French Canadian
Image:PierreTrudeau1980.jpgImage:Sauvé.jpg Émile Nelligan • La Bolduc • Maurice Richard Pierre Trudeau • Jeanne Sauvé • Céline Dion
Total population
10,421,365
Regions with significant populations
Canada, especially Quebec, smaller populations in Ontario, New Brunswick, New England, New York and Louisiana. Émile Nelligan ( December 24, 1879 - November 18, 1941) was a Francophone poet from Quebec, Canada Mary Rose-Anna Travers, (June 4 1894 – February 20 1941 was a French-Canadian Singer and musician The Hon Joseph Henri Maurice "Rocket" Richard PC OC OQ ( August 4, 1921 &ndash May 27 Jeanne Mathilde Sauvé PC CC CMM CD (née Benoît ( April 26, 1922 – January 26, 1993 Céline Marie Claudette Dion ( OC OQ (born March 30 1968 in Charlemagne Quebec) is a Canadian pop Singer Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America
Languages
French, English
Religions
Primarily Roman Catholic
Related ethnic groups
French, Québécois, Acadians, Cajun, Metis, French-speaking Quebecer, Franco-Ontarian, Franco-Manitoban, French American, Brayon

French Canadian (Canadien or Canadien-français in French) refers to a nation or ethnic group that originated in Canada during the period of French colonization in the 17th century. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( A Québécois or Quebecois (pronounced) or in the feminine Québécoise (pronounced) (plural Québécoises) is a native or resident of the This article is about the Acadian people and culture The Acadians (Acadiens are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French Cajuns ('keʒən les Cadiens are an Ethnic group mainly living in Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles and peoples of other The Métis are descendants of marriages of Cree, Ojibway Algonquin, Saulteaux, and Menominee aboriginals to Europeans, French-speaking Quebecers (also Franco-Quebecers, or Francophone Quebecers; in French Franco-Québécois, Québécois francophones or Franco-Ontarians (franco-ontarien are French Canadian or Francophone residents of the Canadian province of Ontario. Franco-Manitobans are a community of French Canadians or French -speaking people living in Manitoba. French Americans or Franco-Americans are citizens or permanent residents of the United States of French descent Brayons are a Francophone people inhabiting the area in and around Edmundston, New Brunswick, Canada. A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Canada was the name of the French colony that once stretched along the St French colonization of the Americas began in the 14th century and continued in the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western They constitute the main French-speaking population of Canada. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page It may also refer to people of French descent living in Canada, or native speakers of French in Canada. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Kinship is a relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin through either biological cultural or historical descent French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people

Most French Canadians currently reside in the Canadian province of Quebec and call themselves "Quebecers". Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk During the mid-18th century, settlers born in French Canada colonized other parts of North America, including Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Illinois, the Windsor-Detroit region and the Canadian prairies (primarily Southern Manitoba). French Canada is a term to distinguish the French-speaking population of Canada from English Canada. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Detroit-Windsor region is an international urban area centered around the United States city of Detroit Michigan, and the Canadian city of Windsor Ontario. The Canadian Prairies is a region in western Canada, which may correspond to several different definitions natural or political Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America

Between the 1840s and the 1930s, some 900,000 French Canadians emigrated to New England, settling mainly in Fall River and New Bedford. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the Those who stayed in the United States (including Acadians) eventually became a large portion of the Franco-American community. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This article is about the Acadian people and culture The Acadians (Acadiens are the descendants of the seventeenth-century French French Americans or Franco-Americans are citizens or permanent residents of the United States of French descent During the same period of time, numerous French Canadians also moved to Eastern and Northern Ontario. Eastern Ontario is the region of the Canadian province of Ontario which lies in a wedge-shaped area between the Ottawa and St Territorial evolution Those areas which formed part of New France in the pays d'en haut, essentially the watersheds of the Ottawa River, Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Their descendants constitute the bulk of today's Franco-Ontarian community. Franco-Ontarians (franco-ontarien are French Canadian or Francophone residents of the Canadian province of Ontario.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Identities 2.1 Canada 2.2 Quebec 2.3 Elsewhere in Canada 2.4 United States 3 Population 4 Language 5 Religion 6 History 7 Modern usage 8 Organizations 8.1 National 9 French-Canadian flags 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links

Etymology

The French Canadians get their name from Canada, the most developed and densely populated region of New France during the period French colonization in the 17th and 18th century. Canada was the name of the French colony that once stretched along the St The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the French colonization of the Americas began in the 14th century and continued in the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western The original use of the term Canada referred to the land area along the St. Lawrence River, divided in three districts (Québec, Trois-Rivières, and Montréal), as well as to the Pays d'en Haut (Upper Countries), a vast and thinly settled territorial dependence north and west of Montreal which covered the whole of the Great Lakes area. Saint Lawrence River (in French: fleuve Saint-Laurent; Kahnawáˀkye in Tuscarora, Kaniatarowanenneh meaning big waterway The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border.

