French Section of the Workers\' International

"SFIO" redirects here. For other uses, see SFIO (disambiguation).

Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière




Last President	Guy Mollet

Founded	1905
Dissolution	1969

Political Ideology	Socialism, Marxism and social democracy
European Affiliation	None
International Affiliation	Second International
Colours	red

See also	Constitution of France France Politics French Parliament French Government French President Political parties Elections

The French Section of the Workers' International (Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière, SFIO), founded in 1905, was a French socialist political party, designed as the local section of the Second International (i. Guy Mollet (31 December 1905 - 3 October 1975 was a French Socialist politician Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1969 ( MCMLXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left The Second International (1889-1916 was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889. Red is any of a number of similar Colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of Light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength The current Constitution of France was adopted on October 4, 1958. The Politics of France take place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of France This article is for the post-Revolutionary and present-day institution The government of France is a Semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the fifth Republic, in which the nation declares The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected Political parties in France lists political parties in France. France is a Representative democracy. Public officials in the legislative and executive branches are either elected by the citizens (directly or indirectly or appointed by elected Year 1905 ( MCMV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral The Second International (1889-1916 was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889. e. the Workers' International). After the 1917 October Revolution, it split up (during the 1920 Tours Congress) into two groups, the majority creating the Section française de l'Internationale communiste (SFIC), which became the French Communist Party (PCF). Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The Tours Congress was the 18th national congress of the SFIO, the French Section of the Second International, which took place in December 1920 and during which the The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of

Following the first unification of the French socialist movements in 1901, the French Socialist Party and the Socialist Party of France united during the 1905 Globe Congress in Paris, which followed the 1904 Amsterdam Congress of the Second International. The French Socialist Party ( Parti socialiste français) was founded in 1902 The Socialist Party of France ( Parti socialiste de France) was founded in 1902 during a congress in Commentry, by the merger of the Marxist French The 1905 Globe Congress thus united the Marxist tendency represented by Jules Guesde with the social-democrat tendency represented by Jean Jaurès. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Jules Basile Guesde ( November 11, 1845 - July 28, 1922) was a French Socialist journalist and politician Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Jean Léon Jaurès (full name Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès; 3 September 1859 31 July 1914) was a French The "party of the workers' movement" was born, and continued existing until 1969, when it was replaced by the current Socialist Party (PS). The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better The Socialist Party ( Parti Socialiste, PS is the largest left-wing political party in France. The SFIO was led by Jules Guesde, Jean Jaurès - who quickly became its most influential figure, Edouard Vaillant and Paul Lafargue. Jules Basile Guesde ( November 11, 1845 - July 28, 1922) was a French Socialist journalist and politician Jean Léon Jaurès (full name Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès; 3 September 1859 31 July 1914) was a French Marie Édouard Vaillant ( 26 January 1840 &ndash 18 December 1915) was a French politician Paul Lafargue ( June 16, 1842 – November 26, 1911) was a French revolutionary Marxist socialist journalist It opposed itself to colonialism and to militarism, although following Jean Jaurès' assassination on 31 July 1914, four days before Germany's declaration of war to France, it abandoned its anti-militarist views and, as the whole of the Second International, replaced its internationalism conceptions about class struggle with patriotism, by supporting the National Union government (Union nationale). France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world Militarism is the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Despite the lack of a German nation state prior to 1871 the History of Germany dates back to the era of the Germanic tribes. Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the Anarchist and more globally in the Socialist movement which may be both characterized as Internationalist International Socialism redirects here For the journal of the same name see International Socialism (journal Proletarian internationalism is a Class struggle is the active expression of Class conflict looked at from any kind of socialist perspective Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country National governments (alternatively national unity governments or national union governments) are broad Coalition governments consisting of all parties (or After the war, this was regarded as a major failure of the socialist movement and explains, in part, the split of the Tours Congress. Jaurès' ashes would be transferred to the Panthéon in 1924, while his assassin, Raoul Villain, who was judged but acquitted in 1919, would later be executed by the Spanish Republicans in 1936. The Panthéon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Pantheon meaning "All the gods" is a building in the Latin Quarter Raoul Villain (1885-1936 was a French nationalist primarily remembered for his assassination of the French Socialist leader

