial empire as France itself, and its population as French people. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Indirect rule is a type of European colonial Policy in which the traditional local power structure or at least part of it is incorporated into the colonial administrative structure France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world [42] The ruthless conquest of Algeria thus led to the integration of the territory as a Département of the French territory. French rule of Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962 under a variety of governmental systems In the Terminology of Political geography and Historiography a National department (département departamento is an administrative This ideal also led to the ironic sentence which opened up history textbooks in France as in its colonies: "Our ancestors the Gauls. . . ". However, this universal ideal, rooted in the 1789 French Revolution ("bringing liberty to the people"), suffered from the racism that impregnated colonialism. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Thus, in Algeria, the Crémieux decrees at the end of the 19th century gave French citizenship to European Jews, while Arabs were regulated by the 1881 Indigenous Code. Adolphe Crémieux ( April 30, 1796 &ndash February 10, 1880) was a French - Jewish lawyer and statesman and a staunch defender Liberal author Tocqueville himself considered that the British model was better adapted than the French one, and did not balk before the cruelties of General Bugeaud's conquest. Thomas Robert Bugeaud Marquis de la Piconnerie Duc d'Isly ( October 15, 1784 - June 10, 1849) was a Marshal of France and He went as far as advocating racial segregation there. [43]

This paradoxal tension between the universalist conception of the French nation and the racism inherent in colonization is most obvious in Ernest Renan himself, who goes as far as advocating a kind of eugenics. Eugenics is a social Philosophy which advocates the improvement of Human Hereditary traits through various forms of intervention In a June 26, 1856 letter to Arthur de Gobineau, author of An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853-55) and one of the first theoreticians of "scientific racism", he thus wrote:

"You have done here one of the most noteworthy book, full of vigour and spiritfull originality, but it is not made to be understood in France or rather it is to be misunderstood. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. Year 1856 ( MDCCCLVI) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau ( July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French Aristocrat, novelist and man of An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853&ndash1855 by Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau is a voluminous work while originally intended as a work of Scientific racism denotes the use of scientific or ostensibly scientific findings and methods to support or validate racist attitudes and worldviews The French spirit pays no attention to ethnographic considerations: France hardly believes to race. Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive . . The fact of race is huge in its origins; but it always goes losing importance, and sometimes, as in France, it finally erases itself completely. Is that, in absolute, talking about decadence? Yes, surely if considering the stability of institutions, the originality of characters, a definite nobility which I, for my part, considers with the utmost importance in the whole of human things. Decadence can refer to a personal trait or to the state of a society (or segment of it But also how much compensations! Doubtlessly, if the noble elements blended in a people's blood would erase themselves completely, then it would be a vilifying equality, analogous as in certain states of Orient and, in some respects, China. Desegregation is the process of ending Racial segregation, most commonly used in reference to the United States. The Orient is a term which simply means the " East " It originated in Western Asia to describe that part of the world But in reality a very little quantity of noble blood put in circulation in a people is enough to nobilize it, at least as to historical effects: this is how France, a nation so completely fell in commonless [roture], plays in reality in the world the role of a gentleman. By setting apart the utterly inferior races whose interference with the great races would lead only to poison the human species, I plan for the future a homogeneous humanity"[44]

Jus soli and jus sanguinis

Main article: French nationality law

During the Ancien Régime (before the 1789 French revolution), jus soli (or "right of territory") was predominant. French nationality law is historically based on the principle of Jus soli, according to Ernest Renan 's definition opposed to the German Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in Jus soli ( Latin for "right of the soil" or somewhat figuratively "right of the territory" or birthright citizenship, is a Right Feudal law recognized personal allegeance to the sovereign, but the subjects of the sovereign were defined by their birthland. According to the September 3, 1791 Constitution, those who are born in France from a foreign father and have fixed their residency in France, or those who, after being born in foreign country from a French father, have come to France and have sworn their civil oath, become French citizens. Events 36 BC - In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompeius Year 1791 ( MDCCXCI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Because of the war, distrust toward foreigners led to the obligation on the part of this last category to swear a civil oath in order to gain French nationality.

However, the Napoleonic Code would insist on jus sanguinis ("right of blood"). The Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally called the Code civil des Français) is the French Civil code, established under Jus sanguinis ( Latin for "right of blood" is a Social policy by which Nationality or Citizenship is not determined by place of birth Paternity became the principal criteria of nationality, and therefore broke for the first time with the ancient tradition of jus soli, by breaking any residency condition toward children born abroad from French parents.

