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This article is a general introduction to French literature. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Medieval French literature is for the purpose of this article Literature written in Oïl languages (particularly Old French and early Middle For more information on historical developments in this period see Renaissance, History of France, and Early Modern France. French literature of the 17th century &mdashthe so-called Grand Siècle &mdashspans the reigns of Henry IV of France, the Regency of Marie de Medici French literature of the 18th century usually refers to the literature written between 1715, the year of the death of King Louis XIV of France, and 1798 the year French literature of the nineteenth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1799 to 1900 French literature of the twentieth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1895 to 1990 Contemporary French literature is French literature roughly from the 1990s to Today. Francophone literature is Literature written in the French language. This is an article about Literature in Quebec. 16th and 17th centuries During this period the society of New France was being Post-colonial literature (or "Postcolonial literature" sometimes called "New English literature(s" is a body of literary writings that reacts to the discourse The Culture of Haiti encompasses a variety of Haitian traditions from native Taino customs to practices imported during French colonisation and Spanish Chronological list of French language authors (regardless of nationality by date of birth French poetry is a category of French literature. It may include Francophone poetry composed outside France and poetry written in other Languages of French science fiction is a substantial genre within French literature. Franco-Belgian comics are Comics that are created in Belgium and France. The Fantastique is a French term for a literary and cinematic genre that overlaps with Science fiction, horror and Fantasy Naturalism is a movement in Theatre, film, and Literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence The nouveau roman ( French: "new novel" is a type of 1950s French Novel that diverged from classical literary genres The Theatre of the Absurd ( French: Théâtre de l'Absurde) is a designation for particular plays written by a number of primarily European Playwrights Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of Literature and of the methods for analyzing literature Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, also known by his Stage name, Molière, ( January 15, 1622 – February 17 1673) was a French Jean Racine ( ( December 22, 1639 &ndash April 21, 1699) was a French Dramatist, one of the "big three" of Henri-Marie Beyle ( January 23, 1783 &ndash March 23, 1842) better known by his Pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century Gustave Flaubert (gystaːv flobɛːʁ in French ( December 12, 1821 &ndash May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (maʁsɛl pʁust (10 July 1871 &ndash 18 November 1922 was a French Novelist Essayist and Critic Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet Albert Camus ( (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 was an Algerian born French Author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize For detailed information on French literature in specific historic periods, see the separate historical articles in the template to the right.

French literature is, generally speaking, literature written in the French language, particularly by citizens of France; it may also refer to literature written by people living in France who speak other traditional non-French languages. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. There are a number of languages of France. The French language is by far the most widely spoken and the only Official language of France, but several Literature written in French by citizens of other nations such as Belgium, Switzerland, Canada, Senegal, Algeria, Morocco, etc. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa is referred to as Francophone literature. Francophone literature is Literature written in the French language.

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French literature

The French language is a romance dialect derived from Vulgar Latin and heavily influenced principally by Celtic and Frankish. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Vulgar Latin (in Latin sermo vulgaris, "folk speech" is a Blanket term covering the popular Dialects and Sociolects of the Latin The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. Beginning in the 11th century, literature written in medieval French was one of the oldest vernacular (non-Latin) literatures in western Europe and it became a key source of literary themes in the Middle Ages across the continent. Vernacular literature is Literature written in the Vernacular - the speech of the "common people"

Although the European prominence of French literature was eclipsed in part by vernacular literature in Italy in the 14th century, literature in France in the 16th century underwent a major creative evolution, and through the political and artistic programs of the Ancien Régime, French literature came to dominate European letters in the 17th century. Ancien Régime ( pronounced: /ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim/ refers primarily to the aristocratic social and political system established in