1 Before the 1905 unification
2 1914-1920
3 From the 1920 Tours Congress to the Popular Front
4 World War II
5 After World War II
6 The Fifth Republic
7 In West Africa
8 Endnotes
9 See also

Before the 1905 unification

Further information: Paris Commune, French Third Republic, and France in the nineteenth century

After the failure of the Paris commune (1871), French socialism was severely weakened. The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The History of France from 1789 to 1914 ( The long 19th century) extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May Its leaders died or were exiled. In 1879, during the Marseille Congress, workers' associations created the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France (FTSF). France's first socialist party the Federation of the Socialist Workers of France ( Fédération des travailleurs socialistes de France or' FTSF') was founded in 1879 However, three years later, Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue (the son-in-law of Karl Marx) left the federation, which considered so moderate, and founded the French Workers' Party (POF). Jules Basile Guesde ( November 11, 1845 - July 28, 1922) was a French Socialist journalist and politician Paul Lafargue ( June 16, 1842 – November 26, 1911) was a French revolutionary Marxist socialist journalist The Parti Ouvrier Français ( POF, or French Workers' Party) was the first Marxist party in France, created in 1880 by The FTSF, led by Paul Brousse, was defined as "possibilist" because it advocated gradual reforms, whereas the POF promoted Marxism. Paul Brousse ( Montpellier, January 23, 1844 - April 1, 1912) was a French Socialist, leader of the possibilistes

In the same time, Edouard Vaillant and the heirs of Louis Auguste Blanqui founded the Central Revolutionary Committee (CRC), which represented the French revolutionary tradition. Marie Édouard Vaillant ( 26 January 1840 &ndash 18 December 1915) was a French politician Louis Auguste Blanqui (born February 8, 1805 in Puget-Théniers, France, died January 1, 1881) was a French

In the 1880s, the Socialists knew their first electoral success, conquering some municipalities. Jean Allemane and some FTSF members criticized the focus on electoral goals. In 1890, they created the Revolutionary Socialist Workers' Party (POSR). Their main objective was the "general strike". Besides, some deputies declared Socialist whereas they were not member of a party. They had moderate opinions.

In the 1890s, the Dreyfus Affair caused debate in the Socialist movement. The Dreyfus Affair a Political scandal which divided France from the 1890s to the early 1900s For Jules Guesde, the Socialists should not intervene in a internal conflict of the bourgeoisie. Jules Basile Guesde ( November 11, 1845 - July 28, 1922) was a French Socialist journalist and politician In Jean Jaurès's opinion, the Socialist movement was a part of the Republican leaning and must take part in this struggle in ordrer to defend the Republican values. Jean Léon Jaurès (full name Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès; 3 September 1859 31 July 1914) was a French In 1899, another debate opposed the Socialist groups about the participation of Alexandre Millerand in Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet, which included the Marquis de Gallifet, best know for having directed the bloody repression during the Paris Commune. Alexandre Millerand (10 February 1859 - 7 April 1943 was a French socialist Politician. Gaston Alexandre Auguste Marquis de Galliffet, Prince de Martignes ( Paris, January 23 1830 -1909 was a French General, best known Furthemore, the participation in a "bourgeois government" sparked a controversy opposing Jules Guesde to Jean Jaurès. Jules Basile Guesde ( November 11, 1845 - July 28, 1922) was a French Socialist journalist and politician Jean Léon Jaurès (full name Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès; 3 September 1859 31 July 1914) was a French In 1902, Guesde and Vaillant founded the Socialist Party of France, while Jaurès, Allemane and the possibilists formed the French Socialist Party. The Socialist Party of France ( Parti socialiste de France) was founded in 1902 during a congress in Commentry, by the merger of the Marxist French The French Socialist Party ( Parti socialiste français) was founded in 1902 In 1905, during the Globe Congress, under the pression of the Second International, the two groups merged in the French Section of the Workers' International. The Second International (1889-1916 was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889.