With the February 7, 1851 law, voted during the Second Republic (1848-1852), "double jus soli" was introduced in French legislation, combining birth origin with paternity. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year History Revolution of 1848 See also Mid-nineteenth century France The industrial population of the Faubourgs Thus, it gave French nationality to the child of a foreigner, if both are born in France, except if the year following his coming of age he reclaims a foreign nationality (thus prohibiting dual nationality). Multiple citizenship, or multiple nationality is a status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a Citizen under the laws of more than one state. This 1851 law was in part passed because of conscription concerns. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority This system more or less remained the same until the 1993 reform of the Nationality Code, created by the January 9, 1973 law. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar.

The 1993 reform, which defines the Nationality law, is deemed controversial by some. French nationality law is historically based on the principle of Jus soli, according to Ernest Renan 's definition opposed to the German It commits young people born in France to foreign parents to solicit French nationality between the ages of 16 and 21. This has been criticized, some arguing that the principle of equality before the law was not complied with, since French nationality was no longer given automatically at birth, as in the classic "double jus soli" law, but was to be requested when approaching adulthood. Henceforth, children born in France from French parents were differentiated from children born in France from foreign parents, creating a hiatus between these two categories.

The 1993 reform was prepared by the Pasqua laws. Charles Pasqua (born 18 April 1927, Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes) is a French Businessman and Gaullist Politician The first Pasqua law, in 1986, restricts residence conditions in France and facilitates expulsions. With this 1986 law, a child born in France from foreign parents can only acquire French nationality if he or she demonstrates his or her will to do so, at age 16, by proving that he or she has been schooled in France and has a sufficient command of the French language. This new policy is symbolized by the expulsion of 101 Malians by charter. Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. A charter airline, also sometimes referred to as an Air taxi, operates Aircraft on a charter basis that is flights that take place outside normal schedules by a [35]

The second Pasqua law on "immigration control" makes regularisation of illegal aliens more difficult and, in general, residence conditions for foreigners much harder. Charles Pasqua, who said on May 11, 1987: "Some have reproached me of having used a plane, but, if necessary, I will use trains", declared to Le Monde on June 2, 1993: "France has been a country of immigration, it doesn't want to be one anymore. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Le Monde (The World is a Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Our aim, taking into account the difficulties of the economic situation, is to tend toward 'zero immigration' ("immigration zéro")". [35]

Therefore, modern French nationality law combines four factors: paternality or 'right of blood', birth origin, residency and the will expressed by a foreigner, or a person born in France to foreign parents, to become French.

European citizenship

Main article: Citizenship of the European Union

The 1993 Maastricht Treaty introduced the concept of European citizenship, which comes in addition to national citizenships. Citizenship of the European Union was introduced by the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992 The Maastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final Citizenship of the European Union was introduced by the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992

Citizenship of foreigners

By definition, a "foreigner" is someone who does not have French nationality. Therefore, it is not a synonym of "immigrant", as a foreigner may be born in France. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term On the other hand, a Frenchman born abroad may be considered an immigrant (e. g. prime minister Dominique de Villepin who lived the majority of his life abroad). Dominique de Villepin (born Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin (dɔminik də vilpɛ̃ &mdash) on 14 November 1953 in Rabat, Morocco In most of the cases, however, a foreigner is an immigrant, and vice-versa. They either benefit from legal sojourn in France, which, after a residency of ten years, makes it possible to ask for naturalisation. Naturalization is the acquisition of Citizenship or Nationality by somebody who was not a citizen or national of that country when he or she was born [45] If they do not, they are considered "illegal aliens". Illegal immigration refers to Immigration across National Borders in a way that violates the Immigration laws of the destination Country Some argue that this privation of nationality and citizenship does not square with their contribution to the national economic efforts, and thus to economic growth. Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time

In any cases, rights of foreigners in France have improved over the last half-century:

Notable expatriates

Many people have resided in France while maintaining their respective citizenships.