In the 18th century, French became the literary lingua franca and diplomatic language of western Europe (and, to a certain degree, in America), and French letters have had a profound impact on all European and American literary traditions while at the same time being heavily influenced by these other national traditions (for example: British and German Romanticism in the nineteenth century). A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely French literary developments of the 19th and 20th centuries have had a particularly strong effect on modern world literature, including: symbolism, naturalism, the "roman-fleuves" of Balzac, Zola and Proust, surrealism, existentialism, and the "Theatre of the Absurd". The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts Naturalism is a movement in Theatre, film, and Literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such A novel sequence is a set or series of Novels which share common themes characters or settings but where each novel has its own title and free-standing storyline and can thus Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (maʁsɛl pʁust (10 July 1871 &ndash 18 November 1922 was a French Novelist Essayist and Critic Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Existentialism is a philosophical doctrine which posits that individuals create the meaning and essence of their lives and that this essence follows from their existence The Theatre of the Absurd ( French: Théâtre de l'Absurde) is a designation for particular plays written by a number of primarily European Playwrights

French imperialism and colonialism in the Americas, Africa, and the far East have brought the French language to non-European cultures that are transforming and adding to the French literary experience today. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism

Under the aristocratic ideals of the ancien régime (the "honnête homme"), the nationalist spirit of post-revolutionary France, and the mass educational ideals of the Third Republic and modern France, the French have come to have a profound cultural attachment to their literary heritage. Today, French schools emphasize the study of novels, theater and poetry (often learnt by heart). The literary arts are heavily sponsored by the state and literary prizes are major news. The Académie française and the Institut de France are important linguistic and artistic institutions in France, and French television features shows on writers and poets (the most watched show in French history was Apostrophes, a weekly talk show on literature and the arts). L'Académie française, or the French Academy, is the pre-eminent French learned body on matters pertaining to the French language. The Institut de France (French Institute is a French Learned society, grouping five académies, the most famous of which is probably the Académie Literature matters deeply to the people of France and plays an important role in their sense of identity.

As of 2006, French literary people have been awarded more Nobel Prizes in Literature than novelists, poets and essayists of any other country, although writers in English have won twice as many Nobels as the French. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature

Literatures of other languages of France

Besides literature written in the French language, the literary culture of France may include literature written in other languages of France. In the medieval period many of the competing standard languages in various territories that later came to make up the territory of modern France each produced literary traditions, such as Anglo-Norman literature and Provençal literature. A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect, or standardised dialect) is a particular variety of a Language that Anglo-Norman literature is Literature composed in the Anglo-Norman language developed during the period 1066–1204 when the Duchy of Normandy and Occitan literature — still sometimes called Provençal literature — is a body of texts written in Occitan in what is nowadays the South of France

Literature in the regional languages continued through to the 18th century, although increasing eclipsed by the rise of the French language and influenced by the prevailing French literary model. A regional language is a Language spoken in an area of a Nation state, whether it be a small area a federal State or Province, or Conscious language revival movements in the 19th century, such as Félibrige in Provence, coupled with wider literacy and regional presses, enabled a new flowering of literary production in the Norman language and others. Language revitalization is the attempt by interested parties including individuals cultural or community groups governments or political authorities to recover the spoken use of a The Félibrige (more aptly Felibritge, feliˈβridʒe in Occitan) is a literary and cultural association founded in the mid-19th century by Frédéric Mistral Provence ( Provençal Occitan: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm is a region of southeastern France Norman is a Romance language and one of the Oïl languages. The northern Norman can be classified in the septentrional Oil languages with Picard and

Frédéric Mistral, a poet in Occitan (1830–1914), was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1904. Frédéric Mistral ( September 8, 1830 — March 25, 1914) was a French Poet who led the 19th century revival of Occitan ( IPA BrE: /ˈɒksɪtn/ AmE: /ˈɑksəˌtɑn/ known also as Lenga d'òc or Langue d'oc (native name occitan The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred

Breton literature since the 1920s has been lively, despite the falling number of speakers. Breton literature is the Breton language literary tradition of Brittany. In 1925, Roparz Hemon founded the periodical Gwalarn which for 19 years tried to raise the language to the level of other great "international" languages by creating original works covering all genres and by proposing Breton translations of internationally recognized foreign works. Roparz Hemon ( 18 November 1900 in Brest – 29 June 1978 in Dublin) was a Breton author and scholar of Gwalarn ("Northwesterly" was a Breton language literary journal In 1946, Al Liamm took up the role of Gwalam. Other reviews came into existence and gave Breton a fairly large body of literature for a minority language. Among writers in Breton are Yann-Ber Kalloc'h, Anjela Duval and Per-Jakez Hélias. Pêr-Jakez Helias (nom de plume Pierre-Jakez Hélias) was a French author poet stage actor and radio worker of Breton expression