It was hemmed in between the middle class liberals of the Radical Party and the revolutionary syndicalists who dominated the trade unions. The Radical Party ( Parti Radical, Rad also known as Parti radical valoisien) is a liberal and centrist political party in France Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Indeed, the General Confederation of Labour (CGT) proclaimed its independence and the non-distinction between political and professional aims. Template talkInfobox Union for usage -->The General Confederation of Labour ( French: Confédération générale

1914-1920

During World War I, the Socialists suffered a severe split over participation in the wartime government of national unity. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All National governments (alternatively national unity governments or national union governments) are broad Coalition governments consisting of all parties (or In 1919 the anti-war socialists were heavily defeated in elections by the Bloc national (National Bloc) coalition which had played on the middle-classes' fear of the bolshevik (posters with a bolshevik with a knife between his teeth were used to discredit the socialist movement). Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The National Bloc was a Center-right coalition in France which was in power from 1919 to 1924 The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The Bloc national won 70% of the seats, making the Chambre bleue horizon ("Blue Horizon Chamber").

On 25 December 1920, during the Tours Congress, the majority of SFIO members accepted to join the Third International (Comintern), created by the Bolsheviks after the 1917 October Revolution. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Year 1920 ( MCMXX) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display 1920 of the Gregorian calendar The Tours Congress was the 18th national congress of the SFIO, the French Section of the Second International, which took place in December 1920 and during which the The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution Led by Boris Souvarine and Ludovic Frossard, they created the French Section of the Communist International (SFIC). Boris Souvarine (born Boris Konstantinovich Lifschitz and also known as Varine; 1895–1984 was an Imperial Russian born French socialist Ludovic-Oscar Frossard (also known as L-O Frossard or Oscar Frossard; March 5 1889, Foussemagne, Territoire de Belfort &mdash The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of Another smaller group also accepted the membership to the Comintern, but not all 21 conditions, while the minority, led by Léon Blum and the majority of the elected socialists members, decided to "keep the old house" (Blum) and remain within the Second International. André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 30 March 1950 was a French politician usually identified with the moderate left and three times the Prime Minister of France. Marcel Sembat, Léon Blum and Albert Thomas refused to align themselves on Moscow. Albert Thomas may refer to Albert Thomas (minister, (1878-1932 French politician Minister of Armament Albert Richard Thomas, (1898-1966 Paul Faure became secretary general of the SFIO Socialist Party but Léon Blum was its most influent figure. Paul Faure may refer to Paul Faure (archaeologist Paul Faure (politician Ludovic Frossard would resign from the SFIC and join again the SFIO in January 1923.

The next year, the CGT trade union made the same split, those who became communists creating the United General Confederation of Labour (CGTU), which fused again with the CGT in 1936 during the Popular Front government. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Popular Front (French Front populaire) was an alliance of left-wing movements including the French Communist Party (PCF the Socialist Léon Jouhaux was CGT's main leader until 1947 and the new split leading to the creation of social-democrat Workers' Force (CGT-FO). Léon Jouhaux ( July 1, 1879 &mdash April 28, 1954) was a French Trade union leader who received the Nobel Peace Prize Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The General Confederation of Labor - Workers' Force ( French:

From the 1920 Tours Congress to the Popular Front

In 1924 and in 1932, the Socialists joined with the Radicals in the Cartel des Gauches coalition. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. The Radical Party ( Parti Radical, Rad also known as Parti radical valoisien) is a liberal and centrist political party in France The Cartel des gauches ( French for Left-wing Coalition) designed the governmental alliance between the Radical-Socialist Party and the socialist He supported the government led by Radical Edouard Herriot (1924-1926 and 1932), but they didn't participate. Édouard Hérriot (5 July 1872 at Troyes, France - 26 March 1957 at Lyon, France) was a French Radical politician of the