The National Front, multiculturalism and métissage culturel

This republican conception of the French nation-state has been challenged since the 1980s by the Front National 's nationalist discourse of La France aux Français ("France to the French") or Les Français d'abord ("French first"). César Abraham Vallejo Mendoza ( March 16 1892 &ndash April 15 1938) was a Peruvian Poet. A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26 1926 &ndash September 28 1991 was an American Jazz Trumpeter, Bandleader, and Composer. A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a Marisol Patricia Luna (born June 20, 1967, in San Antonio Texas) also known as Marisol Deluna, is an American Fashion Fashion design is the Applied art dedicated to Clothing and lifestyle Accessories created within the cultural and social influences of a specific time John An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works Thomas Stearns Eliot, OM (September 26 1888 – January 4 1965 was a poet Dramatist, and Literary critic. A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Benjamin Franklin ( April 17 1790 was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21 1899 — July 2 1961 was an American novelist short-story writer, and Journalist. A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Marc Jacobs (born April 9, 1963 in New York City) is an American Fashion designer He is the head designer for Marc Jacobs Fashion design is the Applied art dedicated to Clothing and lifestyle Accessories created within the cultural and social influences of a specific time James Douglas Morrison (December 8 1943—July 3 1971 was an American Poet, Singer, Songwriter, Writer, and Film director A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a Ezra Weston Loomis Pound ( Hailey, Idaho Territory, United States October 30 1885 – Venice, Italy November 1 1972 was an American Expatriate A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Molly Kathleen Ringwald (born February 18, 1968) is an American Actress, Singer and Dancer. An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works Gertrude Stein ( February 3, 1874 &ndash July 27, 1946) was an American Writer who spent most of her life in France A writer is anyone who creates a written work although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally as well as those who have written in many different forms Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation Discourse (L discursus, "running to and from" means either "written or spoken communication or debate" or "a formal discussion Their claims of an "ethnic French" group (Français de souche, which literally translated as "French with roots") have been adamantly refused by many other groups, which widely considered this party as racist [4]. List of racism-related topics|Racism by country Racism, by its simplest definition is the belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that Alain de Benoist's Nouvelle Droite movement, quite famous in the 1980s but which has since lost influence, has embraced a kind of European "white supremacy" ideology. Alain de Benoist (born 11 December 1943) is a French academic philosopher a founder of the Nouvelle Droite (New Right and head Nouvelle Droite ( New Right) is a school of political thought founded largely on the works of Alain de Benoist and GRECE (Research White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that White people are superior to other racial groups. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics It should be noted that the expression Français de souche has no official validity in France although it is used in everyday language, something which has been designed as lepénisation des esprits ("LePen-isation of the minds"). Jean-Marie Le Pen (born June 20, 1928, La Trinité-sur-Mer, Brittany, France) is a French far-right Nationalist

Indeed, the inflow of populations from other continents, who still can be physically and/or culturally distinguished from Europeans, sparked much controversies in France since the early 1980s, even though immigration inflow precisely began to decrease at this time. [46] The rise of this racist discourse led to the creation of anti-racist NGOs, such as SOS Racisme, more or less founded on the model of anti-fascist organisations in the 1930s. Discourse (L discursus, "running to and from" means either "written or spoken communication or debate" or "a formal discussion Anti-racism includes beliefs actions movements and policies adopted or developed to oppose Racism. SOS Racisme is a French Anti-racist NGO, founded in 1984 Its Spanish counterpart SOS Racismo, is based in Barcelona Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideologies organizations governments and people However, while those earlier anti-fascists organisations were often anarchists or communists, SOS Racisme was supported in its growth by the Socialist Party. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Socialist Party ( Parti Socialiste, PS is the largest left-wing political party in France. Demonstrations gathering large crowds against the National Front took place. The last such demonstration took place in a dramatic situation, after Jean-Marie Le Pen's relative victory at the first turn of the 2002 presidential election. Jean-Marie Le Pen (born June 20, 1928, La Trinité-sur-Mer, Brittany, France) is a French far-right Nationalist The 2002 French presidential election consisted of a first round election on 21 April 2002 and a runoff election between the top two candidates ( Jacques Chirac and Shocked and stunned, large crowds, including many young people, demonstrated every day in between the two turns, starting from April 21, 2002, which remains a dramatic date in popular consciousness. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Now, the interracial blending of some native French and newcomers stands as a vibrant and boasted feature of French culture, from popular music to movies and literature. Therefore, alongside mixing of populations, exists also a cultural blending (le métissage culturel) that is present in France. It may be compared to the traditional US conception of the melting-pot. The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures races and religions are The French culture might have been already blended in from other races and ethnicities, in cases of some biographical research on the possibility of African ancestry on a small number of famous French citizens. Author Alexandre Dumas, père possessed one-fourth black Haitian descent,[47] and Empress Josephine Napoleon who was born and raised in the French West Indies from a plantation estate family. Joséphine de Beauharnais (born Marie Josèphe Rose de Tascher de la Pagerie June 23 1763 &ndash May 29 1814) was the first Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The term French West Indies ( Antilles françaises) refers to the four territories presently under French sovereignty in the Caribbean: the two overseas We can mention as well, the most famous French singer Edith Piaf whose grandmother was a North African from Kabylie. Édith Piaf (December 19 1915&mdashOctober 10 1963 was a French singer and cultural icon who "is almost universally regarded as France's greatest popular singer The Kabyles ( Iqvaylyen or Iqbayliyen in Kabyle, iqβajlijən are a Berber people whose traditional Homeland is highlands of [48]