At the end of the 17th century, the French word Canadien became an ethnonym distinguishing the inhabitants of Canada from those of France. An ethnonym ( Gk έθνος ethnos, 'tribe' + όνομα onoma, 'name' is the name applied to a given Ethnic group. From 1535 to the 1690s, however, it referred to the Amerindians the French had encountered in the St. Lawrence River valley at Stadacona and Hochelaga. Stadacona was a 16th century St Lawrence Iroquoian village near present-day Quebec City. Hochelaga was a St Lawrence Iroquoian fortified village near present-day Montreal, Quebec, Canada. ^[1] Those Amerindians are today called the St. Lawrence Iroquoians by anthropologists who try to understand the reason for their disappearance. The St Lawrence Iroquoians lived until the late 16th century along the shores of the St

Identities

Canada

Top Four Reported "French" ethnic or cultural identities in Canada ^[2]

Identity	Population
French	2,838,000
Quebecois	1,026,000
French Canadian	848,000
Canadien(ne)	555,000

French Canadians living in Canada express their cultural identity using a number of terms. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( A Québécois or Quebecois (pronounced) or in the feminine Québécoise (pronounced) (plural Québécoises) is a native or resident of the The Ethnic Diversity Survey of the 2001 Canadian census ^[3][4][5] found that French-speaking Canadians identified their ethnicity most often as French, Canadien, Québécois, or French Canadian. Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( A Québécois or Quebecois (pronounced) or in the feminine Québécoise (pronounced) (plural Québécoises) is a native or resident of the The latter three were grouped together by Jantzen (2005) as “French New World” ancestries because they originate in Canada ^[2][6].

Jantzen (2005) distinguishes the English Canadian, meaning "someone whose family has been in Canada for multiple generations", and the French Canadien, used to refer to descendants of the original settlers of New France in the 17th and 18th centuries^[7]. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the

Those reporting “French New World” ancestries overwhelmingly had ancestors that went back at least 4 generations in Canada^[8]. Fourth generation Canadiens and Québécois showed considerable attachment to their ethno-cultural group, with 70% and 61%, respectively, reporting a strong sense of belonging^[9].

The generational profile and strength of identity of French New World ancestries contrast with those of British or Canadian ancestries, which represent the largest ethnic identities in Canada. ^[10] Although deeply rooted Canadians express a deep attachment to their ethnic identity, most English-speaking Canadians of British or Canadian ancestry generally cannot trace their ancestry as far back in Canada as French-speakers. ^[11] As a result, their identification with their ethnicity is weaker: for example, only 50% of third generation "Canadians" strongly identify as such, bringing down the overall average^[12]. The survey report notes that 80% of Canadians whose families had been in Canada for three or more generations reported "Canadian and provincial or regional ethnic identities". These identities include French New World ancestries such as "Québécois" (37% of Quebec population), "Acadian" (6% of Atlantic provinces)^[13].

Quebec

Since the 1960s, French Canadians in Quebec have generally used Québécois (masculine) or Québécoise (feminine) to express their cultural and national identity, rather than Canadien français. Montreal, or Montréal in French ( pronounced in French, in English) is the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec A Québécois or Quebecois (pronounced) or in the feminine Québécoise (pronounced) (plural Québécoises) is a native or resident of the Francophones who self-identify as Québécois and do not have French Canadian ancestry may not identify as "French Canadian" (Canadien or Canadien français). Those who do have French or French Canadian ancestry, but who support Quebec sovereignty, often find Canadien français to be archaic or even pejorative. The Quebec sovereignty movement ( Mouvement souverainiste du Québec) is a political movement aimed at either attaining independent statehood ( Sovereignty) or some This is a reflection of the strong social, cultural, and political ties that most Quebeckers of French-Canadian origin, who constitute a majority of francophone Quebeckers, maintain within Quebec. The adjective francophone (alternately Francophone) means French -speaking typically as primary language whether referring to individuals groups or places It has given Québécois an ambiguous meaning^[14] which has often played out in political issues^[15], as all public institutions attached to the provincial government refer to all Quebec citizens, regardless of their language or their cultural heritage, as Québécois. A Québécois or Quebecois (pronounced) or in the feminine Québécoise (pronounced) (plural Québécoises) is a native or resident of the The Québécois nation motion was a Parliamentary motion tabled by Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper on Wednesday November 22 2006 and approved