The first Cartel saw the right-wing terrorized, and capital flight destabilized the government, while the divided Radicals didn't all support their socialist allies. Capital flight, in Economics, occurs when Assets and/or Money rapidly flow out of a Country, due to an economic event that disturbs Investors The monetary crisis, also due to the refusal of Germany to pay the reparations, caused parliamentary unstability. World War I reparations refers to the payments and transfers of property and equipment that the German country was forced to make under the Treaty of Versailles (1919 following Edouard Herriot, Paul Painlevé and Aristide Briand would succeeded themselves as president of the Council until 1926, when the right-wing came back to power with Raymond Poincaré. Édouard Hérriot (5 July 1872 at Troyes, France - 26 March 1957 at Lyon, France) was a French Radical politician of the Paul Painlevé (5 December 1863 &ndash 29 October 1933 was a French Mathematician and politician Aristide Briand (28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932 was a French statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize Raymond Poincaré (20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934 was a French conservative Statesman who served as Prime Minister of France on five The newly elected communist deputies also opposed the first Cartel, refusing to support "bourgeois" governments.

The second Cartel acceeded to power in 1932, but this time, the SFIO only gave their support without participation to the Radicals, which allied themselves with right-wing radicals. After years of internal feuds the reformist (or right) wing of the party, lead by Marcel Déat and Pierre Renaudel, split from the SFIO in November 1933 to form a neosocialist movement. Marcel Déat ( March 7 1894, Guérigny &mdash January 5 1955, near Turin, Italy) was a French Neosocialism was a political trend represented in France during the 1930s and in Belgium, which included several revisionist tendencies in the SFIO The Cartel was again the victim of parliamentary unstability, while various scandals led to the 6 February 1934 riots organized by far-right leagues. The 6 February 1934 crisis refers to an Anti-parliamentarist demonstration organised in Paris by Far-right leagues (antiparliamentarian Radical Edouard Daladier resigned on the next day, handing out the power to conservative Gaston Doumergue. Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970 was a French Radical politician and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue (Aigues-Vives Gard, 1 August 1863 18 June 1937 in Aigues-Vives was a French Politician of the Third Republic. It was the first time during the Third Republic (1871-1940) that a government had to resign because of street pressure. The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe

Following the 6 February 1934 crisis, which the whole of the socialist movement saw as a fascist conspiracy to overthrow the Republic, a dream followed on by the royalist Action Française and other far-right leagues, anti-fascist organizations were created. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology The Action Française is a French Monarchist ( Orléanist) Counter-revolutionary movement and periodical founded by Maurice Pujo and Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascist ideologies organizations governments and people The French Communist Party (PCF), supported by the Comintern's abandon of the "social-fascism" directives in favor of "united front" directives, got closer to the SFIO, to form the coalition that would win the 1936 elections and bring about the Popular Front. The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of Social fascism was a theory supported by the Communist International (Comintern during the late 1920s and early 1930s which stated that Social democracy was a variant The Popular Front (French Front populaire) was an alliance of left-wing movements including the French Communist Party (PCF the Socialist In June 1934, Leon Trotsky proposed the "French Turn" into the SFIO, which is where the entrism strategy takes its origins from. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij The French Turn was the name given to the entry between 1934 and 1936 of the French Trotskyists into the Section Française de l'International Ouvrière Entryism (or entrism or enterism) is a political tactic by which an organisation encourages members to infiltrate another organisation in an attempt to gain recruits The trotskyist Communist League's (the French section of the International Left Opposition) leaders were divided over the issue of entering the SFIO: Raymond Molinier was the most supportive of Trotsky's proposal, while Pierre Naville was opposed to it and Pierre Frank remained ambivalent. Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. Left communism and the Left Opposition are distinct Left communism should not be confused with the Trotskyist tendency described below Raymond Molinier (1904-1994 was a leader of the Trotskyist movement in France prior to World War II. Pierre Naville ( Paris, 1904 — Paris, 1993 was a French Writer and Sociologist. Pierre Frank (born 24 October 1905, Paris – died 18 April 1984, Paris) was a French The League finally voted to dissolve into the SFIO in August 1934, where they formed the Bolshevik-Leninist Group (Groupe Bolchevik-Leniniste, GBL). At the Mulhouse party congress of June 1935, the Trotskyists led a campaign to prevent the United Front from expanding into a "Popular Front," which would include the middle-class Radical Party. Mulhouse (Mulhouse myluz Alsatian: Milhüsa or Milhüse, pronounced; Mülhausen i A party congress is a general conference of a Political party. Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A popular front is a broad Coalition of different political groupings often made up of leftists and centrists who are united by opposition to another group