Picard literature maintains a level of literary output, especially in theatrical writing. Picard is a Language closely related to French, and as such is one of the larger group of Romance languages. Walloon literature is bolstered by the more significant literary production in the language in Belgium. Walloon ( Walon) is a Romance language spoken as a second language by some in Wallonia, Belgium. The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those

Catalan literature and literature in the Basque language also benefit from the existence of a readership outside the borders of France. Catalan literature is the name conventionally used to refer to Literature written in the Catalan language. Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain

French Nobel Prize in Literature winners

The following French or French language authors have won a Nobel Prize in Literature:

French literary awards

Selected list of French literary classics

Fiction

Poetry

Theatre

Non-fiction

Literary criticism

Poetry

Main article: French poetry

See also

External links

Medieval French literature is for the purpose of this article Literature written in Oïl languages (particularly Old French and early Middle The Song of Roland (La Chanson de Roland is the oldest remaining major work of French literature. Chrétien de Troyes was a French poet and Trouvère who flourished in the late 12th century. Yvain the Knight of the Lion (Yvain le Chevalier au Lion is a romance by Chrétien de Troyes. Lancelot the Knight of the Cart (Lancelot le Chevalier de la Charrette is an Old French poem by Chrétien de Troyes. The legend of Tristan and Iseult is an influential romance and tragedy retold in numerous sources with as many variations The Lancelot-Grail, also known as the Prose Lancelot, the Vulgate Cycle, or the Pseudo-Map Cycle, is a major source of Arthurian legend Guillaume de Lorris (fl 1230 was a French scholar and Poet, and was the author of the first section of the Romance of the Rose. Jean de Meun or Jean de Meung (c 1250 &ndash c 1305 was a French Author best known for his continuation of the Roman de la Rose The Roman de la rose is a medieval French poem styled as an allegorical dream vision For more information on historical developments in this period see Renaissance, History of France, and Early Modern France. Pantagruel is an international Early Music ensemble specialising in semi-staged performances of Renaissance music The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel (in French, La vie de Gargantua French literature of the 17th century &mdashthe so-called Grand Siècle &mdashspans the reigns of Henry IV of France, the Regency of Marie de Medici La Princesse de Clèves is a French Novel, regarded by many as one of the first European novels and a classic of its era French literature of the 18th century usually refers to the literature written between 1715, the year of the death of King Louis XIV of France, and 1798 the year François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French --> Candide ou l'Optimisme (1759 is a French Satire by the Enlightenment Philosopher Voltaire, English translations of which Julie or the New Heloise (Julie ou la nouvelle Héloïse is an Epistolary novel by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, published in 1761 by Rey (Amsterdam Denis Diderot ( October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) was a French Philosopher and writer French literature of the nineteenth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1799 to 1900 Henri-Marie Beyle ( January 23, 1783 &ndash March 23, 1842) better known by his Pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century Le Rouge et le Noir ( The Red and the Black) is a Novel by Stendhal, published in 1830 The Charterhouse of Parma ( French: La Chartreuse de Parme) is a novel published in 1839 by Stendhal. La Comédie humaine is the title of Honoré de Balzac 's (1799 – 1850 multi-volume collection of interlinked novels and stories depicting French society Gustave Flaubert (gystaːv flobɛːʁ in French ( December 12, 1821 &ndash May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among Madame Bovary is a Novel by Gustave Flaubert, who was attacked for obscenity by public prosecutors when it was first serialized in La Revue de Salammbô (1862 is an Historical novel by Gustave Flaubert, which interweaves historical and fictional characters Sentimental Education ( French: L'Éducation sentimentale, 1869) was Gustave Flaubert 's last Novel published during