Elsewhere in Canada

The emphasis on the French language and Quebec autonomy means that French-speakers across Canada may now self-identify as québécoise, acadienne, or franco-canadienne, or as provincial linguistic minorities franco-manitobaine, franco-ontarienne or fransaskoise^[16]Education, health and social services are provided by provinicial institutions, so that provincial identities are often used to identify French-language institutions:

• Franco-Terreneuvians, province of Newfoundland and Labrador
• Franco-Ontarians, province of Ontario
• Franco-Manitobans, province of Manitoba
• Fransaskois, province of Saskatchewan
• Franco-Albertans, province of Alberta
• Franco-Columbians, province of British Columbia
• Franco-Yukonnais, territory of Yukon
• Franco-Tenois, territory of Northwest Territories
• Franco-Nunavois, territory of Nunavut

French Canadians outside Quebec are more likely to self-identify as "French Canadian". The Collège Universitaire de Saint-Boniface, or CUSB is a University college affiliated with the University of Manitoba and located in Saint Boniface Manitoba Newfoundland and Labrador (ˈnuːfɨn(dlənd ən(d ˈlæbrəˌdɔr (Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador is a province of Canada, the tenth and latest to join the Confederation Franco-Ontarians (franco-ontarien are French Canadian or Francophone residents of the Canadian province of Ontario. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Franco-Manitobans are a community of French Canadians or French -speaking people living in Manitoba. Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America Fransaskois are Francophones or French Canadians living in the Prairie province of Saskatchewan. Saskatchewan (səˈskætʃəwən) is a prairie province in Canada, which has an area of 588276 The Franco-Albertans are an extended community of French Canadians or French -speaking people living in Alberta. Alberta (ælˈbɝtə is one of Canada's prairie provinces. It became a province on September 1 1905 Franco-Columbians or Franco-Colombiens are French Canadians or French speaking Canadians ( Francophones) living in the Pacific British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Yukon (ˈjuːkɒn is the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three territories. The Northwest Territories (ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz ( NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory Nunavut (ˈnuːnəvʊt ( Inuktitut syllabics: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ is the largest and newest territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the Identification with provincial groupings varies from province to province, with Franco-Ontarians, for example, using their provincial label far more frequently than Franco-Columbians do. Some identify only with the provincial groupings, explicitly rejecting "French Canadian" as an identity label.

United States

During the mid-18th century, French explorers and Canadiens born in French Canada colonized other parts of North America in that are today Louisiana (called Louisianais), Mississippi, Missouri, Illinois, Vincennes, Indiana, and around Detroit^[17]. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The city of Vincennes is the County seat of Knox County, Indiana. French Canadians emigrated massively from Quebec to the United States between the 1840s and the 1930s in search of economic opportunities in border communities and industrialized portions New England. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the ^[18]. French Canadian communities remain along the Quebec border in northern Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire as well as further south in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and southern New Hampshire. The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The wealth of Catholic churches named after St. Louis throughout New England is indicative of the French immigration to the area. They came to identify as Franco-American, especially those who were born American. French Americans or Franco-Americans are citizens or permanent residents of the United States of French descent

Distinctions between French Canadian, natives of France, and other New World French identities is more blurred in the U. S. than in Quebec. In L'avenir du français aux États-Unis, Calvin Veltman finds that since the French language has been so widely abandoned in the United States, the term "French Canadian" is there understood in ethnic rather than linguistic terms. Calvin Veltman is an American Sociologist, Demographer and Sociolinguist at the Université du Québec à Montréal.

Population

People who today claim some French Canadian ancestry or heritage number some 7 million in Canada and 2. 4 million people in the United States. (An additional 8. 4 million Americans claim French ancestry; they are treated as a separate ethnic group by the U.S. Census Bureau. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census )

In Canada, 85% of French Canadians reside in Quebec where they constitute the majority of the population in all regions except the far North. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Most cities and villages in this province were built and settled by the French or French Canadians during the French colonial rule.