For a long time, the only objection to such outcomes predictably came from the far-right schools of thought. In the past few years, other unexpected voices are however beginning to question what they interpret, as the new philosopher Alain Finkielkraut coined the term, as an "ideology of miscegenation" (une idéologie du métissage) that may come from what one other philosopher, Pascal Bruckner, defined as the "sob of the White man" (le sanglot de l'homme blanc). The New Philosophers (French nouveaux philosophes) is a term referring to French philosophers who broke with Marxism and the Left in general Alain Finkielkraut (born in Paris on June 30 1949) is a French essayist and son of a Jewish Polish artisan manufacturing fine leather goods Pascal Bruckner (born December 15, 1948 in Paris) is a French Writer. These critics have been dismissed by the mainstream and their propagators have been labelled as new reactionaries (les nouveaux réactionnaires),[49] even if racist and anti-immigration sentiment has recently been documented to be increasing in France at least according to one poll. [50] Such critics, including Nicolas Sarkozy, the current President of France, take example on the United States' conception of multiculturalism to claim that France has consistently denied the existence of ethnic groups within their borders and has refused to grant them specific rights. Nicolas Sarkozy (pronounced, The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified

President Jacques Chirac as well as the Socialist Party and other organizations have condemned these views, arguing that this refusal of the traditional universalist republican conception only favorizes communitarianism, which the Republic does not recognize since the dissolving of intermediate associations of persons during the Estates-General of 1789 (the population of the kingdom of France was then divided into the First Estate (nobles), the Second Estate (clergy), and the Third Estate (people)). Communitarianism, as a group of related but distinct philosophies began in the late 20th century opposing in its opinion exalted forms of Individualism while advocating phenomena The Estates-General (or States-General) of 1789 (Les États-Généraux de 1789 was the first meeting since 1614 of the French Estates-General The Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society usually distinguishing Nobility, Clergy, and Commoners recognized in the Middle Ages The Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society usually distinguishing Nobility, Clergy, and Commoners recognized in the Middle Ages The Estates of the realm were the broad divisions of society usually distinguishing Nobility, Clergy, and Commoners recognized in the Middle Ages For this reason, associations were forbidden until the Waldeck-Rousseau 1884 labor laws which permitted the creation of trade unions and the famous 1901 law on non-profit associations, which has been largely used by civil society in order to organizes itself. Labour law (also known as employment or labor law is the body of Laws administrative rulings and precedents which address the legal rights of and restrictions A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Civil society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning Society as opposed to the force-backed Hervé Le Bras, head of the INED demographic institute, also insists that "ethnicisation of social relations is not a 'natural' phenomenon, but an ideological one"[51]

Language

Main articles: French language and languages of France

The French language, the mother tongue of the overwhelming majority of French people, is a Romance language, one of the many derived from Latin. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people There are a number of languages of France. The French language is by far the most widely spoken and the only Official language of France, but several French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. In addition to its Latinate base, the development of French was also influenced, in both grammar and vocabulary, by the Celtic tongues of pre-Roman Gaul, the Germanic tongues of the Franks and of the Norsemen/Vikings who settled in Normandy. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Normandy (Normandie Norman: Normaundie) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy.