However, the Popular Front strategy was adopted, and Léon Blum became France's first socialist president of the Council in 1936, while the PCF supported - without participation - his government. André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 30 March 1950 was a French politician usually identified with the moderate left and three times the Prime Minister of France. A general strike applauded the socialists' victory, while Marceau Pivert cried "Tout est possible!" ("Everything is possible!"). Marceau Pivert (1895&mdash1958 was a French schoolteacher Trade unionist Socialist militant and journalist Pivert would later split and create the Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party (Parti socialiste ouvrier et paysan, PSOP); historian Daniel Guérin was also a member of the latter. The Workers and Peasants' Socialist Party ( Parti socialiste ouvrier et paysan, PSOP) was an ephemeral socialist organisation in France, formed Daniel Guérin ( May 19, 1904 - April 14, 1988) was a French anarchist and author best known for his work Anarchism Trotsky advised the GBL to break with the SFIO, leading to a confused departure by the Trotskyists from the Socialist Party in early 1936, which drew only about six hundred people from the party. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The 1936 Matignon Accords set up collective bargaining, and removed all obstacles to union organization. The Matignon Agreements (French Accords de Matignon) were signed on June 7 1936 at one o'clock in the morning between the CGPF employers trade union Collective bargaining is the process whereby workers organize together to meet converse and compromise upon the work environment with their employers Labour law (also known as employment or labor law is the body of Laws administrative rulings and precedents which address the legal rights of and restrictions The terms included a blanket 7-12 percent wage increase, and allowed for paid vacation (2 weeks) and a 40-hour work week — the eight-hour day had been established following the 1914-18 war of attrition and its mobilization of industrial capacities. Labour law (also known as employment or labor law is the body of Laws administrative rulings and precedents which address the legal rights of and restrictions The 8-hour day movement or 40-hour week movement (aka the Short-time movement) had its origins in the Industrial Revolution in Britain, where This article is about the military strategy For the Israeli-Egyptian conflict see War of Attrition, for the game theoretical model see War of attrition (game

Within a year, however, Blum's government collapsed over economic policy (as during the Cartel des gauches, capital flight was an issue, giving rise to the so-called "myth of the 200 hundreds families") in the context of the Great Depression, and also over the issue of the Spanish Civil War. Capital flight, in Economics, occurs when Assets and/or Money rapidly flow out of a Country, due to an economic event that disturbs Investors The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of The demoralised left fell apart and was unable to resist the collapse of the Third Republic after the military defeat of 1940 (during World War II). The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

World War II

A number of SFIO members were part of the Vichy 80 who refused to vote extraordinary powers to Marshal Pétain in July 1940, following which the latter proclaimed the Révolution nationale reactionary program and the establishment of the Vichy regime. The Vichy 80 refers to a minority group of French elected parliamentarians who on July 10, 1940, voted against the constitutional change that dissolved Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) The Révolution nationale ( National Revolution) was the official ideological name under which the Vichy regime ("the French state" Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Although a minority engaged in Collaborationism, an important part also took part to the Resistance. Collaborationism, can describe the Treason of cooperating with enemy Forces occupying one's Country. The French Resistance is the collective name used for the French Resistance movements which fought against the Nazi German Pierre Fourcaud created with Félix Gouin the Brutus Network, to which Gaston Defferre, later mayor of Marseilles for years, participated, along with Daniel Mayer. Félix Gouin (4 October 1884 - 25 October 1977 was a French Socialist politician member of the SFIO. The Brutus Network (Réseau Brutus was a French Resistant movement during World War II. Gaston Defferre ( September 14, 1910 - May 7, 1986, Marseille) was a French socialist politician Daniel Mayer (1909-1996 was a member of the SFIO French Socialist party president of the Ligue des droits de l'homme (LDH Human Rights League In 1942-43, Pétain's regime judged the Third Republic by organizing a public trial, the Riom Trial, of personalities accused of having "caused" the defeat of France. The Riom Trial ( February 19, 1942 - May 21, 1943) was an attempt by the regime of Vichy France, headed by Marshal Pétain In World War II, the Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries Those included Léon Blum, the Radical-Socialist Edouard Daladier, the conservatives Paul Reynaud and Georges Mandel, etc. André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 30 March 1950 was a French politician usually identified with the moderate left and three times the Prime Minister of France. Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970 was a French Radical politician and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World Paul Reynaud (15 October 1878 - 21 September 1966 was a French politician and lawyer prominent in the interwar period noted for his stances on economic liberalism and Georges Mandel ( June 5, 1885 &mdash July 7, 1944) was a French politician journalist and French Resistance leader