There are various urban and small centres in Canada outside of Quebec that have long-standing populations of French Canadians, going back to the late 19th century. Eastern and Northern Ontario have large populations of francophones in communities such as Ottawa, Cornwall, Hawkesbury, Sudbury, Welland, Timmins and Windsor. Eastern Ontario is the region of the Canadian province of Ontario which lies in a wedge-shaped area between the Ottawa and St Territorial evolution Those areas which formed part of New France in the pays d'en haut, essentially the watersheds of the Ottawa River, Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Ottawa (ˈɒtəwə or sometimes /ˈɒtəwɑː/ is the Capital of Canada and the country's fourth largest municipality. Cornwall is a City in eastern Ontario, Canada and the seat of the United Counties of Stormont Dundas and Glengarry Ontario. Hawkesbury is a town in Eastern Ontario, Canada, on the Ottawa River, near the Quebec -Ontario Border. Greater Sudbury (2006 Census population 157857 is a city in Northern Ontario, Canada. Welland (formally The Corporation of the City of Welland; 2006 population 50331) is a city in the Regional Municipality of Windsor is the southernmost city in Canada and lies at the western end of the heavily populated Quebec City-Windsor Corridor. Many also pioneered the Canadian Prairies in the late 18th century, founding the towns of Saint Boniface, Manitoba and in Alberta's Peace Country, including the region of Grande Prairie. The Canadian Prairies is a region in western Canada, which may correspond to several different definitions natural or political Saint Boniface is an area of the city of Winnipeg, home to the Franco-Manitoban community The Peace River Country (or Peace Country) is Prairie land around the Peace River in Canada.

In the United States, many cities were founded as colonial outposts of New France by French or French Canadian explorers. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the They include New Orleans, Louisiana; Mobile, Alabama; Coeur d'Alene, Idaho; Belleville, Illinois; Dubuque, Iowa; Detroit, Michigan; Biloxi, Mississippi; St. Louis, Missouri; Creve Coeur, Missouri and Provo, Utah. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Coeur d'Alene (ˌkɔr dəˈlein is the County seat and largest city of Kootenai County, Idaho, United States. Belleville is a city in St Clair County, Illinois, United States. Dubuque is a city in the US State of Iowa, located along the Mississippi River. Creve Coeur, derived from French for "broken heart" ( Crève Cœur) is a city in west St Provo is a city in and the County seat

The majority of the French Canadian population in the United States is found in the New England area. Quebec and Acadian emigrants settled in industrial cities like Fitchburg, Waltham, Lowell, Lawrence, and New Bedford in Massachusetts; Woonsocket in Rhode Island; Manchester and Nashua in New Hampshire; Bristol in Connecticut; throughout the state of Vermont, particularly in Burlington, St. Albans, and Barre; and Biddeford and Lewiston in Maine. Fitchburg is a city in Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States. One of the early centers of the Industrial Revolution in northern America Waltham is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States Lowell is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, USA. As of the 2000 census the city had a total population of 105167 Lawrence is a city in Essex County Massachusetts, United States on the Merrimack River. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island ( officially named the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States Manchester is the largest city in the US state of New Hampshire and the largest city of northern New England, an area composed of Vermont, Nashua is a city in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, USA. As of the 2000 census Nashua had a total population of 86605 making it the second largest New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Bristol is a city located in Hartford County Connecticut, USA, 20 miles (32 km southwest of Hartford Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Vermont ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Burlington is the largest city in the US state of Vermont and is the shire town ( County seat) of St Albans is a city in and the shire town ( County seat) of Franklin County, Vermont, in the United States. Barre Vermont can refer to Barre (city Vermont Barre (town Vermont Biddeford is a city in York County, Maine, United States. It is the largest city in the county and is the 6th largest in the State Lewiston, in Androscoggin County, is the second-largest city in the U The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean Smaller groups of French Canadians settled in the Midwest, notably in the states of Michigan and Minnesota. Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers

Language

The varieties of French spoken by Francophone Canadians are called Québécois (Quebec French), Acadian French, and Newfoundland French. A Québécois or Quebecois (pronounced) or in the feminine Québécoise (pronounced) (plural Québécoises) is a native or resident of the Quebec French ( le français québécois, le français du Québec) or less often Québécois French, is the predominant varieties Acadian French ( le français acadien) is a variety or Dialect of French spoken by Francophone Acadians in the Newfoundland French is a regional dialect of French that was once spoken by French colonists on the island of Newfoundland. The French of Ontario, the Canadian West, and New England all originate from Quebec French and do not constitute distinct varieties from it, unlike Acadian French and Newfoundland French. French Canadians may also speak either Canadian English or American English. Canadian English ( CanE, en-CA) is the variety of English used in Canada. Phonology North American English regional phonology In many ways compared to English English, North American English is conservative in its Phonology.