Language families of France
Language families of France

French is not the only language spoken by the inhabitants of France. Regional languages are also spoken although many of these are endangered languages. A regional language is a Language spoken in an area of a Nation state, whether it be a small area a federal State or Province, or An endangered language is a Language that it is at risk of falling out of use generally because it has few surviving speakers Some of these, such as Occitan, Breton or Corsican, have been undergoing language revival since the 1970s, supported by regionalist movements:

Other languages spoken in France or in French overseas territories include:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ INSEE
  2. ^ French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2006 http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr pdf filePDF (90. This is a list of French people of note Actors/actresses A Isabelle Adjani Renée Adorée As of January 1, 2008, 64473140 people live in the French Republic. There are a number of languages of France. The French language is by far the most widely spoken and the only Official language of France, but several European populations have a complicated demographic and genetic history including many layers of successive migrations between different time periods French Americans or Franco-Americans are citizens or permanent residents of the United States of French descent Caldoche is the name given to European inhabitants of the French territory of New Caledonia. This article is about the Acadian people and culture The Acadians (Acadiens are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French Cajuns ('keʒən les Cadiens are an Ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles and peoples of other Pied-Noir ("Black-Foot" plural Pieds-Noirs, pronounced /pje Franco-Mauritians are people of French origin who reside in Mauritius. French migration to the United Kingdom is a phenomenon that has occurred at various points in history 8 KiB)
  3. ^ C16001. LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER - Universe: POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER - 2006 American Community Survey
  4. ^ B04003. TOTAL ANCESTRY REPORTED - Universe: TOTAL ANCESTRY CATEGORIES TALLIED FOR PEOPLE WITH ONE OR MORE ANCESTRY CATEGORIES REPORTED - 2006 American Community Survey
  5. ^ Canada Census 2006
  6. ^ Canada Census 2006
  7. ^ Statistics Canada, Canada 2001 Census. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International Statistics Canada (Statistique Canada is the Canadian federal government department commissioned with producing Statistics to help The Canada 2001 Census was a detailed enumeration of the Canadian population Ethnic Origins (see sample longform census for details) [1][2] Many respondents may have interpreted the question differently and the numerous single responses for "Canadian" may not give an accurate account for several groups, see also List of Canadians by ethnicity. This is a list of Canadian residents ( Citizens, Landed immigrants and non-citizen temporary residents by the ethnic origin(s they chose to list on their
  8. ^ SPF Intérieur - Office des Étrangers
  9. ^ As of 2004, the population of Wallonia was 3,380,498 per Statbel, of which 83,483 in the germanophone Ost-Kantone. Wallonia, or Wallonie, (Wallonie Wallonien Wallonië Waloneye is the Meridional part of Belgium belonging to the Romance linguistic field The German-speaking Community of Belgium (Deutschsprachige Gemeinschaft Belgiens DGB) is one of the three federal communities in Belgium. Language censuses have been officially banned in Belgium since the linguistic frontier was fixed on 1 September 1963. See Taalgrens (nl) or Facilités linguistiques (fr).
  10. ^ Population résidante permanente étrangère selon la nationalité
  11. ^ 2000 federal census [3]
  12. ^ État de la population (x1000) 1981, 1991, 2001-2007
  13. ^ (French) La Francophonie dans le monde 2006-2007 published by the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. La Francophonie is an international organisation of French-speaking countries and governments and in French, the community of French-speaking peoples Nathan, Paris, 2007
  14. ^ Federal Statistical Office Germany
  15. ^ Población por nacionalidad y país de nacimiento. 2007. INE
  16. ^ BBC NEWS | UK | Born Abroad |France
  17. ^ Éric Gailledrat, Les Ibères de l'Èbre à l'Hérault (VIe-IVe s. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city avant J. -C. ), Lattes, Sociétés de la Protohistoire et de l'Antiquité en France Méditerranéenne, Monographies d'Archéologie Méditerranéenne - 1, 1997.
  18. ^ Dominique Garcia: Entre Ibères et Ligures. Lodévois et moyenne vallée de l'Hérault protohistoriques. Paris, CNRS éd. , 1993; Les Ibères dans le midi de la France. L'Archéologue, n°32, 1997, pp. 38-40.
  19. ^ The normans Jersey heritage trust
  20. ^ Dudo of St. Quentin's Gesta Normannorum, English translation How normans conquered the future Normandy, got stablished and allied with western Frankish by inter-marriage with Kings Rollo and William