In the same time, Marcel Déat and some neosocialists who had split from the SFIO in 1933, participated to the Vichy regime and supported Pétain's policy of collaboration. Marcel Déat ( March 7 1894, Guérigny &mdash January 5 1955, near Turin, Italy) was a French Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) Paul Faure, secretary general of the SFIO from 1920 to 1940, approved this policy too. Paul Faure may refer to Paul Faure (archaeologist Paul Faure (politician He was excluded from the party when it reconstructed in 1944.

After World War II

After the liberation of France in 1944, the project to create a Labour party rallying the non-Communist Resistance failed in due to the disagreements opposing notably the Socialists and the Christian-Democrats about laïcité, and the conflict with Charles de Gaulle about the new organization of the institutions (parliamentary system or presidential government). Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The French Resistance is the collective name used for the French Resistance movements which fought against the Nazi German Laïcité (laisiˈte is the French concept of a Secular society, connoting the absence of religious involvement in government affairs Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French The SFIO re-emerged and participated to the Three-parties alliance with the PCF and the Christian-Democrats (MRP) under the leadership of De Gaulle, President of the provisional government. The Three-parties alliance ( Tripartisme in French was a coalition which governed in France from 1944 to 1947 composed of the Communists ( PCF) the Socialists ( The Popular Republican Movement ( Mouvement Républicain Populaire or MRP) was a French Christian democratic party of the Fourth Republic Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French In Spring 1946, the SFIO supported reluctantly the constitutional project of the Communist Party. It was rejected by referendum. The party supported the second project, prepared with the PCF and the MRP, and it was approved on October 1946.

However, the coalition split in May 1947. Because of the Cold War, the Communist ministers were excluded from the cabinet led by Socialist Paul Ramadier. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Paul Ramadier ( 17 March 1888, La Rochelle - 14 October 1961) was a prominent French Socialist politician of Anti-communism revented the left to forming a united front. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and The Communists had taken control of the CGT trade union. This one was relatively weakened by the 1948 cretaion of a social-democrat trade union Workers Force (FO), who was supported by the CIA. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all This split was led by former CGT's secretary general Léon Jouhaux, who was granted Nobel peace prize three years later. Léon Jouhaux ( July 1, 1879 &mdash April 28, 1954) was a French Trade union leader who received the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor

A Third Force coalition was constituted by center-right and center-left parties, including the SFIO, in order to block the opposition of the Communists on the one hand, and of the Gaullists on the other hand. The Third force ( Troisième force in French was a coalition which governed in France from 1947 to 1952 Besides, in spite of Léon Blum's support, the party leader Daniel Mayer was defeated in aid of Guy Mollet. André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 30 March 1950 was a French politician usually identified with the moderate left and three times the Prime Minister of France. Daniel Mayer (1909-1996 was a member of the SFIO French Socialist party president of the Ligue des droits de l'homme (LDH Human Rights League Guy Mollet (31 December 1905 - 3 October 1975 was a French Socialist politician If the new secretary general was supported by the left-wing of the party, he was very hostile to any form of alliance with the PCF. He said "the Communist Party is not in the Left but in the East". At the beginning of the 1950s, the disagreements with its governemental partners about the denominational schools and the colonial problem explained a more critical attitud of the SFIO members. During the 1956 legislative campaign, it took part in the Republican Front, a center-left coalition led by Radical Pierre Mendès-France, who advocated a peaceful resolution of the Algerian War of Independence. French legislative elections to elect the 3rd National Assembly of the Fourth Republic took place on 2 January 1956 using Party-list proportional The Republican Front was a Political party in Zimbabwe in the 1980s The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from Guy Mollet took the lead of the cabinet but led a very repressive policy. Guy Mollet (31 December 1905 - 3 October 1975 was a French Socialist politician After the 13 May 1958 crisis, he supported the return of De Gaulle and the establishment of the Fifth Republic. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French