Edmond de Goncourt ( May 26, 1822 &ndash July 16, 1896) was a French writer critic book publisher and the founder of the Académie Jules de Goncourt ( Paris, December 17 1830 &ndash Paris June 20, 1870) was a French Writer, who published Guy de Maupassant (gi də mopasɑ̃ (5 August 1850 &ndash 6 July 1893 was a popular 19th-century French Writer and considered one of the fathers of the modern Bel Ami, published in 1885, is French author Guy de Maupassant 's second novel The Necklace or The Diamond Necklace (La Parure is a Short story by Guy de Maupassant, first published in 1884 in Émile François Zola ( (2 April 1840 &ndash 29 September 1902 was an influential French Writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Les Rougon-Macquart is the collective title given to French novelist Émile Zola 's twenty-novel cycle L'Assommoir (1877 is the seventh novel in Émile Zola 's twenty-volume series Les Rougon-Macquart. Nana is a novel by the French naturalist author Émile Zola. Completed in 1880, Nana is the ninth installment in Germinal (1885 is the thirteenth novel in Émile Zola 's twenty-volume series Les Rougon-Macquart. Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist Les Misérables (pronounced /le miːzeʁabl(ə translated variously from French as The Miserable Ones, The Wretched The Count of Monte Cristo ( Le Comte de Monte-Cristo) is an Adventure novel by Alexandre Dumas père. French literature of the twentieth century is for the purpose of this article literature written in French from (roughly 1895 to 1990 The Counterfeiters ( Les faux-monnayeurs) is a 1925 novel by French author André Gide, first published in Nouvelle Revue Française The Immoralist is a Novel by André Gide, published in France in 1902 as L'immoraliste. Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (maʁsɛl pʁust (10 July 1871 &ndash 18 November 1922 was a French Novelist Essayist and Critic In Search of Lost Time or Remembrance of Things Past (À la recherche du temps perdu is a semi-autobiographical André Breton (in French ɑ̃dʀe bʀəˈtɔ̃ ( February 19, 1896 &ndash September 28, 1966) was a French Writer, Louis-Ferdinand Céline was the Pen name of French writer and doctor Louis-Ferdinand Destouches (27 May 1894 &ndash 1 July 1961 Journey to the End of the night is a 2006 film starring Brendan Fraser. Colette was the pen name of the French Novelist Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette ( January 28 1873 &ndash August 3 Gigi is a 1944 novel by the French writer Colette about a wealthy cultured man of fashion who discovers he is in love with a young Parisian girl Jean Genet (ʒɑ̃ ʒəˈnɛ in French ( –) was a prominent controversial French writer and later political activist. Our Lady of the Flowers ( Notre Dame des Fleurs) is the debut novel of French writer Jean Genet, first published in 1943 Albert Camus ( (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 was an Algerian born French Author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize The Stranger, or The Outsider, (from the French L’Étranger, 1942 is a Novel by Albert Camus Michel Butor (French miʃɛl byˈtɔʀ (born 14 September, 1926) is a French writer Second Thoughts (La Modification 1957) is a novel by Michel Butor. Marguerite Yourcenar was the Pseudonym of French Novelist Marguerite Antoinette Jeanne Marie Ghislaine Cleenewerck de Crayencour ( Brussels Memoirs of Hadrian is a Novel by the French Writer Marguerite Yourcenar about the life and death of Roman Emperor Alain Robbe-Grillet (French alɛ̃ ʁɔb gʁiˈje (August 18 1922 &ndash February 18 2008 was a French Writer Georges Perec ( 7 March 1936 &ndash 3 March 1982) was a highly-regarded French Life A User's Manual (the original title is La Vie mode d'emploi) is Georges Perec 's most famous Novel, published in 1978 Robert Pinget ( Geneva, July 19 1919 - Tours, August 25 1997) was a major avant-garde French Writer A passacaglia is a short usually slow and often grave musical work in any metre François Villon (in modern French fʀɑ̃swa viˈjɔ̃ in fifteenth-century French viˈlɔn (c Pierre de Ronsard ( 11 September, 1524 – December 1585 was a French Poet and "prince of poets" (as his own generation in France Joachim du Bellay (c 1522 &ndash January 1, 1560) was a French Poet, Critic, and a member of the Pléiade. This article is about French poetry For other uses see Pleiades (disambiguation The Pléiade is the name given to a group of 16th-century A fable is a succinct story in prose or verse that features Animals Plants inanimate objects, or forces of