  21. ^ Ethnic, Religious and Language Groups: Towards a Set of Rules for Data Collection and Statistical Analysis, Werner Haug
  22. ^ CIA Factbook - France
  23. ^ France Population - Nation by Nation
  24. ^ Background Note: France - U. S. Department of State
  25. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Article: French ethnic groups, retrieved March 17, 2008
  26. ^ Race, Ethnicity, and National Identity in France and the United States: A Comparative Historical Overview George M. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Fredrickson, Stanford University, 2003, retrieved March 17, 2008
  27. ^ (English) (French) See for example Laurent Mouloud, "The Anger of the Suburbs", transl. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common November 6, 2005, accessible on www.humaniteinenglish.com (in French, "La colère des banlieues", L'Humanité, November 5, 2005. Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. L'Humanité ("Humanity" formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF was founded in 1904 by Jean Jaurès, a leader of the Retrieved on 2006-05-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João  
  28. ^ Michèle Tribalat's study (INED)
  29. ^ Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780 : programme, myth, reality (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1990; ISBN 0-521-43961-2) chapter II "The popular protonationalism", pp. 80-81 French edition (Gallimard, 1992). Éditions Gallimard is one of the leading French Publishers of books According to Hobsbawm, the base source for this subject is Ferdinand Brunot (ed. ), Histoire de la langue française, Paris, 1927-1943, 13 volumes, in particular the tome IX. He also refers to Michel de Certeau, Dominique Julia, Judith Revel, Une politique de la langue: la Révolution française et les patois: l'enquête de l'abbé Grégoire, Paris, 1975. Michel de Certeau ( Chambéry, 1925- Paris, 9 January 1986) was a French Jesuit and scholar whose work combined Psychoanalysis For the problem of the transformation of a minority official language into a mass national language during and after the French Revolution, see Renée Balibar, L'Institution du français: essai sur le co-linguisme des Carolingiens à la République, Paris, 1985 (also Le co-linguisme, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1994, but out of print) ("The Institution of the French language: essay on colinguism from the Carolingian to the Republic"). The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an University Presses of France ( French: Presses Universitaires de France or PUF) are the largest French university The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Finally, Hobsbawm refers to Renée Balibar and Dominique Laporte, Le Français national: politique et pratique de la langue nationale sous la Révolution, Paris, 1974.
  30. ^ Inflow of third-country nationals by country of nationality
  31. ^ Immigration and the 2007 French Presidential Elections
  32. ^ Sarkozy raises hopes of expats
  33. ^ Dominique Schnapper, "La conception de la nation", "Citoyenneté et société", Cahiers Francais, n° 281, mai-juin 1997
  34. ^ (French) Loi n° 2000-493 du 6 juin 2000 tendant à favoriser l’égal accès des femmes et des hommes aux mandats électoraux et fonctions électives. Dominique Schnapper (born November 9, 1934 in Paris) has been a member of the Constitutional Council of France since 2001 French Senate (June 6, 2000). The Senate (Sénat is the Upper house of the Parliament of France, presided over by a president. Retrieved on 2006-05-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
  35. ^ a b c d e f (French) B. Villalba. Chapitre 2 - Les incertitudes de la citoyenneté. Catholic University of Lille, Law Department. Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country Retrieved on 2006-05-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João
  36. ^ See Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Stanford University Press (1998), ISBN 0-8047-3218-3. Giorgio Agamben (born 1942 in Rome) is an Italian philosopher who teaches at the Università IUAV di Venezia. Homo sacer (Latin for "the sacred man" is an obscure figure of Roman law: a Person who is banned, may be killed by anybody but may
  37. ^ (French) P. Hassenteufel, "Exclusion sociale et citoyenneté", "Citoyenneté et société", Cahiers Francais, n° 281, mai-juin 1997), quoted by B. Villalba of the Catholic University of Lille, op. cit.
  38. ^ See Eric Hobsbawm, op. cit.
  39. ^ Even the biological conception of sex may be questioned: see gender theory