Moreover, the SFIO was divided about the repressive policy of Guy Mollet in Algeria and his support to De Gaulle's return. Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's If the party returned in opposition in 1959, it couldn't prevent the constitution of another Unified Socialist Party (Parti socialiste unifié or PSU) in 1960, joined the next year by Pierre Mendès-France, whom was trying to anchor the Radical party in the left-wing and opposed the colonial wars. The Unified Socialist Party ( French: Parti Socialiste Unifié, PSU) was a socialist Political party in France, founded

The Fifth Republic

The SFIO received its lowest vote in the 1960s. It was discredited by the contradictories policies of its leaders during the Fourth Republic. The youth and the intellectual circles preferred the PSU while the major part of the workers considered the PCF as its spokesperson. The Fifth Republic's Constitution had been tailored by Charles de Gaulle to satisfied his needs, and his gaullist movement managed to gather enough people from the left and the right-wing to govern without the parties' help. See also Government of France The Fifth Republic is the fifth and current republican constitution of France, which was introduced on The current Constitution of France was adopted on October 4, 1958. Gaullism (Gaullisme is a French political ideology based on the thought and action of Charles de Gaulle. Furthemore, the SFIO hesitated between the alliance with the non-Gaullist center-right (that was the opinion of Gaston Defferre) and the reconciliation with the Communists. Gaston Defferre ( September 14, 1910 - May 7, 1986, Marseille) was a French socialist politician Guy Mollet refused to choose. The SFIO supported François Mitterrand to the 1965 presidential election although he was not member of the party. François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand ( 26 October 1916 8 January 1996 served as President of France from 1981 to 1995 elected as representative of the Socialist The 1965 French presidential election was the first presidential election by direct universal suffrage of the French Fifth Republic. The SFIO then created with the Radicals the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left (Fédération de la gauche démocrate et socialiste or FGDS), a center-left coalition led by François Mitterrand. The Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left ( Fédération de la gauche démocrate et socialiste or FGDS was a conglomerate of French Left-wing But it split after May 68 and the electoral disaster of June 1968. For other events in May 1968 see 1968.

Gaston Defferre was the SFIO candidate to the 1969 presidential election. The 1969 French presidential election took place on 1 June and 15 June 1969 He was eliminated in the first round with only 5% of votes. One month later, in the Issy-les-Moulineaux Congress, the SFIO was replaced by the current Socialist Party. The Socialist Party ( Parti Socialiste, PS is the largest left-wing political party in France. Guy Mollet let the leadership to Alain Savary

In West Africa

The SFIO suffered a split in Senegal in 1934 as Lamine Guèye broke away and formed the Senegalese Socialist Party (PSS). Alain Savary (April 25 1918 - February 2 1988 was a French Socialist politician deputy during the Fourth and Fifth Republic, chairman of the Socialist Party Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Lamine Guèye (born 1891 Médine (now in Mali) died 1968 was a Senegalese politician who became leader of the Senegalese Party of Socialist Senegalese Socialist Party (in French: Parti Socialiste Sénégalais) was a Political party in Senegal. However as the Senegalese Popular Front committee as formed, PSS and the SFIO branch cooperated. Ahead of the 1936 elections to the French National Assembly, a Popular Front committee was formed in Senegal. In 1937 a joint list of SFIO and PSS won the municipal elections in Saint-Louis. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Saint-Louis, or Ndar as it is called in Wolof, is the capital of Senegal 's Saint-Louis Region Maître Vidal became mayor of the town. The congress of PSS held June 4-June 5, 1938 decided to reunify with SFIO. Events 781 BC - The first historic Solar eclipse is recorded in China. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Following that decision, a June 11-June 12, 1938 a congress of the new federation of SFIO was held in Thiès. Events 1184 BC - Trojan War: Troy is sacked and burned according to the calculations of Eratosthenes. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Thiès (pronounced “chess" Wolof: Cès) is the third largest city in Senegal with a population officially estimated at 320000 in 2005 ^[1]