In Quebec, about six million French Canadians are native French speakers. One million are English-speaking, i. e. Anglophones or English-speaking Quebecers, and others are Allophones (literally "other-speakers", meaning, in practice, immigrants who speak neither French nor English at home). An Anglophone (or anglophone) is someone who speaks the English language. English-speaking Quebecers (also known as Anglo-Quebecers, English Quebecers, or Anglophone Quebecers; in French Anglo-Québécois, In Quebec, an allophone is a resident usually an immigrant whose Mother tongue or Home language is neither English nor French In the United States, assimilation to the English language was more significant and very few Americans of French Canadian ancestry or heritage speak French today. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States

Six million of Canada's native French speakers, of all origins, are found in the province of Quebec, where they constitute the majority language group, and another one million are distributed throughout the rest of Canada. Roughly 31% of Canadian citizens are French-speaking and 25% are of French-Canadian descent. Not all French speakers are of French descent, and not all people of French-Canadian heritage are exclusively or primarily French-speaking.

Francophones living in Canadian provinces other than Quebec have enjoyed minority language rights under Canadian law since at least 1969, with the Official Languages Act, and under the Canadian Constitution since 1982, protecting them from provincial governments that have historically been indifferent or downright hostile towards their presence. A minority language is a Language spoken by a Minority of the Population of a country The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada; the country's Constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions

Religion

The pre-revolutionary kingdom of France forbade non-Catholic settlement in New France from 1629 onward and almost all French settlers of Canada were Roman Catholic. Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré is a village in La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality, Quebec, at the junction of the Sainte Anne river with the St Lawrence This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Canada was the name of the French colony that once stretched along the St In the United States, some French Catholics have converted to Protestantism. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Until the 1960s, religion was a central component of French Canadian national identity. The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969 The Church parish was the focal point of civic life in French Canadian society, and monastic orders ran French Canadian schools, hospitals and orphanages and were very controlling of every day life in general. During the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, however, the practice of Catholicism dropped drastically. The Quiet Revolution ( Révolution tranquille) was the 1960s period of intense change in Quebec, Canada, characterized by the rapid and effective Secularization Church attendance in Quebec currently remains low. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk Rates of religious observance among French Canadians outside Quebec tend to vary by region, and by age. In general, however, those in Quebec are the least observant, while those in the United States of America and other places away from Quebec tend to be the most observant. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the There are also French Canadians, those are people who have Canadian citizenship and whose mother tongue is French whose families arrived in Canada over the last 75 years and who are not Christian. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth There are many people from France; Lebanon; Morocco; Tunisia; and other countries whose mother tongue is French and are either Muslim or Jewish. Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion PLEASE TAKE NOTE************

History

The French were the first Europeans to permanently colonize what is now Quebec, parts of Ontario, Acadia, and select areas of Western Canada, all in Canada (See French colonization of the Americas. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Quebec (kwɨˈbɛk French colonization of the Americas began in the 14th century and continued in the following centuries as France established a colonial empire in the Western ) Their colonies of New France (also commonly called Canada) stretched across what today are the Maritime provinces, southern Quebec and Ontario, as well as the entire Mississippi River Valley. The Viceroyalty of New France (Nouvelle-France was the area colonized by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the The Maritime provinces, called the Maritimes in local English (or the Canadian Maritimes by non-Canadians is a region of Eastern Canada Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to

The first permanent European settlements in Canada were at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608 as fur trading posts. Port Royal is a small rural community in the western part of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. Quebec City ( French: Ville de Québec, or simply Québec) (kwɨˈbɛk or /keˈbɛk/ is the Capital of the Canadian province The territories of New France were Canada, Acadia, and Louisiana. Canada was the name of the French colony that once stretched along the St The Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture ( ACADIA) is a Non-profit organization active in the area of Computer-aided architectural design Louisiana (La celina+mario) was the name of an administrative district of New France. The inhabitants of Canada called themselves the Canadiens, and came mostly from northwestern France. ^[19] The early inhabitants of Acadia, or Acadiens, came mostly but not exclusively from the Southwestern region of France. Canadien explorers and fur traders would come to be known as coureurs des bois or voyageurs, while those who settled on farms in Canada would come to be known as habitants. A coureur des bois (runner of the woods was an individual who engaged in the Fur trade without permission from the French authorities Habitants is the name used to refer to both the French settlers and the inhabitants of French origin who farmed the land along the two shores of Many French Canadians are the descendants of the King's Daughters of this era. The King's Daughters (in French: filles du roi, filles du roy) were between 700 and 900 Frenchwomen (accounts vary as to the exact numbers who