nature which are Victor-Marie Hugo ( ( February 26, 1802 – May 22, 1885) was a French Poet, Playwright, Novelist Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine (Alphonse-Marie-Louis de Prat de Lamartine ( October 21, 1790 - February 28, 1869) was a French Les Fleurs du mal (literal trans "The Flowers of Evil" is a volume of French Poetry by Charles Baudelaire. Paul-Marie Verlaine (vɛʁˈlɛn March 30, 1844 &ndash January 8, 1896) was a French poet associated with the Symbolist "Rimbaud" redirects here For other uses see Rimbaud (disambiguation Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (ræm'boʊ or in French aʁtyʁ Stéphane Mallarmé (malaʁ'me ( March 18, 1842 – September 9, 1898) whose real name was Étienne Mallarmé, was a French Guillaume Apollinaire (in French ɡijom apɔliˈnɛʁ ( August 26, 1880 &ndash November 9, 1918) was a French Poet Francis Jean Gaston Alfred Ponge ( March 27, 1899 - August 6, 1988) was a French Essayist and Poet. Raymond Queneau ( February 21, 1903 &ndash October 25, 1976) was a French Poet and Novelist and the co-founder Pierre Corneille ( June 6, 1606 – October 1, 1684) was a French tragedian who was one of the three great seventeenth Century French Le Cid is a Tragicomedy written by Pierre Corneille and published in 1636 Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, also known by his Stage name, Molière, ( January 15, 1622 – February 17 1673) was a French Tartuffe (full title Tartuffe or the Hypocrite, French fr ''Tartuffe ou l'Imposteur'' is a Comedy by Molière, and arguably his most famous Le Misanthrope ou l'Atrabilaire amoureux (June 4th 1666 is a 17th century Comedy of manners written by French playwright Molière. Dom Juan or The Feast with the Statue ( Dom Juan ou le Festin de pierre) is a French play by Molière, based on the legend of Don Juan L'Avare is a 1668 five-act satirical Comedy by French playwright Molière. Le Bourgeois gentilhomme ( The Bourgeois Gentleman) is a comédie-ballet - a Ballet interrupted by spoken dialogue - in five acts by The School for Wives ( French: L'école des femmes) is a theatrical Comedy written by the 17th century French playwright Molière Jean Racine ( ( December 22, 1639 &ndash April 21, 1699) was a French Dramatist, one of the "big three" of Phèdre (originally Phèdre et Hippolyte) is a dramatic Tragedy in five acts written in Alexandrine verse by Jean Racine, first performed Andromaque is a tragedy in five acts by the French Playwright Jean Racine written in Alexandrine verse. Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de Marivaux, commonly referred to as Marivaux ( February 4, 1688 - February 12, 1763) was a French Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (24 January 1732 &ndash 18 May 1799 was a watch-maker inventor musician politician fugitive spy publisher arms-dealer and revolutionary The Barber of Seville (Le Barbier de Séville is a French play by Pierre Beaumarchais, with original music by Antoine-Laurent Baudron. The Marriage of Figaro ( French: La Folle Journée ou Le Mariage de Figaro —"folle journée" meaning "crazy day" is a comedy in Edmond Eugène Alexis Rostand ( April 1, 1868 &ndash December 2, 1918) was a French Poet and Dramatist. Cyrano de Bergerac is a play written in 1897 by Edmond Rostand based on the life of the real Cyrano de Bergerac. Hippolyte Jean Giraudoux ( August 15, 1882 &ndash January 31, 1944) was a French Novelist, Essayist, Diplomat The Trojan war will not take place (original title La guerre de Troie n'aura pas lieu, English title Tiger at the Gates) is a play by French Jean Marie Lucien Pierre Anouilh (ʒɑ̃ anwi June 23, 1910 &ndash October 3, 1987) was a French Dramatist. Becket ou l'honneur de Dieu (Becket or The Honor of God is a Tony Award -winning play written in French by Jean Anouilh. Jean Anouilh 's play Antigone is a Tragedy inspired by Greek mythology and the play of the same name ( Antigone, Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French No Exit is a 1944 existentialist play by Jean-Paul Sartre, originally published in French as Huis Clos Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet Waiting for Godot is a play by Samuel Beckett, in which two characters wait for someone named Godot who never arrives Endgame by Samuel Beckett, is a one-act play with four characters Eugène Ionesco, born Eugen Ionescu ( November 26, 1909 – March 28, 1994 The Bald Soprano or The Bald Prima Donna (original French title La Cantatrice Chauve) is the first play Rhinoceros ( French original title Rhinocéros) is