In 1948 Léopold Sédar Senghor broke away from the Senegalese federation of SFIO, and formed the Senegalese Democratic Bloc (BDS). Sir Léopold Sédar Senghor ( 9 October 1906 20 December 2001) was a Senegalese Poet, politician and cultural theorist who Senegalese Democratic Bloc (in French: Bloc Démocratique Sénégalais) was a Political party in Senegal, founded on October 27 During the 1951 National Assembly election campaign, violence broke out between BDS and SFIO activists. Legislative elections were held in France on 17 June 1951 to elect the second National Assembly of the Fourth Republic. In the end BDS won both seats allocated to Senegal. ^[1]

In 1956 another SFIO splinter group appeared in Senegal, the Socialist Movement of the Senegalese Union. Socialist Movement of the Senegalese Union (in French: Mouvement Socialiste d'Union Sénégalaise) was a splinter-group of SFIO in Senegal. ^[2]

In 1957 the history of SFIO in West Africa came to an end. The federations of SFIO in Cameroon, Chad, the Congo-Brazzaville, French Sudan (Mali), Gabon, Guinea, Niger, Oubangui-Chari {Central African Republic), and Senegal; the meeting was held in Conakry from January 11 to January 13, 1957. The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central and western Africa. Chad (Tchad تشاد Tshād) officially known as the Republic of Chad, is a Landlocked country in Central Africa. The Republic of the Congo (République du Congo Kongo: Repubilika ya Kongo; Lingala: Republiki ya Kongó) also known as Congo-Brazzaville French Sudan (Soudan was a Colony in French West Africa that had two separate periods of existence first from 1890 to 1899 then from 1920 to 1960 when the Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali is a Landlocked nation in Western Africa. Gabon (gəˈbɒn or /gaˈbõ/ in French) is a country in west central Africa sharing borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Republic Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea Niger ( or /ˈnaɪdʒɚ/) officially the Republic of Niger, is a Landlocked country in Western Africa, named after the Niger River. Oubangui-Chari, or Ubangi-Shari, was a French territory in central Africa which later became the independent country of the Central African Central Africa|Central African FederationThe Central African Republic ( CAR) République Centrafricaine ʀepyblik sɑ̃tʀafʀikɛn or Centrafrique) is a Landlocked Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Conakry or Konakry ( Malinké: Kɔnakiri) is the Capital and largest city of Guinea. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) At that meeting it was decided that the African federations would break with its French parent organisation and form the African Socialist Movement (MSA), an independent Pan-african party. African Socialist Movement ( French: Mouvement Socialiste Africain, also known as the MSA was a Political party in French West Africa. The Senegalese section of MSA was the Senegalese Party of Socialist Action (PSAS), and it was led by Lamine Guèye. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Senegalese Party of Socialist Action (in French: Parti Sénégalais de l'Action Socialiste) was a Political party in Senegal led by Lamine Lamine Guèye (born 1891 Médine (now in Mali) died 1968 was a Senegalese politician who became leader of the Senegalese Party of Socialist The first meeting of the leading committee of MSA met in Dakar from February 9 to February 10 the same year. For the Dakar Rally see Dakar Rally. For the Israeli submarine see INS Dakar. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Two SFIO delegates attended the session. ^[1]

Endnotes

^ ^a ^b ^c Zuccarelli, François. La vie politique sénégalaise (1789-1940). Paris: CHEAM, 1988.
^ Nzouankeu, Jacques Mariel. Les partis politiques sénégalais. Dakar: Editions Clairafrique, 1984.

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