During the mid-18th century, French explorers and Canadiens born in French Canada colonized other parts of North America in what are today the states of Louisiana (called Louisianais), Mississippi, Missouri, Illinois, Vincennes, Indiana, the Windsor-Detroit region and the Canadian prairies (primarily Southern Manitoba). The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The city of Vincennes is the County seat of Knox County, Indiana. Detroit-Windsor region is an international urban area centered around the United States city of Detroit Michigan, and the Canadian city of Windsor Ontario. The Canadian Prairies is a region in western Canada, which may correspond to several different definitions natural or political Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America

After the 1760 British conquest of New France in the French and Indian War(known as the Seven Years War in Europe), the French-Canadian population remained important in the life of the colonies. Cornelius David Krieghoff ( June 19, 1815 &ndash March 8, 1872) is probably the most popular Canadian painter of the 19th The French and Indian War (1754&ndash1763 was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths

The British gained Acadia by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 and in 1755, the beginning of the French and Indian War, deported 75% of the Acadian population to other British colonies and France itself. The Treaty of Utrecht that established the Peace of Utrecht, rather than a single document comprised a series of individual peace treaties signed in the Dutch The French Canadians escaped this fate in part because of the capitulation act that made them British subjects. It took the 1774 Quebec Act for them to regain the French civil law system, and in 1791 French Canadians in Lower Canada were introduced to the British parliamentary system when an elected Legislative Assembly was created. The Quebec Act of 1774 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain (citation 14 Geo The Province of Lower Canada (French Province du Bas-Canada) was a British colony on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those Legislative Assembly is the name given in some countries to either a Legislature, or to one of its chambers.

The Legislative Assembly having no real power, the political situation degenerated into the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837–1838, after which Lower Canada and Upper Canada were unified. The Lower Canada Rebellion is the name given to the armed conflict between the rebels of Lower Canada (now Quebec) and the British colonial power of that The Province of Upper Canada (French Province du Haut-Canada) was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario Some of the motivations for the union was to limit French Canadian political power and at the same time transfert a large part of the Upper Canada dept to the dept free Lower Canada. After many decades of British immigration, the Canadiens became a minority in the Province of Canada in the 1850s. The Province of Canada or the United Province of Canada was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867

French-Canadian contributions were essential in securing responsible government for The Canadas and in undertaking Canadian Confederation. Responsible government is a conception of a System of government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability which is the foundation of the Westminster Upper Canada and Lower Canada, collectively referred to as the Canadas, were two British colonies in Canada. Canadian Confederation was the process by which the federal Dominion of Canada was formed beginning 1 July 1867 from the However, over the course of the late 19th and 20th centuries, French Canadians' discontent grew with their place in Canada because of many events (Louis Riel execution and elimination of Manitoba official bilinguism status, the second Boer war and Canada participation, regulation 17 in Ontario against french schools, first & second world war conscription crisis. Louis Riel (22 October 1844 &ndash 16 November 1885 in English was a Canadian politician, a founder of the province of Manitoba, and leader of the Métis Manitoba (English ˌmænɨˈtoʊbə French /manitoba/ is a province of Canada, spanning 647797 square kilometres (250116  sq mi of North America See also First Boer War,, South African Wars (1879-1915 The Second Boer War ( Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Regulation 17 ( French: Règlement 17) was a regulation of the Ontario Ministry of Education, issued in July 1912 by the Conservative

Between the 1840s and the 1930s, some 900 000 French Canadians emigrated to the New England region. History See also History of New England New England's earliest inhabitants were Algonquian -speaking Native Americans including the About half of them returned home. The generations born in the United States would eventually come to see themselves as Franco-Americans. During the same period of time, numerous French Canadians also emigrated and settled in Eastern and Northern Ontario. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec The descendants of those Quebec immigrants constitute the bulk of today's Franco-Ontarian community. Franco-Ontarians (franco-ontarien are French Canadian or Francophone residents of the Canadian province of Ontario.