a play by Eugène Ionesco, written in 1959. Jean Genet (ʒɑ̃ ʒəˈnɛ in French ( –) was a prominent controversial French writer and later political activist. The Maids ( Les Bonnes) is a play by the French writer Jean Genet, written in 1947 Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (French miʃɛl ekɛm də mɔ̃tɛɲ ( February 28 1533 &ndash September 13 1592) was one of the most influential writers Essays is the title of a book written by Michel de Montaigne that was first published in 1580. Blaise Pascal (blɛz paskal (June 19 1623 &ndash August 19 1662 was a French Mathematician, Physicist, and religious Philosopher The Pensées (literally "thoughts" represented a defense of the Christian religion by Blaise Pascal, the renowned 17th century philosopher François VI duc de La Rochefoucauld le Prince de Marcillac ( September 15, 1613 &ndash March 17, 1680) was a noted French "A Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and Sciences" (1750 more commonly known as "Discourse on the Arts and Sciences" (French Discours The Social Contract Or Principles of Political Right (1762 by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, is the book in which Rousseau theorized about Social contracts Génie du christianisme (English The Genius of Christianity) is a work by the French author François-René de Chateaubriand, written during his exile Mémoires d'Outre-Tombe - literally "Memoirs from Beyond the Grave" - is an autobiography in 42 volumes by François-René de Chateaubriand, published posthumously De la démocratie en Amérique (published in two volumes the first in 1835 and the second in 1840 is a classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville Jules Michelet ( 21 August 1798 &ndash 9 February 1874) was a French Historian. Albert Camus ( (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960 was an Algerian born French Author, philosopher, and journalist who won the Nobel prize The Myth of Sisyphus is a philosophical essay by Albert Camus. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 &ndash 15 April 1980 commonly known simply as Jean-Paul Sartre (ʒɑ̃ pol saʁtʁə was a French Existentialism is a Humanism ( L'existentialisme est un humanisme) is a 1946 philosophical work by Jean-Paul Sartre. Being and Nothingness An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology ( French: L'Être et le néant: Essai d'ontologie phénoménologique) sometimes subtitled Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux ( November 1 1636 - March 13, 1711) commonly called Boileau, was a French Poet and Saint Beuve redirects here For the eponymous saint see Beuve Abbess of Saint Pierre de Reims. Hippolyte Adolphe Taine ( April 21, 1828 - March 5, 1893) was a French Critic and Historian. Jacques-Marie-Émile Lacan (French ʒak lakɑ̃ ( April 13, 1901 &ndash September 9, 1981) was a French Psychoanalyst Paul Bénichou French writer intellectual critic and literary historian (born September 19, 1908, in Tlemcen French Algeria; died May 14 Roland Barthes ( November 12, 1915 &ndash March 25, 1980) (ʀɔlɑ̃ baʀt was a French Literary critic, literary Jean-François Lyotard (ʒɑ̃ fʀɑ̃swa ljɔˈtaʀ August 10 1924 April 21 1998) was a French philosopher and literary Julia Kristeva (Юлия Кръстева (born 24 June 1941) is a Bulgarian - French Philosopher, Literary critic, French poetry is a category of French literature. It may include Francophone poetry composed outside France and poetry written in other Languages of Parnassianism (or less commonly parnasism) was a literary style characteristic of certain French poetry during the positivist period of the 19th century Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century Art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members The Culture of France and of the French people has been shaped by its geography, by profound historical events, and by foreign and For practical purposes the history of French art has been divided into a series of separate articles accessible through the template to the right Chronological list of French language authors (regardless of nationality by date of birth Poets who have written in the French language: A Guillaume Apollinaire Louis Aragon Agrippa d'Aubigné French science fiction is a substantial genre within French literature. The Fantastique is a French term for a literary and cinematic genre that overlaps with Science fiction, horror and Fantasy Jean-Michel Maulpoix was born on November 11, 1952 in Montbeliard, France.
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