  40. ^ It may be interesting to refer to Michel Foucault's description of the discourse of "race struggle", as he shows that this medieval discourse - held by such people as Edward Coke or John Lilburne in Great Britain, and, in France, by Nicolas Fréret, Boulainvilliers, and then Sieyès, Augustin Thierry and Cournot -, tended to identify the French noble classes to a Northern and foreign race, while the "people" was considered as an aborigine - and "inferior" races. Gender studies is a field of Interdisciplinary study which analyzes the phenomenon of Gender. Michel Foucault ( (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984 was a French philosopher, Historian, Intellectual, Critic and Sociologist. Philosophy of history or historiosophy is an area of Philosophy concerning the eventual significance if any of human History. Sir Edward Coke (pronounced "Cook" ( 1 February 1552 &ndash 3 September 1634) was an early English colonial Entrepreneur John Lilburne (1614&ndash 29 August 1657) also known as Freeborn John, was an agitator in England before during and after the Nicolas Fréret was a (1688-1749 French scholar He was born at Paris on 15 February 1688 Henri de Boulainvilliers ( October 21, 1658, St Saire, Normandy - January 23, 1722, Paris) was a French Augustin Thierry (or Jacques Nicolas Augustin Thierry May 10, 1795 - May 22, 1856) was a French Historian. Antoine Augustin Cournot ( 28 August 1801 ‑ 31 March 1877) was a French economist Philosopher and Mathematician The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical This historical discourse of "race struggle", as isolated by Foucault, was not based on a biological conception of race, as would be latter racialism (aka "scientific racism")
  41. ^ See John Locke's definition of consciousness and of identity. Racialism is an emphasis on race or racial considerations Racialism entails a belief in the existence and significance of racial categories but not necessarily in a Scientific racism denotes the use of scientific or ostensibly scientific findings and methods to support or validate racist attitudes and worldviews John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. Consciousness is an act accompanying all thoughts (I am conscious that I am thinking this or that. . . ), and which therefore doubles all thoughts. Personal identity is composed by the repeated consciousness, and thus extends so far in time (both in the past & in the future) as I am conscious of it (An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689), Chapter XXVII "Of Identity and Diversity", available here)
  42. ^ See e. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is one of John Locke 's two most famous works the other being his Second Treatise on Civil Government g. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), second part on "Imperialism"
  43. ^ (English) Olivier LeCour Grandmaison. The Origins of Totalitarianism is a book by Hannah Arendt which classed Nazism and Stalinism as Totalitarian movements Olivier LeCour Grandmaison ( September 19, 1960, Paris) is a French Historian. "Torture in Algeria: Past Acts That Haunt France - Liberty, Equality and Colony", Le Monde diplomatique, June 2001. Le Monde diplomatique (nicknamed "Le Diplo" by its French readers is a monthly publication offering analysis and opinion on politics culture and current affairs  
  44. ^ Ernest Renan's June 26, 1856 letter to Arthur de Gobineau, quoted by Jacques Morel in Calendrier des crimes de la France outre-mer, L’esprit frappeur, 2001 (Morel gives as source: Ernest Renan, Qu'est-ce qu'une nation? et autres textes politiques, chosen and presented by Joël Roman, Presses Pocket, 1992, p 221. Ernest Renan ( February 28, 1823 &ndash October 12, 1892) was a French Philosopher and writer deeply attached to his native Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau ( July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French Aristocrat, novelist and man of L'Esprit frappeur ( French for " Ghost " or " Poltergeist " is a French Publishing house, specialized in low-cost books
  45. ^ This ten-year clause is threatened by Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy's law proposition on immigration. Nicolas Sarkozy (pronounced,
  46. ^ See Michèle Tribalat, study at the INED already quoted. See also Demographics in France. As of January 1, 2008, 64473140 people live in the French Republic.
  47. ^ Dumas, père, Alexandre (1852-1854). Mes Mémoires. Cadot.  
  48. ^ Aïcha Saïd Ben Mohamed (1876 - 1930) was born in Kabylie, Généalogie Magazine, N° 233, p. The Kabyles ( Iqvaylyen or Iqbayliyen in Kabyle, iqβajlijən are a Berber people whose traditional Homeland is highlands of 30/36
  49. ^ Le Point, February 8, 2007
  50. ^ "One in three French 'are racist'", BBC News, March 22, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-05-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João  
  51. ^ (French) "L’illusion ethnique", L'Humanité, April 15, 1999. L'Humanité ("Humanity" formerly the daily newspaper of the French Communist Party (PCF was founded in 1904 by Jean Jaurès, a leader of the Retrieved on 2006-05-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João  

US References

External links

Cultural anthropology is one of four fields of Anthropology (the holistic study of humanity) as it developed in the United States. INSEE ( French: I nstitut N ational de la S tatistique et des É tudes É conomiques; inse (not) in French is the
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