Since 1968, French has been one of Canada's two official languages. It is the sole official language of Quebec and one of the official languages of New Brunswick, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. New Brunswick ( French: Nouveau-Brunswick /nuvobʁɔnzwik/ is one of Canada 's three Maritime provinces and is the only constitutionally The Northwest Territories (ˌnɔrθˌwɛstˈtɛrɨtɔriz ( NWT or NT; French, les Territoires du Nord-Ouest) is a territory Nunavut (ˈnuːnəvʊt ( Inuktitut syllabics: ᓄᓇᕗᑦ is the largest and newest territory of Canada; it was separated officially from the The province of Ontario has no official languages defined in law, although the provincial government provides French language services in many parts of the province under the French Language Services Act. Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec The French Language Services Act is a law in the province of Ontario, Canada which is intended to protect the rights of Franco-Ontarians or French

The dialects of French spoken in Canada are quite distinct from those of France. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of See French language in Canada. French is the mother tongue of about 67 million Canadians (22

Modern usage

In English usage, the terms for provincial subgroups, if used at all, are usually defined solely by province of residence, with all of the terms being strictly interchangeable with French Canadian. Although this remains the more common usage in English, it is considered outdated to many Canadians of French descent, especially in Quebec. Most francophone Canadians who use the provincial labels identify with their province of origin, even if it isn't the province in which they currently reside; for example, a Québécois who moved to Manitoba would not change their own self-identification to Franco-Manitoban.

Increasingly, provincial labels are used to stress the linguistic and cultural as opposed to ethnic and religious nature of French-speaking institutions and organizations. The term "French Canadian" is still used in historical and cultural contexts, or when it is necessary to refer to Canadians of French-Canadian collectively, such as in the name and mandate of a national organizations which serve minority francophone communities across Canada. Francophone Canadians of non-French-Canadian origin such as immigrants from francophone countries are not usually designed by the term "French Canadian"; the more general term "francophones" is used for French-speaking Canadians across all ethnic origins.

Organizations

National

• Fédération culturelle canadienne-française (French Canadian Cultural Federation)
• Association canadienne-française pour l'avancement des sciences (French Canadian Association for the Advancement of Sciences)
• Fédération de la jeunesse canadienne-française (French Canadian Youth Federation)

French-Canadian flags

Quebec	Acadia	Franco-Columbian	Franco-Albertan
Fransaskois	Franco-Manitoban	Franco-Ontarian	Franco-Terreneuviens
Franco-Yukonnais	Franco-Tenois	Franco-Nunavois

See also

• Quebecer
• Canuck
• Speak White
• French (ethnicity)
• French in the United States
• French American
• Pur laine

Notes

References

• Map displaying the percentage of the US population claiming French Canadian ancestry by county, United States Census Bureau, Census 2000

• Allan, Greer (1997). The People of New France. (Themes in Canadian History Series). University of Toronto Press, 137 pages. ISBN 0-8020-7816-8.  

• Marquis, G. E. ; Louis Allen (May, 1923). "The French Canadians in the Province of Quebec". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 107 (Social and Economic Conditions in The Dominion of Canada): 7-12.  

• Brault, Gerard J. (March 15, 1986). The French-Canadian Heritage in New England. University Press of New England, 312 pages. ISBN 0874513596.  

• Doty, C. Stewart (1985). The First Franco-Americans: New England Life Histories from the Federal Writers' Project, 1938-1939. University of Maine at Orono Press.  

• Parker, James Hill (1983). Ethnic Identity: The Case of the French Americans. University Press of America.  

• Louder, Dean R. ; Eric Waddell, translated by Franklin Philip (1993). French America: Mobility, Identity, and Minority Experience across the Continent. Louisiana State University Press.  

External links

• (French) Online edition of the Dictionnaire généalogique des familles canadiennes, 1871 genealogy dictionary concerning New France by abbot Cyprien Tanguay
• (French) Online edition of the Dictionnaire des auteurs de langue française en Amérique du Nord, 1989 dictionary of North America's French language authors by Réginald Hamel, John Hare et Paul Wyczynski

Cyprien Tanguay ( 15 September, 1819 &ndash 28 April, 1902) was a French Canadian Priest and Historian. John Hare can refer to John Hare 1st Viscount Blakenham (1911&ndash1982 British Conservative MP and government minister John Hare (actor

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